III  I>IISR^\.rtY 

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please 
handle  this  volume 

with  care. 

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Ubranes,  Storrs 


LIBRARY  CATALOGUE  SLIPS. 

United  States.     Department  of  the  interior.     (U.  S.  geological  survey.) 
Department  of  the  interior  |  —  |  Monographs  |  of  the   |   United 

States  geological  survey  I  Volume  XVII 1  [Seal  of  the  department]  | 
Washington  |  government  printing  ofiice  |  1891 
Second  title:   United  States  geological  survey  |   J.  W.  Powell, 

director  |  —  |  The  flora  |  of  the  |  Dakota  group  |  a  posthumous 

work   I   by   |    Leo  Lesquereux   |   Edited  by   F.    H.   Knowlton   ( 

[Vignette]  | 
Washington  |  government  printmg  office  |  1891 
4°.    400  pp.  66  pi. 


Lesquereux  (Leo). 

United  States  geological  survey  |  J.  W.  Powell,  director  |  —  | 
The  flora  |  of  the  |  Dakota  group  |  a  posthumous  work  |  by  |  Leo 
Lesquereux  |  Edited  by  F.  H.  Knowlton  |  [Vignette]  | 

Washiugtou  |  government  printing  office  |  1891 

4°.    400  pp.  66  pi. 

[United  States.  Department  of  the  interior.  (U.  S.  geological  survey). 
Monograph  XVII.] 


United  States  geological  survey  |  J.  W.  Powell,  director  |  —  | 
The  flora  |  of  the  |  Dakota  group  |  a  posthumous  work  |  by  (  Leo 
Lesquereux  |  Edited  by  F.  H.  Knowlton  |  [Vignette]  | 

Washington  |  government  printing  office  |  1891 

4°.     400  pp.  66  pi. 

[United  States.  Department  of  the  interior.  (U.  S.  geological  survey.) 
Monogiaph  SVII.] 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2009  with  funding  from 

Boston  Library  Consortium  IVIember  Libraries 


http://www.archive.org/details/floraofdakotagroOOIesq 


[Monograph  XVII.] 


The  publications  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  are  issued  in  accordance  with  the  statute 
approved  March  3,  1879,  which  declares  that — 

"The  publications  of  the  Geological  Survey  shall  consist  of  the  annual  report  of  operations,  geo- 
logical and  economic  maps  illustrating  the  resources  and  classification  of  the  lands,  and  reports  upon 
general  and  economic  geology  and  paleontology.  The  annual  report  of  operations  of  the  Geological 
Survey  shall  accompany  the  annual  report  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior.  All  special  memoirs  and 
reports  of  said  Survey  shall  be  issued  in  uniform  quarto  series  if  deemed  necessary  by  the  Director,  but 
otherwise  in  ordinary  octavos.  Three  thousand  copies  of  each  shall  be  published  for  scientific  exchanges 
and  for  sale  at  the  price  of  publication ;  and  all  literary  and  cartographic  materials  received  in  exchange 
shall  be  the  property  of  the  United  States  and  form  a  part  of  the  library  of  the  organization :  And  the 
money  resulting  from  the  sale  of  such  publications  shall  be  covered  into  the  Treasury  of  the  United 
States." 

The  following  joint  resolution,  referring  to  all  government  publications,  was  passed  by  Congress 
July  7,  1&82 : 

"That  whenever  any  document  or  report  shall  be  ordered  printed  by  Congress,  there  shall  be 
printed,  in  addition  to  the  number  in  each  case  stated,  the  'usual  number'  (1,900)  of  copies  for  binding 
and  distribution  among  those  entitled  to  receive  them." 

Except  in  those  cases  in  which  an  extra  number  of  any  publication  has  been  supplied  to  the  Sur- 
vey by  special  resolution  of  Congress  or  has  been  ordered  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  this  office 
has  no  copies  for  gratuitous  distribution. 

ANNUAL  EEPORTS. 

I.  First  Annual  Reportof  the  Uuited  States  Geological  Survey,  by  Clarence  King.  1880.  8'='.  79 
pp.    1  map. — A  preliminary  report  describing  plan  of  organization  and  publications. 

II.  Second  Annual  Report  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  1880-'81,  by  J.  W.  Powell. 
8=.     Iv,  588  pp.    62  pi.     1  map. 

III.  Third  Annual  Report  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  1881-'82,  by  J.  W.  Powell. 
8°.     xviii,  564  pp.     67  pi.  and  maps. 

IV.  Fourth  Annual  Report  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  1882-'83,  by  J.  W.  Powell. 
8°.    sxxii,  473  pp.    85  pi.  and  maps. 

V.  Tifth  Annual  Report  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  1883-'84,  by  J.  W.  Powell. 
8°.    xxxvi,  469  pp.     58  pi.  and  mans. 

VI.  Sixth  Annual  Report  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  1884-'85,  by  J.  W.  Powell. 
8°.    xxix,  570  pp.    65  pi.  and  maps. 

VII.  Seventh  Annual  Report  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  1885-'86,  by  J.  W.  Powell. 
8°.     XX,  656  pp.    71  pi.  and  maps. 

VIII.  Eighth  Annual  Report  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  1886-'87,  by  J.  W.  Powell. 
8°.     2  V.     xix,  474,  xii  pp.    53  pi.  and  maps;  1  p.  1.     475-1063  pp.     54-76  pi.  and  maps. 

IX.  Ninth  Annual  Report  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  1887-'88,  by  J.  W.  Powell. 
8°.     xiii,  717  pp.     88  pi.  and  maps. 

X.  Tenth  Annual  Report  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  1888-'89,  by  J.  W.  Powell. 
8°.     2  V.     XV, 774  pp.    98  pi.  and  maps;  viii,  123  pp. 

XI.  Eleventh  JAnnual  Report  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  1889- '90,  by  J.  W.  Powell. 
8°.     2  V.  XV,  757  pp.     66  pi.;  ix,  351  pp.     30  pi. 

The  Twelfth  Annual  Report  is  in  press. 

MONOGRAPHS. 

I.  Lake  Bonneville,  by  Grove  Karl  Gilbert.    1890.    4°.    xx,  438  pp.    51  pi-    1  map.    Price  $1.50. 

II.  Tertiary  History  of  the  Grand  Canon  District,  with  atlas,  by  Clarence  E.  Duttou,  Capt.,  U.  S.  A. 
4°.     xiv,  264  pp.     42  pi.  and  atlas  of  24  sheets  folio.     Price  $10.00. 

III.  Geology  of  the  Comstock  Lode  and  the  Washoe  District,  with  atlas,  by  George  F.  Becker. 
4°.     XV,  422  pp.»  7  pi.  and  atlas  of  21  sheets  folio.     Price  $11.00. 

IV.  Comstoclt  Mining  and  Miners,  by  EUot  Lord.     1883.    4*^.     xiv,  451  pp.     3  pi.     Price  |1.50. 


XI  ADVERTISEMENT. 

V.  The  Copper-Beariug  Rocks  of  Lake  Superior,  by  Roland  Duer  Irving.  1883.  4°.  xvi,  464  pp. 
15  1      2i)pl  and  iiuips.     Price  $1.85. 

VI.  Contributions  to  the  Knowledge  of  the  Older  Mesozoic  Flora  of  Virginia,  by  William  Morris 
Fontaine.     1883.     4°.     xi,  144  pp.     54  1.    54  pi.     Price  $1.05. 

VII.  Silver-Lead  Deposits  of  Eureka,  Nevada,  by  Joseph  Story  Curtis.     1884.     4°.     xui,  200  pp. 

VIII.  Paleontology  of  the  Eureka  District,  by  Charles  Doolittle  Walcott.    1884.    4°.    xiii,  298  pp. 

IX.  Brach  iopoda  and  Lamellibranchiata  of  the  Raritan  Clays  and  Greeusand  Marls  of  New  Jersey, 
by  Robert  P.  Whitiield.     1885.     4°.     xx,  338  pp.     35  pi.     1  map.     Price  $1.15. 

X.  Dinoeerata.  A  Monograph  of  an  Extinct  Order  of  Gigantic  Mammals,  by  Othniel  Charles 
Marsh.     1886.     4°.     xviii,  243  pp.     561.     56  pi.     Price  $2.70.  ,     ,     ^ 

XI.  Geological  History  of  Lake  Lahontau,  a  Quaternary  Lake  of  Northwestern  Nevada,  by  Israel 
Cook  Russell.     f885.     4°.     xiv,  288  pp.     46  pi.  and  maps.     Price  $1.75. 

XII.  Geology  and  Mining  Industry  of  Ijeadville,  Colorado,  with  atlas,  by  Samuel  Franklin  Em- 
mons.    1886.     4°.     xxix,  770  pp.     45  pi.  and  atlas  of  35  sheets  folio.    Price  |8.40. 

XIII.  Geology  of  the  Quicksilver  Deposits  of  the  Pacific  Slope,  with  atlas,  by  George  F.  Becker. 
1888.     4°.     xix,  486  pp.     7  pi.  and  atlas  of  14  sheets  folio.     Price  $2.00. 

XIV.  Fossil  Fishes  and  Fossil  Plants  of  the  Triassic  Rocks  of  New  Jersey  and  the  Connecticut 
Vallev,  bv  John  S.  Newberry.     1888.     4^^.     xiv,  152  pp.    26  pi.     Price  $1.00. 

'XV.  The  Potomac  or  Younger  Mesozoic  Flora,  by  William  Morris  Fontaine.  1889.  4°.  xiv, 
377  pp.     180  pi.     Text  and  plates  bound  separately.     Price  $2.50. 

XVI.  The  Paleozoic  Fishes  of  North  America,  by  John  Strong  Newberry.  1889.  4°.  340  pp. 
53  pi.     Price  Sl.OO.  ^,.,  ,,     ^  „ 

XVII.  The  Flora  of  the  Dakota  Group,  a  posthumous  work,  by  Leo  Lesquereux.  Edited  by  1 .  H. 
Knowlton.     1891.     4°.     400  pp.     66  pi.     Price  $1.10. 

In  press: 

XVIII.  Gasteropoda  and  Cephalopoda  of  the  Raritan  Clays  and  Greensand  Marls  of  New  Jersey, 
by  Robert  P.  Whitliehl. 

XIX.  The  Penokee  Iron-Bearing  Series  of  Northern  Wisconsin  and  Michigan,  by  Roland  D. 
Irving  and  C.  R.  Van  Hise. 

XX.  Geology  of  the  Eureka  District,  Nevada,  by  Arnold  Hague. 

XXI.  The  Tertiary  Rhynchophorous  Coleoptera  of  North  America,  by  S.  H.  Scudder. 

XXII.  Geology  of  the  Green  Mountains  in  Massachusetts,  by  Messrs.  Pumpelly,  Wolff,  Emer- 
son, and  Dale. 

In  preparation : 

— MoUusca  and  Crustacea  of  the  Miocene  Formations  of  New  Jersey,  by  R.  P.  Whitfield. 

— Sauropoda,  by  O.  C.  Marsh. 

— Stegosauria,  by  O.  C.  Marsh. 

— Brontotheridit,  by  O.  C.  Marsh. 

— Report  on  the  Denver  Coal  Basin,  by  S.  F.  Emmons. 

—Report  on  Silver  Cliff  and  Ten-Mile  Mining  Districts,  Colorado,  by  S.  F.  Emmons. 

— The  Glacial  Lake  Agassiz,  by  Warren  Upham. 

BULLETINS. 

1.  On  Hypersthene-Andesite  and  on  Triclinic  Pyroxene  in  Augitio  Rocks,  by  Whitman  Cross,  with 
a  Geological  Sketch  of  Buffalo  Peaks,  Colorado,  by  S.  F.  Emmons.  1883.  8°.  42  pp.  2  pi.  Price  10 
cents. 

2.  Gold  and  Silver  Conversion  Tables,  giving  the  coining  values  of  troy  ounces  of  fine  metal,  etc., 
coirputed  by  Albert  Williams,  jr.     1883.     8°.    8  pp.     Price  5  cents. 

3.  On'the  Fossil  Faunas  of  the  Upper  Devonian,  along  the  meridian  of  76^^  30',  from  Tompkins 
County,  N.  Y.,  to  Bradford  County,  Pa.,  by  Henry  S.  Williams.     1884.     8°.     36  pp.    Price  5  cents. 

4.  On  Mesozoic  Fossils,  by  Charles  A.  White.     1884.     8°.     36  pp.     9  pi.     Price  5  cents. 

5.  A  Dictionary  of  Altitudes  in  the  United  States,  compiled  by  Henry  Gannett.    1884.    8°.    325  pp. 

6.  Elevations  in  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  by  J.  W.  Spencer.     1884.     8°.     43  pp.     Price  5  cents. 

7.  Mapoteca  Geologica  Americana.  A  Catalogue  of  Geological  Maps  of  America  (North  and  South), 
1752-1881,  in  geographic  and  chronologic  order,  by  Jules  Marcou  and  John  Belknap  Marcou.  1884. 
8°.     184  pp.     Price  10  cents. 

8.  On  Secondary  Enlargements  of  Mineral  Fragments  in  Certain  Rocks,  by  R.  D.  Irving  and  C.  R. 
Van  Hise.     1884.    8".     56  pp.     6  pi.     Price  10  cents. 

9.  A  Report  of  work  done  in  the  Washington  Laboratory  during  the  fiscal  year  1883-'84.  F.  W. 
Clarke,  chief  chemist;  T.  M.  Chatard,  assistant  chemist.     1884.     8°.     40  pp.     Price  5  cents. 

10.  On  the  Cambrian  Faunas  of  North  America.  Preliminary  studies,  by  Charles  Doolittle  Wal- 
cott.    1884.     8°.     74  pp.     10  pi.     Price  5  cents. 

11.  On  the  Quaternary  and  Recent  MoUusca  of  the  Great  Basin ;  with  Descriptions  of  New  Forms, 
by  R.  Ellsworth  Call.  Introduced  by  a  sketch  of  the  Quaternary  Lakes  of  the  Great  Basin,  by  G.  K. 
Gilbert.     1884.     8°.     66  pp.     6  pi.     Price  5  cents. 


ADVERTISEMENT.  Ill 

12.  A  Crystallocrraphic  Study  of  the  Thinolite  of  Lake  Lahontan,  by  Edward  S.  Dana.  1884.  8°. 
34  pp.     3  pi.     Price-  5  cents. 

13.  Bouiularies  of  tbe  llDited  States  and  of  the  several  States  and  Territories,  with  a  Historical 
Sketch  of  the  Territorial  Changes,  by  Henry  Gannett.     1885.     8°.     135  pp.    Price  in  cents. 

14.  The  Electrical  and  Magnetic  Properties  of  the  Iron-Carburets,  by  Carl  Barns  and  Vincent 
Stronhal.     1885.     8°.     238  pp.     Price  15  cents. 

15.  Oo  the  Mesozoic  and  Cenozoic  Paleontology  of  California,  by  Charles  A.  White.  1885.  8°. 
33  pp.     Price  5  cents. 

16.  On  the  Higher  Devonian  Faunas  of  Ontario  County,  New  York,  by  John  M.  Clarke.  1885.  8°. 
86  pp.     3  pi.     Price  5  cents. 

17.  On  the  Develnpnieut  of  Crystallization  in  the  Igneous  Rocks  of  Washoe,  Nevada,  with  Notes 
on  the  Geology  of  the  District,  by  Arnold  Hague  and  Joseph  P.  Iddings.  1885.  8°.  44  pp.  Price  5 
cents. 

18.  On  Marine  Eocene,  Fresh-water  Miocene,  and  other  Fossil  Mollusca  of  Western  North  America, 
by  Charles  A.  White.     1885.     8°.     26  pp.     3  pi.     Price  5  cents. 

19.  Notes  on  the  Stratigraphy  of  California,  by  George  F.  Becker.    1885.    8°.    28  pp.    Price  5  cents. 

20.  Contributions  to  the  Mineralogy  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  by  Whitman  Cross  and  W.  F.  Hille- 
braud.     l'-85.     8°.     114  pp.     1  pi.     Price  10  cents. 

21.  Tbe  Lignites  of  the  Great  Sionx  Reservation.  A  Report  on  the  Region  between  the  Grand  and 
Moreau  Rivers,  Dakota,  by  Bailey  Willis.     1885.    8°.     16  pp.     5  pi.     Price  5  cents. 

22.  On  New  Cretaceous  Fossils  from  California,  by  Charles  A.  White.  1885.  8°.  25  pp.  5  pi. 
Price  5  cents. 

23.  Observations  on  the  Junction  between  the  Eastern  Sandstone  and  the  Keweenaw  Series  on 
Keweenaw  Point,  Lake  Superior,  by  R.  D.  Irving  and  T.  C.  Chamberlin.  1885.  8°.  124  pp.  17  pi. 
Price  15  cents. 

24.  List  of  Marine  Mollusca,  comprising  the  Quaternary  fossils  and  recent  forms  from  American 
Localities  between  Cape  Hatteras  and  Cape  Roque,  including  the  Bermudas,  by  William  Healey  Dall. 
1885.     8'^.     336  pp.     Price  25  cents. 

25.  The  Present  Technical  Condition  of  the  Steel  Industry  of  the  United  States,  by  Phineas  Barnes. 
1885.     8°.     85  pp.     Price  10  cents. 

26.  Copper  Smelting,  by  Henry  M.  Howe.     1885.     8°.    107  pp.     Price  10  cents. 

27.  Report  of  work  done  in  the  Division  of  Chemistry  and  Physics,  mainly  during  the  fiscal  year 
1884-'85.     1886.     8^.     80  pp.     Price  10  cents. 

28.  The  Gabbros  and  Associated  Hornblende  Rocks  occurring  in  the  Neighborhood  of  Baltimore, 
Md.,  oy  George  Huntington  Williams.     1886.     8°.     78  pp.    4  pi.     Price  10  cents. 

29.  On  the  Fresh- water  Invertebrates  of  the  North  American  Jurassic,  by  Charles  A.  White.  1886. 
8°.     41  pp.     4  pi.     Price  5  cents. 

30.  Second  Contribution  to  the  Studies  on  the  Cambrian  Faunas  of  North  America,  by  Charles 
Doolittle  Walcott.     1^86.     8°.     369  pp.     33  pi.     Price  25  cents. 

31.  Systematic  Review  of  our  Present  Knowledge  of  Fossil  Insects,  including  Myriapods  and 
Arachnids,  by  Samuel  Hubbard  Scudder.     1886.     8°.     128  pp.     Price  15  cents. 

32.  Lists  and  Analyses  of  the  Mineral  Springs  of  the  United  States;  a  Preliminary  Study,  by 
Albert  C.  Peale.     1886.    "8°.     235  pp.     Price  20  cents. 

33.  Notes  on  the  Geology  of  Northern  California,  by  J.  S.  Diller.     1886.     8°.    23  pp.    Price  5  cents. 

34.  On  the  relation  of  the  Laramie  MoUuscan  Fauna  to  that  of  the  succeeding  Fresh-water  Eocene 
and  other  groups,  by  Charles  A.  White.     1886.    8°.     54  pp.     5  pi.     Price  10  cents. 

35.  Physical  Properties  of  the  Iron-Carburets,  by  Carl  Barus  and  Vincent  Strouhal.  1886.  8°. 
62  pp.     Price  10  cents. 

36.  SubsidenoeofFine  Solid  Particles  in  Liquids,  by  Carl  Barus.    1886.    8°.    58  pp.    Price  10  cents. 

37.  Types  of  the  Laramie  Flora,  by  Lester  F.  Ward.     1887.     8°.     354  pp.     57  pi.     Price  25  cents. 

38.  Peridotiteof  Elliott  County,  Kentucky,  by  J  S.  Diller.    1887.    8°.    31pp.    1  pi.    Price  5  cents. 

39.  The  Upper  Beaches  and  Deltas  of  the  Glacial  Lake  Agassiz,  by  Warren  Upham.  1887.  8°. 
84  pp.     1  pi.     Price  10  cents. 

40.  Changes  in  River  Courses  in  Washington  Territory  due  to  Glaciation,  by  Bailey  Willis.  1887. 
8°.     10  pp.     4  pi.     Price  5  cents. 

41.  On  the  Fossil  Faunas  of  the  Upper  Devonian — the  Genesee  Section,  New  York,  by  Henry  S. 
Williams.     1887.     8°.     121  pp.     4  pi.     Price  15  cents. 

42.  Report  of  work  done  in  the  Division  of  Chemistry  and  Physics,  mainly  during  the  fiscal  year 
1885-'86.     F.  W.  Clarke,  chief  chemist.     1887.     8°.     l.''>2  pp.     1  pi.     Price  15  cents. 

43.  Tertiary  and  Cretaceous  Strata  of  the  Tuscaloosa,  Tombigbee,  and  Alabama  Rivers,  by  Eugene 
A.  Smith' and  Lawrence  C.  Johnson.     1887.     8".     189  pp.     21  pi.     Price  15  cents. 

44.  Bibliography  of  North  American  Geology  for  1886,  by  Nelson  H.  Darton.  1887.  8°.  35  pp. 
Price  5  cents. 

45.  The  Present  Condition  of  Knowledge  of  the  Geology  of  Texas,  by  Robert  T.  Hill.  1887.  8°. 
94  pp.     Price  10  cents. 

46.  Nature  and  Origin  of  Deposits  of  Phosphate  of  Lime,  by  R.  A.  F.  Penrose,  jr.,  with  an  Intro- 
duction by  N.  S.  Shaler.     1888.     8°.     143  pp.     Price  15  cents. 

47.  "Analyses  of  Waters  of  the  Yellowstone  National  Park,  with  an  Account  of  the  Methods  of 
Analysis  employed,  by  Frank  Austin  Gooch  and  James  Edwnrd  Whitfield.  1888.  8°.  84  pp.  Price 
10  cents. 

4H.  On  the  Form  and  Position  of  the  Sea  Level,  by  Robert  Simpson  Woodward.  1888.  b°.  88 
pp.     Price  10  cents. 


IV  ADVERTISEMENT. 

49.  Latitudes  and  Longitudes  of  Certain  Points  in  Missouri,  Kansas,  and  New  Mexico,  by  Robert 
Simpson  Wood-svard.     18S9.     8°.     133  pp.     Price  15  cents. 

50.  Formulas  and  Tables  to  facilitate  the  Construction  and  Use  of  Maps,  by  Robert  Simpsorf 
Woodward.     1889.     8=.     124  pp.     Price  15  cents. 

51.  On  Invertebrate  Fossils  from  the  Pacific  Coast,  by  Charles  Abiathar  White.  1889.  8°.  102 
pp.     14  pi.     Price  15  cents. 

5-2.  Subaerial  Decay  of  Rocks  and  Origin  of  tbe  Red  Color  of  Certain  Formations,  by  Israel  Cook 
Russell.     1889.     8°.     65  pp.     5  pi.     Price  10  cents. 

53.  The  Geology  of  Nantucket,  by  Nathaniel  SoutbgateShaler.  1889.  8°.  55  pp.  10  pi.  Price 
10  cents. 

54.  On  fhe  Thermo-Electric  Measurement  of  High  Temperatures,  by  Carl  Barns.  1889.  8°. 
313  pp.  inel.  1  pi.    11  pi.     Price  25  cents. 

.55.  Report  of  work  done  in  the  Division  of  Chemistry  and  Physics,  mainly  during  the  fiscal  year 
lS86-'87.     Frank  Wigglesworth  Clarke,  chief  chemist.     1889.     8".     96  pp.     Price  10  cents. 

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97.  The  Mesozoic  Echinodermata  of  the  United  States,  by  W.  B.  Clark. 

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Washington,  D.  C. 
Washington,  D.  C,  February,  1893. 


DEPARTMENT   OF   THE    INTERIOR 


MONOGRAPHS 


United  States  Geological  Survey 


VOLUME   XVII 


W  ASHIJS^GTON 

GOVERNMENT    PRINTING    OFFICE 

1892 


UNITED  STATES  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 

J.  W.  POWELL,  DIRECTOR 


THE    FLORA 


D^KOT^    GROXJF 


A     POSTHUMOUS     VV^ORK 


LEO    LESQUEREUX 


EDITED  BY  V.  H.  KNOWLTON 


.A\7 


WASH INGTON 

GOTKRNMENT    PRINTING-    OFFICE 
1  891 


CONTENTS. 


Letter  of  transmittal 11 

Editor's  preface 1^! 

Introduction 19 

Description  of  species 23 

Cryptogaraia 23 

Fungi 23 

Pyrenomycetes 23 

Ferns 24 

Polypodiacese 24 

Phanerogamia 26 

GymnospermsB 2G 

*            CycadacesB 26 

Conifer* 32 

Conifers  of  uncertain  relation 36 

Monocotyledoues 3' 

Graminete - 37 

AlismacesB 37 

Aracese 38 

PalmiB 39 

Liliaceje 40 

DioscoreacesB 41 

BromeliacesB ---  41 

Dicotyledones 42 

Salicineije 42 

Cupuliferae 51 

MyrioacesB - 66 

Juglandese 68 

Platanaceae '^2 

Urticaceaj '  ^ 

BalanopLoreje S7 

Proteaceaj  — ^9 

Laurineae '"■ 

MonimiaceEB - 10^ 

AristolocliieaB 109 

EbenaceaB 109 

Sapotacese 113 

Myrsineie 114 

EricaceiB  . H"' 

Capri  foliacese  H'' 

Cornaceaj - I'-'' 

Araliaceai 12^^ 

5 


6  CONTENTS. 

Page. 

Description  of  species — Continued. 
Dicotyledoues — Coutimied. 

My  rtaceie ...'  136 

HamamelideiB 1 39 

Rosacea! 142 

Leguminosie 145 

Anacardiacea? 154 

Aceraceai 156 

Sapindace® 158 

Ampelidaceaa 159 

Ehamnefe - 165 

CelastrineiB 172 

Iliciueip 176 

Tiliacea? 180 

Stercnliaceie 182 

Menispermacea' 196 

Auonacea' 198 

Magnoliacc* 198 

Genera  and  species  of  uncertain  relation 212 

Aspidiopliyllum 212 

Phyllites 213 

Ptenostrobus 219 

Nordenskioldia 219 

Carpites 220 

Table  of  distribution 222 

Analysis  of  the  Dakota  Grouj)  Flora 226 


ILLUSTRATIONS, 


I.  Figs.  1,  Iff.  Asplenium  Dicbsonianuni  Heer. 
Pigs.  2, 3.  Pteria  dakotensis  sp.  nov. 
Fig.  4.  Podozamites  angustifoUus  Eichw. 
Figs.  5,  6.  Podozamites  lanceolatus  Schimp. 
Fig.  7.  Podozamites  stenopus,  sp.  nov. 
Fig.  8.  Zamites  apeciea. 
Figs.  9, 10.  Dammarites  candatus  Lesq. 
Fig.  11.  Dammarites  euiarginatas  Lesq. 
Fig.  12.  Encephalartos  cretaceiis,  sp.  nov. 
Fig.  13.  Bromelia?  tenaifolia,  sp.  nov. 
Fig.  14.  Cycadeosperraum  lineatum,  sp.  nov. 
II.  Figs.  1,  2,  3.    Phyllocladus     sabintegrifoliua 

Lesq. 
Fig.  4.  Sequoia  Keiclienbaclii  Heer. 
t^g.  5.  Brachypliyllum  crassum  sp.  nov. 
Fig.  6.  Cycadites  pnngens,  ap.  nov^ 
Fig.  7.  Phyllitea  zaniijeformia,  sp.  nov. 
Fig.  8.  Pliragmitea  cretaceiia  Leaq. 
Figs.  9,  9a.  Williamaonia  eloeata,  ap.  nov. 
Fig.  10.  Alismaciteadakotensia,  sp.  nov. 
Fig.  11.  Myrica  aspera,  sp.nov. 
Fig.  12.  Myrica  Schimperi,  ap.  nov. 
m.  Figs.  1-6.-  Myrica  longa  Heer. 
Fig.  7.  Salix  Hayei.  sp.nov. 
Fig.  8.  Salis  deleta,  sp.nov. 
Figs.  9-11.  Populua  hyperborea  Heer. 
Fig.  12.  Populus  stygia  Heer. 
Fig.  13.  Ficua  detiesa,  sp.nov. 
Fig.  14.  Quercua  (Dryopbyllnui)  Hosiana,  sp. 

nov. 
Fig.  15.  Qaercns    (Dryophyllum)   hieracifolia 

Hos.  and  v.  d.  Marck. 
Fig.  16.  Betula  Beatriciana  Lesq. 
IV.  Figs.  1-4.  Betulites  Westii,  sp.nov.,  var.  sub- 

integrifoliua,  u.  var. 
Figs.  5-8.  Betulitea     "Westii,     sp.    nov.,    var. 

obtnsua.  n.  var. 
Figs.  9-11.  Betnlites  "Weatii,  sp.  nov.,  var.  lati, 

foUua,  n.  var. 
Figs.  12-lG.  Betulitea  Weatii,  sp.   nov.,    var. 

rotundatiis.  n.var. 
Figs.    17-19.   Betulites  Weatii,  sp.  nov.,  var- 

oblongus.  n.  var. 
Figa.  20-22.  Betulites  Weatii,  sp.    nov.,  var. 

multinervis,  n.  var. 
V.  Figa.  1-4.  Betulites  Snowii,  ap.  nov. 

Fig.  5.  Betulitea   Weatii,  ap.    nov.,    var.   reni- 

I'ormis,  n.  var. 


Plate         V.  Figs.  6.  7.  Betulites  Westii,  sp.nov.,  var.  rbom 
boidalia,  n.var. 
Fig.  8.  Betulites  Westii,  ap.  nov.,  var.cunealus. 

n.  var. 
Fig.  9.   Betulites  Westii,  ap.  nov.,  var.  quad- 

ratifolins,  n.var. 
Figs.  10-13.  Betulites  Westii,  sp.  nov.,  v.nr.  in 

ffiquilateralis,  n.var. 
Fig.  14.  Betulitea  Westii,  sp.  nov.,  var.  laucto 

latus,  n.  var. 
Figs.  15-17.   Betulites  Westii,  ap.   iiov.,    v:ir 

crassus,  n  var. 
Fig.  18.  Stipules  of  Belulitea. 
VI.  Figa.  1,2.  Betulites  populitblina,ep.  nov. 
Figa. 3-5.  Betulites  rngo.sus,  sp.nov. 
Fig.  6.  Quercus  glascoena  sp.  nov. 
Fig.  7.  Saaaafras  (Araliopsia)  papillosum,  sp. 
nov. 
VII.  Fig.  1.  Quercus  Wardiana,  sp.nov. 
Fig.  2.  Galla  quercina,  ap.  nov. 
Fig.  3.  Quercus  alnoides,  ap.uov. 
Fig.  4.  Qnercus  dakotensia  Leaq. 
Fig.  5.  Quercus  bexagona  Leaq. 
Fig.  6.  Ilex  Masoni  Leaq. 
Fig.  7.  Populites  litigiosus  (Heer)  Leaq. 
Figa.  8.  9.  Populites  Sternbergii,  sp.  nov. 
Vm.  Fig.  1.  Populus  hyperborea  Heer. 
Figs.  2^.  Populus  Berggreui  Heer. 
Fig.  5.  Populites  litigiosus  Heer. 
Fig.  6.  Fruiting  catkin  of  Salix. 
Fig.  7.  Platauus  primpeva  Lesq. 
Figa.  8,  Hh.  Floweraof  Platanusprimieva  Lesq. 
IX.  Figs.   1,    2.   Platanua    prima?va    Lesq.    var. 
grandidentata  n.  var. 
Figa.  3, 4.  Platauus  primajva  Leaq.  var.  sub- 
integvifolia  n.  var. 
X.  Fig.  1.  Platanua  prima^va  Lesq. 
Fig.  2.  Plaiauus  obtusiloba  Leaq. 
Figs.  3-6.  Ficus  aligera,  sp.  nov. 
Figa.  7,  8.  Fruits  of  Ficus. 
Fig.  9.  Pb>llites  ilicifolius,  ap.  nov. 
XL  Fig.  1.  Ficus  mrtcropbylla,  sp.  nov. 
Fig.  2.  Persea  Leconteana  Lesq. 
Fig.  3.  Laurua  antecedtns  sp.  nov. 
Fig.  4.  CiBnamomum  Scbeucbzeri  Heer. 
Fig.  5.  Litsea  falcifolia,  ap.  nov. 
XII.  Fig.  1,  Myrica  emarginata  Heer. 
Fig. 2.  Ficua  pvoteoidea,  sp.nov. 
Fig.  3.  Ficua  Bertboudi,  sp.  nov. 

7 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Plate     XII.  F: 


Fig. 


Fig. 


Fi: 


Fi, 


g.4.  Ficus  Miidgei,  ap.  iiov. 

>.  Ficus  {  undulata,  sp.  nov. 
gs.  6, 7.  Ciunamoiuum  sezaunense  Watlet. 

8.  Laurus  Holhv  Heer. 
gs.  1,2.  Fieiis  glnscoeua  Lesq. 
g.  3.  Ficus  crassipes  Heer. 
g.4.  Ficus  lauceolatoacumiuata  Ett, 
iga.D,  C.  Laurus  plutouia  Heer. 

Lauropbylliiin  ellsworthianum  Lesq. 

:9. 8,  9.  Colutea  primordialis  Heer. 

,.  10.  Legumiuosites  coronilloidea  '-?  Heer. 

;.  11.  Legumiuosites  podogouialia,  sp.  iiov. 

;.  1.  Sassafras  (Araliopsis)  dissectum  Lesq. 

;.  2.  Sassafras  aubiutegriiblium  Lesq. 

;.  3.  Diospyros  apiculata,  sp.  nov. 

;.  1,  CiuuamomuQi  Heerii  Lv»i\. 

;.  2.  Litsea  cretacea,  sp.  uov. 

;.  3.  Aralia  subeniargiuata  Lesq. 
ig.  4.  Aralia  Masoni,  sp.  nov. 
g.  5.  Proteoides  lancifolius  Heer. 
gs.  1,2.  Lindera  veuiista,  sp.  uov. 
g.  3.  Ficus  deliexa,  sp.  nov. 
g.  4.  Ficus  magnoliLL'folia  Lesq. 
g.  5.  Persea  Scbimperi.  sp.  uov. 

:.  6.  Persea  Hayana,  sp.  nov. 

7.  Laurus  angusta  Heer. 

8.  Laurus  (Carpites)  microcarpa,  sp.  nov. 

9.  Diospyros  Steonslrupi  i  Heer. 

10.  Sassafras  primordiale,  sp.  nov. 

11.  Aralia  berberidifolia,  sp.  uov. 
g3.1-7.  Populus  kansaseana,  sp.  nov. 
gs.8-11.  Diospyrosrotundifolia (Heer)  Lesq. 
gs.  12, 13, 14.   Hederaorbiculata  Lesq. 

g.  15.  Hedera  ovalis  Lesq. 
g.  16.  Andromeda  Snowii.  sp.nov. 
gs.  1",  18.  Androroeda  erotacea,  sp.  nov. 
g.  1.  Hedera  cretacea,  sp.  uov. 
gs.  2, 3.  Hedera  mici-opbylla,  sp.  nov. 
;s.4,  5.  Hedera  Scbimperi,  sp.nov. 
g.  6.  Hedera  decurrena,  sp.  nov. 
gs.  7,  8.  Andromeda  Pfaffiana  Heer. 
gs.  9, 10.  Lindera  Masoni,  sp.nov. 
g.  11.  Cissites  Brownii  Lesq. 
gs.  12-14.  Cissites  populoides,  sp.  nov. 

1.  Audromeda  Parlatorii  Heer. 

.  2, 2a.  Cissites  ingens,  ap.  nov. 

3.  Ju^^Ians  arctica  Heer. 
gs.  1, 2,  3.  Dio.spyros  primseva  Heer. 

.4-6.  Viburnum  robustum,  sp.  nov. 

7.  Diospyros  ?  celastroides,  sp.  nov. 

8.  Laurelia  primteva.sp.  nov. 

9.  Phyllites  Vanonje  Heer. 

igs.  10-12.   Persoonia  Lesqiiereuxii  Knowl- 
ton,  u.  sp. 
;,  1.  Aralia  'Wellingtoniana,  ap.  nov, 
1. 2, 3.  Viburnum  in;equilaterale,  sp.  nov. 
.g.4.  Viburnum  grewiopsideum,  sp. nov. 

5.  Cissites  forraosus  Heer. 

6.  Viburnam  ellsworthianam,  sp.nov. 

g.  7.    Leguminosites    trnncatus  Knowlton, 

sp.nov. 
g.  1.  Diospyros  pseudo-anceps,  sp.  nov. 
..  2, 3.  Aralia  Wellingtoniana,  sp.  nov 
g.  4.  Sterculia  aperta  Lesq. 
g.  0.  Laurus  plutonia  Heer. 
gs.  6,  7.  Carpites  tiliaceus  f  Heer. 


Figs. 


Plate  XXII.  Fig.  8.  Calycitea  species. 

Fig.  9.  Carpites  cordiformis,  sp.  nov. 

XXIII.  Figs.  1,  2.  Aralia  Saportaua  Lesq.,  var.  de- 

fopmata,  n.  var. 
Figs.  3, 4.  Aralia  Towneri  Lesq. 
Fig.  5.  Coriius  priecox,  sp.nov. 
Fig.  6.  Cissites  alatns,  sp.nov. 

XXIV.  Fig.  1.  Magnolia  tenuifolia  Lesq. 

Fig.  2.  Magnolia  pseudo-acuminata,  sp.  uov. 

Pig.  3.  Magnolia  amplifolia  Heer. 

Fig.  4.  Liriodendron  prima-vumNewb. 

Fig.  5.  Andromeda  cretacea,  sp.  nov. 
XXV.  Fig.  1.  Liriodendron  giganteum  Lesq. 

Figs.  2,3,4.  Liriodendron  aemi-alatum  Lcaq 

Fig.  5.  Liriodendron  intermedium  Lesq. 

Fig.  6.  Apeibopsis  cyclopbylla,  sp.nov. 
XXVI.  Figs.  1-4.  Liriodendron  prira?evum  Newb. 

Fig.  5.  Liriodendron  giganteum  Lesq. 
XXVIL  Fig.  1.  Liriodendron  giganteum  Lesq. 

Figs.  2,  3.  Liriodendron  acuminatum  Lesq. 

Figs.  4,  5.  Liriodendron  pinuatifidum  Lesq. 
XXVIII.  Figs.  1,2.  Liriodendron  giganteum,  var.  cru- 
ciformis  Lesq. 

Fig.  3.  Liriodendron  AVellingtouii,  sp.nov. 

Fig.  4.  Liriodendron  acuminatum  Lesq.,  var. 
bilobatnm,  n.  var. 

Figs.  5,  6.  Liriodendron  M-^ekii  Heer. 

Fig.  7.  Liriopbyllum  obcordatum  Lesq. 
XXIX.  Figs.  1,2.  Liriodendron  Snowii  Lesq. 

Fig.  3.  Liriodendron  semi-alatum  Lesq. 

Fig.  4.  Liriodendron  Tulipifera  Linn. 

Figs.  5,  6.  Parrotia  Winobellii  Lesq. 

Fig.  7.  Meuispermites  rugosus,  sp.nov. 

Fig.  8.  Ilex  arraata,  sp.  nov. 

Figs.  9,  10.    Ilex  papillosa, sp.nov. 

Fig.  11.  Ilex  dakotensis,  sp.nov. 
XXX.  Fig.  ]-4.  Sterculia  mucronata,  sp.nov. 

Fig.  5.  Sterculia  Snowii,  sp.nov. 

Fig.  6.  PaiTotia  Canfieldi,  sp.  nov. 
XXXI.  Fig.  1.  Aralia  Towneri  Lesq. 

Fig.  2.  Sterculia  Snowii,  sp.  nov. 

Fig.  2.  Sphteria   problematica  Knowlton,   on 
Sterculia  Snowii,  sp.  uov. 

Fig.  2a.  Spha?ria  problematica  Knowlton. 

Fig.  3.  Sterculia  Snowii,  ?  sp.  nov. 
XXXIL  Fig.  1.  Sterculia  Snowii,  sp.nov. 
XXXm.  Fig.  1-4.  Sterculia  Snowii,  sp.nov. 

Fig.  5.  Cissites  obtusilobus,  sp.nov. 
SXXIV.  Fig.  1-9.  Acerites  multiformis,  sp.nov. 

Fig.  10.  Sterculia  reticulata,  sp.nov. 

Fig.  11.  Magnolia  alternans  Heer. 
XXXV.  Figs.  1,  2.  Sapindus  Morrisoni  Lesq. 

Fig.  3.  Paliurus  cretaceus,  sp.  nov. 

Fig.  4.  Paliurus  anceps,  sp.  nov. 

Fig.  5.  Paliurus  membranaceus  Lesq. 

Fig.  6.  Paliurus  obovatus,  sp.  nov. 

Fig.  7.  Paliurus  ovalis  Dawson. 

Fig.  8.  Ilex  borealis  Heer. 

Figs.  9-11.  Juglaudites  sinuatus,  sp.nov. 

Figs.  12, 13.  Ehamnus  similis,  sp.nov. 

Fig.  14.  Khamuua  prunifolius,  Lesq. 

Fig.  15.  Jnglandites  primordialis,  sp.nov. 
XXXVI.  Fig.  1.  Celastropbyllum  decurrens,  sp.  nov. 

Figs.  2,  3.  Elseodendron  speciosum,  sp.  nov. 

Figs.  4-7.  Zizyphus  dakotensis,  ap.nov. 

Fig.  8.  Dnpbnophyllumaugustifolium,  sp.nov. 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Plate. 

XXSVI. 


XXXVI  r.  F: 


XXXVIII.  Fi 


.  9.  Protophyllum  denticulatum,  sp.  nov. 

,  10.  Hedera  Schimperi  Lesq. 

.  11.  Protopliyllum  creduerioidea  Lesq. 

.  1.  Juglandites  ellsworthianus.  .sp.  iiov. 

3.  2,3.  KhamDua  Mudgei,  sp.  uov. 

9.  i-?.  Rhamnua  in;e  qui  lateral!  3,  ap.  nov. 

.  8-13.  Rbamnites  apiculatus,  ap.  uov. 

9.  14-19.  Eucalyptus  dakotensis,  ap.  nov. 

.20.  Eucalyptus  GeiuitzU  Heer. 

.  1.  Cratseguslaurenciana.  ap.  nov. 

,  2.  Phyllites  Snowii,  sp.nov. 

.  3.  Cassia problematica,  sp.nov. 

.  4.  Leguminositesomphalobioides,  sp.  nov- 

.  5.  Leguminositea  dakotensia,  sp.  nov. 

.  6.  Rhamnus  tenax  Lesq. 

.  7.  Andromeda tenuinervis,  sp.nov. 

.  8.  Calliatemopliyllura  Heerii  Ett. 

a.  9,  10.  Rhus  ?  Weatii  Knowlton  ap.  nov. 

.  11.  Andromeda  affinia  Leaq. 

s.  12-14.  Celastrophyllum   cretaceum,   ep. 


15,  Phyllites  perplesua,  ep.  nov. 
ig.  16.  Leguminosites  podogonialis,  fruit  of. 
ig.  17.  Carpites  coniger,  ap.nov. 
ig.  1.  Aspidiopbyllum  dentatuin  Leaq. 
igs.  2-4.  Parrotia  grandidentata,  sp.  nov. 
Juglans  arctica  Heer. 
XL.  Eig.  1.  Protophyllum  Leconteanum  Lesq. 
XLI.  Fig.  1.  Protophyllum  dimorphum,  sp.nov. 
iga.  2, 3.  Protophyllum  prjestans,  sp.  nov. 
Protophyllum  Sternbergii  Lesq. 
Fig.  2.  Protophyllum  undulatum,  sp.  nov. 
;s.  3,  4.  Protophyllum  praestans,  sp.  nov. 
J.  5.  Phyllites  Vanonee  Heer. 
;.  1.  Protophyllum  Haydenii  Lesq. 
ig.  2.  Protophyllum  multinerve  Lesq. 
ig.  3.  Protophyllum  integerrimum,  sp.  nov. 
CS.  4, 5,  Protophyllum  creduerioidea  Leaq. 
js.  1, 2.  Protophyllum  Haydenii  Lesq. 
ig.  3.  Leguminosites  constrictus,  ap.  nov. 
ig.  4  Leguminosites  convolutua,  sp.  nov. 
ig.  5.  Phyllitea  laurenciauus,  sp.nov. 
ig.  6.  Nordenakioldiaborealia  Heer. 
igs.  7,  8.  Cycadeospernium   columnare,    sp^ 
nov. 
iga.  L-4.  Viburnum  ?  craaaum,  sp.  nov. 

5.  Vibumitea  Maaoni,  sp.  nov. 

6.  Phyllitea  Lacoei,  sp.  uov. 

1.  Aiiaasma  crotacea,  sp.  nov. 

2.  Smilas  undulata,  ap.  nov. 

3.  Smilax  grandiiblia-cretacea  sp.  nov. 
ig.  4.  Populus  barkeriana,  sp.nov. 

J.  5.  Populitea  elegans  Leaq. 
^  6.  Populitea  litigiosua  (Heer),  Lesq. 
ig.  1.  Populitea  litigiosus  (Heer),  Lesq. 

1, 3.  Populites  elegaua  Lesq. 
ig.  4.  Populitea  litigiosua  (Heer)  Lesq. 
5.  Pox^ulus  hyperborea  Heer. 
Fig.  6.  Pagus  orbiculata,  sp.  nov. 

7.  Quercus  suspectii,  sp.  nov. 
Figs.  1,2.  Quercua  auapecta,  sp.nov. 

3.  Quercua  apurio-ilex  Knowlton,  ap.  nov. 

4.  Quercus  rhamnoides,  sp.  nov. 

5.  Juglandites  Lacoei,  sp.  nov. 
I.  1-3.  Juglans  craasipea  Heer. 

4.  Platanua   primaeva,  var.   iutegrif'olia 
Lesq. 


XLIX.  Fig.  5.  Ficua  praecursor,  sp. nov. 
Figs.  6-9.  Eicua  iuiequalia,  ap.  nov. 
ij.  Fig.  1.  Ficua  Sternbergii,  sp.  nov. 
Fig.  2.  Ficus  molanopbylla,  sp.  nov. 
Fig.  3.  Ficus  in^squalia,  sp.  nov. 
Fig.  4.  Laurus  Knowltoni,  ap.  nov. 
Fig.  5.  Ficua  Krauaiana  Heer. 
Fig.  6.  Ficus  intequalia  sp.  nov. 
Fig.  7.  Artocarpidium  cretaceum  Ett. 
Fig.  8.  Proteoides  lancifoliusHeer. 
Fig.  9.  Laurus  teliformig,  ap.  nov. 
LI.  .Figa.  1-4.  Dapbnophyllum  dakotense,  sp.  nov. 
Fig.  5.  Saasat'ras     cretaceum     Newb.,      var. 

grossedeutatum  Lesq.,  n.  var. 
Figa.  6,  7.  Cinnamomum  Marioui,  sp.  uov. 
Figs.  8,  9.  Cinnamomum  ellipaoideum  Sup.  & 

Mar. 
Fig.  10.  Bumelia  ?  rhoraboidea,  ap.  nov. 
LII.  Fig.  1.  Dapbnophyllum  dakotense,  sp.  nov. 
Figs.  2, 3.  Myrsine  crassa,  sp-  nov. 
Fig.  4.  Myrsinites  ?  Gaudiui  Lesq. 
Fig.  5.  Andromeda  linilblia,  sp.  nov. 
Fig.  ti.  Andromeda  Parlatorii  Heer. 
Fig.  7.  Andromeda  Pfaffiana  Heer. 
Fig.  8.  Viburnum    LesquereuxU    "Ward,    sp 

nov.,  var.  rotundifolium  Lesq.,  n.  var. 
Fig.  9.  Viburnum    Lesquereuxii    "Ward, 

nov.,  var.  cordifolium  Lesq.,  n.  var. 
Fig.  10.  Viburnum   Lesquereuxii    Ward,  sp, 

nov.,  var.  latior  Leaq.,  d.  var. 

Fig.  II.  Nyssa  Snowiana,  sp.  nov. 

LIIL  Fig.  1.  Viburnum  Leaquereuxii     Ward, 

nov.,  var.  lougifolium  Leaq.,  n.  var. 
Fig.  2.  Viburnum    Lesquereuxii    Ward,    sp. 

nov.,  var.  commune  Lesq.,  n.  var. 
Fig.  3.  Viburnum    Lesquereuxii    Ward,    sp, 

nov.,  var.  lanceolatum  Lesq.,  n.  var. 
Fig.  4.  Viburnum  spbenophyllum,  Knowlton, 

sp.  nov. 
Figs.  5-9.  Eugenia  primceva,  sp.  nov. 
Fig.  10.  Myrtophyllam  Warderi,  sp.  nov. 
LIV.  Figa.  1-3.  Aralia  grrenlandica  Heer. 
Fig.  4.  Leguminosites  insularia  Heer. 
Figs.  5-7.  Cratasgua  tenuinervis,  sp.  nov. 
Fig.  8.  Cratiegus  aceroidea,  ap.  nov. 
LV.  Fig.  1.  CratiBgua  aceroidea,  sp.  nov. 
Figs.  2, 3.  Hymenjea  dakotana,  sp.  nov. 
Fig.  4.  Prunus  (Amygdalus)  ?  antecedens,  ap. 

nov. 
Figs.  5,  6.  Phaaeolites  forraosus,  sp.  nov. 
Figs.  7-9.  Leguminosites  hymenophyllas,  sp. 

nov. 
Fig.  10.  Leguminosites  phaaeolites  ?  Heer. 
Fig.  11.  Inga  cretacea,  sp.  nov. 
Fig.  12.  Phaseolites  formosua,  sp.  nov. 
LVL  Figs.  1, 2 .  Hymenjea  dakotana,  sp.  nov. 

Fig.  3.  Leguminositea  hymenophyllus,  sp.  nov. 
Figs.  4,  5.  Rhus  Powelliana,  ap.  nov. 
LVII.  Fig.  1.  Anacarditea  autiquua,  sp.  nov. 
Fig.  2.  Rhus  Uddeni,  sp.  nov. 
Figs.  3,4.  Ciasitea  ingens  Lesq.  var.  parvifolia 

n.  var. 
Fig.  5.  Celastrophyllum  obliquiim  Knowlton, 

sp.  uov. 
Figa.  fi,  7.  Celaatrophyllum  craasipea,  sp.  nov. 
Figa.  8, 9.  Celastrophyllum    myrainoides,  ep. 


10 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


pterospermifoliuni.  sp. 
pseudospermoides,   ap. 


LVm.  Fif:.  1.  Cissites  acerifoliiis,  sp.  nov. 
LVm.  Fig.  2.  Ilex  Scadderi,  sp.  nov. 
Fig.  3.  Ilex  papulosa,  sp.  nov. 
Fig.  4.  Grewiopsis  lequideutata,  sp.  nov. 
I*ig.  5.  Pterospermites  modestus,  ap.  nov. 
Fig.  6.  Sterculia   Suowii,   sp.  nov.,   var. 
juncta,  n.  var. 
LIS.  Fig.  1.  Protophyllii 
nov. 
Fig.  2.  Protopliyllii 

nov. 
Fig.  3.  Pterospermites  longeacuminatiis,  sp. 

nov. 
Fig.  4.  Macclintockia  cretacea  Heer. 
Fig.  4a.  Sclerotiiam  ?  species. 
Figs.  5, 6.  Dewalquea  dakotensis,  sp.  nov. 
Fig.  7.  Phyllites,  species. 
Fig.  8.  PhyUites  aristoloclii  inform  is,  sp.  nov. 
LX. Fig,  1.  MagnoliaLacoeana,  sp. nov. 
Fig.  2.  Magnolia  Boulayana,  ap.  nov. 
Figs.  3, 4.  Magnolia  speciosa  Heer. 
Figs.  5,  6.  Magnolia  obtusata  Heer. 
LXI.  Fig.  1.  Phyllites  celatus.  sp.  nov. 

Fig.  2.  Phyllites  stipula^fonnis,  sp.nov. 
Fig.  3.  Platanus  cissoides,  sp.  nov. 
Fig.  4.  Phyllites  erosus,  sp.  nov. 
Fig.  5.  Phyllites  durescens,  sp.  nov. 
LSII.  Fig.  1.  PhyUites  amissns,  sp.  nov. 

Fig.  2.  Hymensa  dakotana,  sp.  nov. 
Figs.  3-4.  Phyllites  durescens.  sp.  nov. 
Fig.  5.  Carpites  obovatus,  sp.  nov. 
LXm.Figs.  1,2.  Protophyllnmdenticiilatura,  sp.nov 
Fig. 3.  Khamnus  iniequilateralis  sp.nov. 
Fig.  4.  Protophyllum  minus  Lesq. 
Fig, 5.  Rhamnites  apicnlatns,  sp.nov. 


LXIII. Fig. 7.  Ilex  Masoni,  sp.nov. 
LXIV.  Figs.  1-3.    Salix  protesefolia  Lesq.,  var.  line- 
arifolia,  n.  var. 
Figs.  4,  5.  Salix  protefefolia  Lesq.,  var.  flexu- 

osa,  n.  var. 
Figs.  6-8.  Salix  protejefolia  Lesq.,  var.  lanceo- 

lata,  n.  var. 
Fig.  9.  Salix  proteiefolia  Lesq.,  var.  longitblia, 


Fig.  10. 
deus, 

Fig.  11. 
Fig.  12. 
Fig.  13, 

nov., 
Fig.  14. 
Fig.  15. 
Fig.  16. 
Fig.  17. 
Fig.  IB. 
Fig.  19. 

ifolia 
LXV.  Fig.  1. 
Fig.  2. 
Fig.  3. 
Fig.  4. 
Fig,  5. 
Fig.  6. 
Fig.  7, 

LXVL  Fig.  1. 
Fig.  2. 
Fig.  3. 
Fig.  4. 


Betulites  WestiiLesq-.var.  grewiopsi- 
n.  var. 

Apocnophyllnm  sordidum,  sp.  nov. 

Palgeocassia  lanrinea,  sp.  nov. 

Viburnum    Les'quereuxii    Ward,   sp. 
var.  tenuifolia,  n.var. 

CratsBgus  Lacoei,  sp.  nov. 

Cornus  platyphylloides,  sp.  nov. 

Myrica  obliqua,  sp.  nov. 

Andromeda  Wardiana,  sp.nov. 

Sapindus  diversifolius,  sp.nov. 

Andromeda  Parlatorii  Heer,  var.  long- 
i  n.var, 

Protophyllnm  mnltinerve  Lesq. 
Magnolia  Boulayana,  sp.  nov. 
Sapotacites  species. 
Protophyllum  crassum,  sp.nov, 
Rhamnus  revoluta,  sp.  nov. 
PhyUites  innectens,  sp.  nov. 
Protophyllum  crenatum  Knowlton,  sp. 
Capelllnii.  • 

Magnolia  Capellinii?  Heer. 
Grataegus  Lacoei  1  sp.nov. 
Crewiopsis  Mudgei,  sp.  nov. 
Cissites  dentato-lobatus, sp.nov. 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


Department  of  the  Interior, 

U.  S.  Geological  Survey, 

Division  of  Paleobotany, 
Washington,  D.  C,  December  11,  1890. 
Sir:   I  have  the  honor  to  transmit  herewith  the  mannscript  and  draw- 
ings of  a  monograph  of  the  flora  of  the  Dakota  Group,  by  Prof  Leo  Lesque- 
renx,  edited  by  Prof  F.  H.  Knowlton,  and  to  request  its  pubhcation. 
Very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 

Lester  F.  Ward, 

Geologist  in  charge. 
Hon.  J.  W.  Powell, 

Director. 

11 


EDITOR'S    PREFACE. 


This  volume  upon  the  flora  of  the  Dakota  Group  was  the  last  work 
upon  which  Prof.  Lesquereux  was  engaged.  He  had  ah-eady  in  his  Creta- 
ceous Floral  and  the  Cretaceous  and  Tertiary  Floras^  made  extensive  con- 
tributions to  the  knowledge  of  Dakota  Group  plants,  but  by  the  discovery 
of  rich  plant  deposits  in  central  and  western  Kansas,  in  Nebraska,  Minne- 
sota, and  other  places,  much  additional  material  was  obtained.  This  ma- 
terial had  been  collected  from  time  to  time  until  about  1885,  when  he  set 
to  work  to  prepare  a  final  monograph.  The  manuscript  of  this  monograph, 
which  filled  about  475  written  pages  and  was  accompanied  by  45  quarto 
plates,  was  completed  and  sent  to  the  Director  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Sur- 
vey on  February  21,  1888.  It  embraced  descriptions  and  figures  of  350 
species  of  plants. 

A  few  months  after  it  had  been  sent  to  Washington,  and  before  it  could 
be  taken  up  for  piiblication,  very  extensive  additional  collections  were  made 
in  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas,  by  Mr.  diaries  H.  Sternberg,  and  by  the  Mu- 
seum of  the  University  of  Kansas,  under  the  direction  of  Prof  F.  H.  Snow. 
This  material,  which  numbered  some  thousands  of  specimens,  was  sent  to 
Prof  Lesquereux  for  identification,  and,  although  he  was  in  feeble  health  at 
the  time  and  knew  full  well  that  his  days  for  work  must  necessarily  be  num- 
bered, he  entered  upon  the  task  with  characteristic  enthusiasm.  He  saw  at 
once  that  the  material  contained  much  that  was  new  and  interesting,  and 
in  order  that  it  might  be  incorporated  in  the  monograph  he  asked  that  the 
manuscript  and  plates  be  returned  to  him.  This  was  done,  and  his  last 
days  were  spent  in  working  up  and  adding  this  new  matter,  and  at  the  time 
of  his  death  the  material  had  all  been  identified  and  described  and  most  of 

'Contributions  of  the  Fossil  Flora  of  the  Western  Territories.     Parti:  The  Cretaceous  Flora 
U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  of  Terr.,  Vol.  6,  Washington,  1874. 

'Contributions  to  the  Fossil  Flora  of  the  Western  Territories.     Part  in:    The   Cretaceous  and 
Tertiary  Floras.     V.  S.  Geol.  Survey  of  Terr.,  Vol   s,  Washington,  1883. 

13 


14  EDITOR'S  PREFACE. 

it  figured.  The  value  of  this  new  material  will  be  appreciated  when  it  is 
known  that  it  added  110  species  to  the  already  rich  flora  of  the  Dakota 
Grroup.  This  brings  the  total  number  of  known  species  from  the  Dakota 
Group  up  to  460. 

The  task  of  the  editor  of  a  posthumous  work  is  always  a  delicate  one, 
especially  when  any  portion  of  such  a  work  is__  left  unfinished,  for  he  is  in 
constant  fear  that  he  may  not  correctly  intei-pret  and  carry  out  the  wishes 
of  the  author.  I  have,  therefore,  made  hardly  any  changes,  except  those 
expressly  implied  or  called  for  in  the  notes  left  by  Prof  Lesquereux  him- 
self As  he  Avorked  upon  this  later,  and  in  some  respects  richer  material, 
certain  previous  conclusions  of  his  underwent  modification ;  thus,  additional 
material  led  him  to  change  what  had  first  been  described  as  Phyllites  Masoni 
to  Ilex  Masoni,  Phyllites  cretaceus  to  Platanus  cretacea,  etc.  Changes  of 
this  kind  were  not  actually  made  by  himself,  but  were  indicated  by  iiotes. 
Additional  points  of  comparison  among  the  species  were  also  suggested  as 
his  work  went  on,  and  whenever  indicated  they  have  been  carefully 
attended  to. 

The  only  specimens  that  had  not  been  figured  at  the  time  of  Lesque- 
reux's  death  were  purchased  of  Mr.  Sternberg,  together  with  many  others, 
by  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe,  of  Pittston,  Pennsylvania.  These  Mr.  Lacoe  has  cour- 
teously placed  at  our  disposal,  and  they  have  been  drawn  by  Mr.  F.  Von 
Dachenhausen,  the  artist  of  the  Paleobotanical  Division.  They  number  30 
figures,  and  fill  Plates  LXIV,  LXV,  LXVI. 

In  a  few  instances  the  specific  names  given  by  Prof  Lesquereux  to 
new  species  were  preoccupied;  for  example,  "  Celastrophyllum  obovatum,  sp. 
nov.,"is  antedated  by  C.  obovatum  of  Fontaine  ;  '■'■  Myrica  proxima,  sp.  nov.," 
by  the  M.  proxima  of  Ettingshausen,  etc.  Such  names  I  have  changed,  and 
have  indicated  the  fact  in  foot-notes. 

I  have  also  changed  the  arrangement  of  some  of  the  orders  and  genera 
to  make  it  conform  to  that  in  Bentham  and  Hooker's  Genera  Plantarum,  or 
rather  have  arranged  them  in  the  reverse  order  of  this,  since  they  proceed 
from  the  lower  to  the  higher  plants. 

In  conclusion,  I  beg  to  acknowledge  my  great  obligation  to  Prof 
Lester  F.  Ward,  for  counsel  and  valuable  •  assistance  ;  to  Mr.  C.  D.  White, 
who  has  verified  all  of  the  references ;  to  Prof  F.  H.  Snow,  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Kansas,  who  has  supplied  information  that  was  lacking,  and  a 
valuable  series  of  specimens ;  and  especially  to  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe,  of  Pittston, 
Pennsylvania,  who  has  generously  placed  his  extensive  and  highly  valuable 


EDITOR'S  PREFACE.  15 

collection  of  Dakota  Grroup  plants  entirely  at  my  disposal.  I  am  also  under 
obligation  to  numerous  collectors  and  students  throughout  the  country 
who  have,  by  contributing  either  specimens  or  valuable  information,  com- 
bined to  make  the  flora  of  the  Dakota  Group  one  of  the  most  thoroughly 
known  fossil  floras  of  the  world. 

I  take  this  opportunity  of  appending  here  a  short  account  of  Prof 
Lesquereux's  life  and  work. 

LEO  LESQUEREUX. 

Leo  Lesquereux,  the  Nestor  of  American  paleobotanists,  died  at  his 
home  in  Columbus,  Ohio,  October  25,  1889.  His  life,  while  exceedingly 
varied  and  filled  with  hardships  and  disapi^ointments,  avhs  a  singularly  pure 
and  noble  one,  and  America  lost  by  his  death  not  only  her  most  distin- 
guished vegetable  paleontologist,  but  her  foremost  bryologist,  and  the  few 
who  enjoyed  the  honor  of  his  personal  acquaintance  lost  a  genial  companion, 
a  kindly  critic,  and  a  sympathetic  friend.  He  was  the  last  of  the  distin- 
guished trio — Agassiz,  Guyot,  Lesquereux — which  the  Geneva  Revolu- 
tionary Council  of  1848  by  its  edict  suppressing  the  Academy  of  Neuchatel 
sent  to  our  shores.  These  men,  "born  in  the  heart  of  Switzerland's  moun- 
tain grandeur,"  early  imbibed  that  love  of  nature  which  was  ever  the 
actuating  impulse  of  their  lives.  The  departments  of  science  which  they 
so  assiduously  studied  would  be  comparatively  incomplete  but  for  their 
untiling  efforts. 

Lesquereux  was  an  exceedingly  modest  and  retiring  man.  The  early 
misfortune  of  the  loss  of  his  hearing  made  communication  and  intercourse 
so  difficult  that  he  rarely  ventured  from  home,  and  those  who  knew  him 
best  knew  him  only  through  the  medium  of  correspondence.  As  he  once 
said:  "My  associations  have  been  almost  all  of  a  scientific  natin-e.  I  have 
lived  with  Nature,  the  rocks,  the  trees,  the  flowers.  They  know  me ;  I 
know  them.  All  outside  are  dead  to  me."  But  in  spite  of  this  di-awback 
and  of  the  changes  that  it  necessitated  in  his  life  he  bore  it  cheerfully  and 
uncomplainingly. 

Several  excellent  accounts  of  Lesquereux's  life  have  appeared,  written 
by  personal  friends  and  companions,  but  by  the  courtesy  of  Prof  Lester  F. 
Ward  I  am  able  to  reproduce  here  a  short  autobiographic  letter,  written  in 
response  to  a  request,  in  which  the  chief  incidents  of  his  life  are  related  in 
his  own  modest,  quaint  language: 


16  EDITOR'S  PREFACE. 

Columbus,  Ohio,  May  1,  1884. 
Prof.  Lestee  F.  Ward, 

Washington,  D.  G.  : 

My  Dear  Sik  :  I  am  greatly  honored  by  your  kind  letter  of  the  29th  past,  and 
hasten  to  answer  it.  Indeed,  I  have  wanted  for  some  weeks  to  write  to  you  and  have 
only  been  prevented  from  doing  so  by  a  somewhat  long  spell  of  sickness.  I  will, 
however,  write  to  you  as  soon  as  I  have  a  moment  of  leisure.  I  am  now  crowded  with 
proofs  coming  in  mass  for  correction,  and  can  but  now  say  only  what  you  wish  to 
know. 

I  was  born  at  Fleurier,  Canton  of  Neuchatel,  Switzerland,  November  18,  1806. 
My  father  was  a  manufacturer  of  watch  springs,  in  tctlerably  good  circumstances,  but 
not  rich.  Being  the  only  son,  and  fond  of  books,  especially  of  rocks  and  flowers,  a 
kind  of  natural,  as  they  call  people  of  that  kind  in  the  South,  my  mother  wanted  me 
to  become  a  minister.  My  family,  Lescure,  Lescurieux,  Lesquereux,  being  of  French 
origin,  Huguenots,  emigrated  from  France,  with  most  of  the  old  families  of  French 
Switzerland.  To  that  end,  after  my  village  schooling,  I  was  sent  to  college  at  Neu- 
chatel,  and  there  passed  through  all  the  classes  up  to  the  last  one  (philosophy),  being 
then  ready  at  my  nineteenth  year  to  go  to  the  university.  My  father  had  paid  at  Neu- 
chatel  my  board  only.  I  had  earned  the  expenses  of  academical  lessons  by  teaching. 
My  father  being  unable  to  support  expenses  at  the  university  in  Germany,  I  accepted 
a  position  in  Saxony  at  Eisenach  as  professor  of  French  language,  expecting  to  make 
money  enough  to  go  later  to  a  nuivei  sity.  But  after  four  years'  sojourn  at  Eisenach 
I  became  engaged  to  a  young  lady,  and  instead  of  going  to  the  university  I  came  back 
to  Switzerland  and  was  accepted  as  principal  of  a  college.  La  Chaux  de  Fonds,  and 
after  one  year  went  back  to  Eisenach  to  get  married.  After  three  years  of  teaching 
at  La  Chaux  de  Fonds  I  became  gradually  and  soon  totally  deaf,  or  at  least  so  deaf 
that  I  had  to  abandon  my  position  and  find  something  else  to  support  my  family.  I  did 
that  for  years  by  manual  labor,  having  returned  to  my  family  and  gone  in  partnership 
with  my  father.  But  I  could  not  stick  to  that  work,  and  was  constantly  busy  in  my 
hours  of  rest,  that  is  mostly  in  the  night,  with  a  poor,  suiali  microscope,  studying 
mosses,  and  on  Sundays  running  in  tiie  mountains  to  gather  them.  The  Govern- 
ment of  Neuchatel  was  then  greatly  interested  in  the  protection  of  peat  bogs  on 
account  of  the  difficulties  of  procuring  fuel  for  the  poor,  and  offered  a  prize  (gold 
medal  of  20  ducats)  for  the  best  memoir  on  the  formation  of  the  peat,  its  preserva- 
tion, etc.  I  went  to  that  study  and  won  the  prize.  My  memoir— Recherches  sur  les 
Tourbieres  du  Jura — is  still  quoted  and  has  been  long  considered  as  the  best  on  the 
subject.  It  was  from  the  publication  of  that  memoir  that  I  become  more  intimately 
acquainted  with  Agassiz,  and  that  the  King  of  Prussia  (that  is  his  Government), 
offered  to  pay  my  expenses  and  somewhat  more  if  I  would  undertake  a  tour  of  explo- 
ration through  Germany  and  any  other  countries  I  should  wish  in  Europe,  for  the  in- 
vestigation of  the  peat  bogs.  Of  course  I  accepted,  went  through  Germany,  Sweden, 
Denmark,  Holland,  Belgium,  France,  everywhere  I  could  find  peat  bogs,  and  returned 
with  a  mass  of  material  which  1  expected  to  use  for  &  book  on  the  subject.  Neuchatel 
was  then  under  the  protectorate  of  the  King  of  Prussia.  In  1848,  and  when  [  was 
engaged  as  director  of  exploitations  of  peat  bogs  bought  by  the  Government,  the 
liberal  or  Swiss  party  became  master  of  the  siaiation  and  all  those  who  had  been 
appointed  to  any  place  by  the  Government  were  of  course  thrown  aside.    The  Academy 


EDITOR'S  PREFACE.  17 

of  Nenchatel  was  also  broken  up.  Agassiz  was  already  in  America  one  year  before. 
He  encouraged  the  professors  to  come  to  America,  Guyot,  Matile,  and  others,  myself, 
too:  And  as  the  future  prospects  for  the  support  of  my  family  were  gloomy,  my 
father,  too,  encouraging  me  to  come  here,  I  embarked,  with  my  wife  and  five  children, 
as  steerage  passengers,  and  arrived  at  Boston  in  September,  1848.  That  is  about  all. 
That,  fighting  against  odds,  especially  by  my  total  deafness,  I  have  had  plenty  of 
hard  times,  is  easily  understood.  But  all  has  been  well  for  me,  thanks  to  a  kind 
Providence. 

About  the  publications  of  mine,  you  have  probably  more  titles  than  I  know  of,  for 
I  have  forgotten  many  and  many  are  not  worth  much.  I  am  now  reading  the  proof  of 
a  third  volume  of  the  United  States  Coal  Flora ;  of  a  Synopsis  of  the  American  Mosses, 
and  of  a  small  book — Principles  of  Vegetable  Paleontology — for  the  Geological  Sur- 
vey of  Indiana.  After  that  I  think  to  close  my  active  career,  if  I  can  possibly  do 
that;  for  I  must  work  for  my  living. 

Excuse  this  long  talk.     It  is  your  fault.     If  you  want  an  old  man  to  say  one  word 
on  himself  he  will  make  quite  a  discourse. 
Sincerely  yours, 

L.  Lesquereux. 

Lesquereiix  was  therefore  over  40  years  of  age  wlieu  he  reached  this 
country.  He  was  totally  deaf  and  had  never  heard  a  word  of  spoken 
English  in  his  life,  yet  he  set  bravely  to  work  in  wimiing  a  home.  His  first 
work  in  this  country  was  done  for  Prof  Agassiz.  This  consisted  in  working 
up  and  preparing  for  publication  the  collection  of  plants  made  by  Agassiz 
-on  his  Lake  Superior  expedition.     His  report  was  published  in  1848. 

At  the  close  of  the  same  year  he  was  called  to  Columbus,  where  he  made  his  home 
for  the  remainder  of  his  life.  The  circumstances  under  which  he  came  to  Columbus 
deserve  to  be  mentioned,  as  they  bring  to  light  a  history  that  has  few  counterparts 
in  the  country  hitherto.  By  the  publication  in  1845  of  the  Musci  AlleghanAensis,  Mr. 
William  S.  Sullivant,  of  Columbus,  had  put  himself  at  the  head  of  American  bryolo- 
gists,  and  was  so  recognized  at  home  and  abroad,  the  scientific  collections  of  the 
Government  in  this  Department  even  coming  into  his  hands  for  study,  and  the  field 
was  in  every  way  widening  before  him,  bringing  him  more  than  he  could  do  unaided. 
He  was  a  gentleman  of  large  fortune  and  was  therefore  not  obliged  to  ask  even  a  living 
from  science.  All  of  his  work  was  done  at  his  own  charges  and  most  of  it  was  pub- 
lished in  like  manner.  It  was  distributed  among  his  fellow  laborers  in  a  like  manner. 
Mr.  Sullivant  called  Lesquereux  to  his  aid,  and  for  many  years  thereafter,  even  to  the 
date  of  Mr.  SuUivant's  death,  the  foremost  bryologist  of  America  and  one  of  the  most 
accomplished  bryologists  of  Europe  worked  side  by  side  in  completest  accord  and 
harmony  with  mutual  respect  for  each  other's  acquirements  and  results.  Lesquereux 
was  employed  by  Mr.  Sullivant  one  or  two  years  and  was  afterward  aided  in  various 
ways  in  carrying  forward  his  work  by  the  generosity  of  his  friend.^ 

'Leo  Lesquereux.     By  Edward  Orton.     The  American  Geologist,  vol.  5,  No.  5,   May,  1890,  pp. 
291,  292. 

MON   XVII 3 


18  EDITOE'S  PREFACE. 

Lesquereux  and  Sullivant  published  together  the  two  editions  of  the 
Musci  Exsiccati  Americani,  the  first  edition  in  1856,  the  last  in  1865.  The 
Latin  text  of  Sullivant's  Icones  Muscorum  was  also  largely  written  by  Les- 
quereux, and  the  publication  of  the  second  volume  was  carried  forward 
after  Sullivant's  death. 

For  some  years  before  his  death,  Sullivant  had  been  engaged  in  col- 
lecting materials  for  the  pviblication  of  a  complete  account  of  the  North 
American  moss  flora.  After  his  death  his  extensive  collections  and  library 
were  deposited  in  Harvard  College  Herbarium,  and  at  the  urgent  request 
of  Dr.  Asa  Gray,  Lesquereiix  was  prevailed  upon  to  take  up  and  complete 
the  task.  Much  of  this  work  Avas  done  before  his  sight  failed  him  in  1869, 
when  it  was  necessary  to  call  in  other  assistance,  and  Prof.  Thomas  P. 
James,  of  Cambridge,  was  interested  in  the  work.  He  made  such  of  the 
microscopical  examinations  as  had  not  been  made,  but  his  death  again  de- 
layed the  woi"k,  and  it  was  not  until  1884  that  it  was  finally  completed  and 
given  to  the  world  as  a  Maiuial  of  North  American  Mosses. 

His  paleobotanical  work  is  so  extensive  and  valuable,  and  is  so  well 
known  to  all  students  of  the  science  the  world  over,  that  little  mention  of  it 
is  necessary  here.  His  first  work  was  published  in.  1854,  and  from  that 
year  until  the  day  of  liis  death  the  world  saw  issuing  almost  every  year  an 
additional  volume  testif}nug  to  his  indomitable  energy  and  keen  discrimina- 
tion. He  was  a  pioneer  in  the  department  of  vegetable  paleontology  in  this 
country,  and  while  some  of  the  earlier  work  done,  as  is  so  commonly  the 
case  in  new  and  unworked  fields,  will  need  revision  when  the  fossil  flora  of 
America  is  more  thoroughly  worked  up,  the  whole  stands  as  a  monument 
which  future  generations  may  well  marvel  at  and  emulate. 

F.  H.  Knowlton, 

Assistant  Paleontologist. 

U.  S.  Geological  Survey, 

Washington,  D.  C,  December  19,  1890. 


THE  FLORA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 


By  Leo  Lesquekeux. 


INTRODUCTION. 


The  details  concerning  the  first  discovery  of  leaves  of  dicotyledonous 
plants  in  the  strata  of  the  Dakota  group,  the  subsequent  researches  made 
by  Messrs.  Meek  and  Hayden,  by  Dr.  J.  S.  Newberry,  and  later  by  Prof 
Jules  Marcou,  Prof  J.  Capellini,  and  Oswald  Heer,  as  well  as  the  evidence 
furnished  as  to  the  age  of  the  formation  by  the  distribution  of  animal  re- 
mains in  the  strata  superposed  upon  it,  have  all  been  presented  with  refer- 
ence to  the  data  in  my  monograph  of  The  Cretaceous  Flora  (pp.  1-10),  which 
forms  vol.  6  of  the  Reports  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  of  the  Territo- 
ries under  F.  V.  Hayden.^  In  the  same  volume  there  is  also  recorded  what 
was  then  known  of  the  geographical  and  stratigraphical  distribution  of  the 
Dakota  Group,  its  superposition  upon  the  Pennian,  its  thickness,  the 
width  of  its  area  as  recognized  in  Kansas,  Nebraska,  and  Minnesota, 
its  probable  continuity  westward  under  more  recent  or  Tertiary  formations, 
and  the  manner  of  deposition  of  the  vegetable  remains. 

Later  in  the  Cretaceous  and  Tertiary  Floras,  which  forms  vol.  8  of  the 
Hayden  Monographs,^  record  is  made  of  the  discovery  of  anmnber  of  spec- 
imens of  fossil  plants,  identical  with  or  closely  allied  tp  those  of  the  Dakota 
Group  of  Kansas,  in  Cretaceous  strata  exposed  by  upheaval  at  the  base  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains  of  Colorado,  a  discovery  proving  the  westward  con- 
tinuity of  the  formation. 

I  have  nothing  to  add  now  to  what  has  been  published  on  these  different 
subjects.     A  geological  survey  of  the  State  of  Kansas  similar  to  that  of 

'Quoted  in  this  volume  as  Ciet.  FI. ;  ibid.,  Vol.  7,  as  Tert.  Fl. 
2  Quoted  in  this  volume  as  Cret.  and  Tert.  Fl, 


20  THE  FLORA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

Minnesota,  now  in  progress,  will  undoubtedly  clear  up  much  that  still 
remains  uncertain  concerning  the  width  of  the  area  occupied  by  the  Dakota 
Grroup  in  the  United  States,  the  thiclaiess  of  its  deposits,  the  composition  of 
the  strata  observable  at  different  localities,  as  well  as  the  direction  and 
degree  of  the  dip,  etc. 

The  present  memoir  is  for  this  reason  limited  to  the  description  of  fossil 
plants  represented  by  a  large  number  of  specimens  recently  obtained  at 
different  localities  of  the  Dakota  Group,  especially  in  Kansas  and,  of  course, 
to  the  evidence  derived  from  the  character  of  the  plants  in  regard  to  their 
origin,  their  relations,  and  their  places  in  the  history  of  the  vegetation  of 
the  world. 

The  significance  attached  to  the  nati^re  of  these  plants  is  well  known. 
They  pertain  to  an  epoch  in  which,  by  the  appearalice  of  the  dicotyledons, 
the  character  of  the  flora  of  the  globe  has  been  modified  as  though  by  a 
new  creation.  The  cause  or  reason  of  this  marked  change  remains  still 
unexplained,  and  can  become  known  only  by  a  more  intimate  acquaintance 
with  the  flora  of  that  part  of  the  Middle  Cretaceous  which  is  generally 
recognized  as  the  Cenomanian  period.  This  flora  is  known  in  Em-ope  by 
remains  of  plants  found  in  the  Quadersandstein  of  the  Harz,  and  first 
described  by  Hampe,  later  by  Zenker,  Dunker,  and  Stiehler,  and  represent- 
ing twenty -five  species;  then  by  those  discovered  in  the  Cretaceous  strata 
of  Niederschona,  Saxony,  from  which  Ettingshausen  has  described  thirty 
species;  then  by  sixteen  species  described  by  Heer  from  Moletein,  in 
Moravia;  by  sixteen  described  by  the  same  author  from  Quedlinburg, 
Prussian  Saxony,  and  by  seventy-five  species  from  the  Bohemian  Cretaceous 
described  by  Velenovsky.  All  the  localities  named  above  are  far  distant 
from  each  other,  but  have  been  with  more  or  less  doubt  refen-ed  to  the  same 
horizon  of  the  Middle  Cretaceous,  viz,  the  Cenomanian.  Admitting  the 
correctness  of  the  reference,  we  have  in  all  about  one  hundred  and  ten 
species  as  constituting  the  flora  of  the  Cenomanian  of  Europe.  This  seems 
a  small  number  indeed,  for  two  hundred  and  seventy-four  species  have  been 
described  by  Heer  from  the  Cenomanian  of  Greeifland,  to  which  must  now 
be  added  the  plants  from  the  Dakota  Group,  from  which  four  hundred  and 
sixty  species  are  known. 

In  my  Cretaceous  Flora  the  questions  concerning  the  probabie 
derivation  of  the  numerous  vegetable  remains  found  in  the  shaly  sandstone 
of  the  Dakota  Groxip,  their  mode  of  deposition,  etc.,  have  been  examined. 
From  the  facies  and  the  peculiar  distribution  of  the  leaves,  it  is  there 


iNTRODtrCTIOF.  21 

admitted  that  the  vegetable  remains  had  been  derived  from  trees  or  shrubs 
growing  in  the  vicinity  of  marshy  or  muddy  bottoms,  and  that  they  have 
been  bm-ied  and  fossihzed  at  or  near  the  place  of  their  growth.  This  con- 
clusion is  based  not  only  upon  the  remarkably  good  state  of  preservation 
of  the  fossil  leaves,  which  are  generally  found  horizontally  flattened  in  the 
same  plane  or  parallel  to  that  of  the  deposition  of  the  earthy  matter,  neither 
crumpled,  rolled,  nor  lacerated,  and  with  their  borders,  often  even  their 
petioles  attached  to  them,  but  also  upon  the  distribution  of  the  leaves  which 
at  different  localities  generally  represent  different  species.  Sometimes  all 
the  leaves  of  a  local  area  belong  to  the  one  species,  while  at  a  short  distance 
another  group  of  leaves  represent  other  species,  genera,  or  even  families. 

These  remarks  have  been  lately  fully  confirmed  by  the  discovery  in 
Ellsworth  County,  Kansas,  of  a  very  large  number  of  leaves  embedded  in 
concretions  in  the  same  manner  as  remains  of  Carboniferous  plants  have 
been  preserved  in  the  celebrated  nodules  of  Mazon  Creek,  Illinois.  More 
than  three  thousand  specimens  of  this  kind  have  been  collected  in  that 
county  by  Judge  E.  P.  West,  assistant  of  Prof  F.  H.  Snow,  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Kansas,  and  later  by  Mr.  Charles  H.  Sternberg.  The  concretionary 
specimens  were  found  at  more  than  twelve  different  localities,  in  groups  cov- 
ering limited  areas,  the  largest  tract  being  about  100  yards,  the  others  not 
more  than  20  yards  in  width,  altogether  distributed  upon  a  land  surface  of 
5  to  8  square  miles.  The  specimens  of  each  locality  were  separately 
collected  and  were  also  determined  separately,  and  each  lot  was  found  to 
be  composed  of  leaves  of  from  one  to  three  species,  and  few  of  them  were 
represented  in  more  than  two  or  three  localities.  Thus,  leaves  of  Sterculia 
were  found  at  one  locality,  at  another  leaves  of  Grewiopsis ;  in  two  or  three 
others,  mostly  small  leaves  of  Betulites  were  collected,  and  in  others  leaves 
of  Popiilus  kansaseana,  with  Diospijros  rotundifolia,  etc.  As  can  be  seen 
upon  the  plates,  the  leaves  forming  the  nucleus  of  the  pebbles  are  in  a  per- 
fect state  of  preservation,  a  number  of  them  with  their  pedicels,  with  even 
a  small  stipule  at  their  base.  Of  course  the  fossilization  of  numerous  leaves 
of  the  same  species  in  nodules,  the  distribution  of  different  species  in  groups 
at  various  more  or  less  distant  localities,  give  positive  evidence  of  their 
growth  at  the  place,  or  at  least  quite  near,  where  their  remains  have  been 
fossilized.  , 

As  yet  the  relative  altitudes  of  the  localities  where  the  various  groups 
of  specimens  have  been  found  have  not  been  fixed,  and  we  do  not  know 
whether  the  diversity  of  the  characters  of  the  plants  might  be  accounted 


22  THE  FLORA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

for  by  a  difference  in  the  horizon  of  the  strata  where  they  have  been  found 
and  therefore  by  a  difference  of  age.  Are  there  pecuHar  zones  in  the  forma- 
tion Avhich  might  be  indicated  by  marked  characters  in  the  vegetation  ? 
No  answer  can  as  yet  be  given  to  the  question.  The  concretionar}^  speci- 
mens mentioned  above  have  been  found  on  the  so-called  highlands  of  Ells- 
worth County.  But  what  are  those  highlands  as  compared  in  altitude  to 
the  lowlands  1  Prof  Mudge,  who  has  closely  searched  for  the  distribution 
of  the  remains  of  plants  in  Kansas,  did  not  find  any  differences  in  the  char- 
acter of  the  plants  that  seemed  to  depend  on  the  altitude  of  the  hills.  He 
recognized  leaves  of  the  same  species  from  the  top  to  the  bottom  of  wells 
40  feet  deep.  Near  Salina,  at  a  locality  mentioned  in  Cret.  Fl.,  p.  30,  I  have 
found  the  same  species  of  vegetable  remains  distributed  from  the  base  to  the 
top  of  the  hills,  the  altitude  being  about  75  feet  above  high-water  mark  of 
the  river.  Hence,  it  is  not  possible,  as  yet,  to  consider  a  difference  in  the 
vegetation  by  peculiar  zones  like  those  in  the  Quadersandstein  or  Middle 
Cretaceous  of  Europe,  where  the  zones  of  the  Liriodendi'on  or  those  of  the 
Credneria  are  mentioned  as.  marking  the  relative  horizons  of  the  strata. 

The  specimens  of  leaves  or  fragments  of  vegetation  described  below 
have  been  collected  by  Mr.  Charles  H.  Sternberg  for  the  Museum  of  Com- 
parative Zoology  of  Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  by  Mr.  J.  C.  Mason  for  the 
cabinet  of  Mr.  R.  D.  Laooe,  of  Pittston,  Pennsylvania,  and  later  by  Mr. 
Ambrose  Wellington  and  Judge  E.  P.  West  for  the  museum  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Kansas.  Prof  F.  H.  Snow,  of  the  University  of  Kansas,  has  also 
furnished  important  assistance  by  the  coimnunication  of  a  number  of  speci- 
mens from  his  cabinet  of  all  found  in  Kansas,  and  Prof  N.  H.  Winchell, 
State  geologist  of  Minnesota,  has  authorized  the  description  of  a  few  spe- 
cies represented  by  specimens  obtained  by  the  survey  of  that  State  in 
the  same  formation.  Quite  recently  a  large  collection  of  fossil  plants  of 
the  Dakota  Group,  made  in  Kansas  by  Mr.  Sternberg,  has  been  added  to 
the  above. 


DESCRIPTION   OF   SPECIES. 


FUNGI. 

Order  PYRENOMYCETES. 

Sph^ria  problematica,  sp,  nov.' 

PI.  XXXI,  Fig.  2,  2a. 

One  of  the  specimens  of  Steradia  Snowii,  PI.  XXXI,  Fig.  2,  is  partly 
covered  by  very  distinct  round  or  oval,  even  sometimes  triangular  dots,  0.6 
to  1"™  in  diameter.  Each  dot  has  two  prominent  marginal  rings  surround- 
ing a  small  central  areole  (Fig.  2a,  enlarged).  It  represents  a  species  of 
Sphseria  and  greatly  resembles  S.  Braunii  Heer.^ 

SCLEROTIUm  ?   SPECXES. 

PI.  LIX,  Figs.  4,  4a. 

The  leaf  oi MaccUntockia  cretacea  Heer,  figured  on  PI.  LIX,  Fig.  4,  shows 
a  parasite,  which  is  of  a  doubtful  nature  and  is  so  obscure  that  it  has  not 
been  specifically  named.  The  fragment  from  Kansas  has  a  line  of  parasites 
which  are  oval,  acute  at  the  lower  part,  concave,  with  a  convex  point  in  the 
middle ;  they  are  placed  along  the  lateral  nerves  in  a  row  of  ten  or  more  and 
by  their  position  only  are  comparable  to  Sderotium  cinnamomi  Heer,  Fl. 
Foss.  Arct.,  vol.  3,  pt.  3,  p.  12,  PL  i.  Fig.  2,  2b. 

'This  species  was  described  but  not  specifically  named  by  Prof.  Lesqnereux  under  his  description 
of  Sterculia  Snowii  (q.  v.),  where  he  also  says  of  it:  "Though  the  specie.i  can  not  be  identified  the 
generic  reference  is  evident."  In  .order  that  it  may  be  independently  referred  to  I  have  ventured  to 
caW  it  Spkceria probJematica. — F.  H.  K. 

^  Fl.  Tert.  Helv.,  vol.  1,  p.  14,  PI.  i,  Figa.  2-2e. 

23 


24  THE  FLORA  OP  THE  DAKOTA  GKOUP. 

FILICES,   FERNS. 
Family  POLYPODIACE^. 
Tribe    PECOPTERIDE^E. 

Pecoptbeis  nebraskana  Heer. 

Saporta,  Fl.  Foss.  tie  Sezanne,  p.  332,  Fig.  8;  Lesquerenx,  Oret.  Fl.,  p.  46,  PI.  xxix, 

Figs.  5,  5a. 

Tribe   PTERIDE.<E. 

Pteris  dakotensis,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  I,  Figs.  2,  3. 

Ultimate  piunee  liuear-lanceolate,  pinnately  deepl}^  cut  into  oblique 
equal  subopposite  lanceolate  blunt-pointed  and  subfalcate  pinnules,  con- 
nate above  the  base,  entire,  close  but  disconnected  above ;  median  nerve 
thin,  distinct ;  secondaries  opposite,  6-7  pairs,  simple,  curving  upwai'd  in 
passing  to  the  borders. 

This  species  is  comparable,  at  least  in  the  form  and  the  disposition  of 
the  pinnules,  to  P.  AJhertsii  Dunk.,  as  figured  by  Heer.^  It  is,  however, 
smaller  in  all  its  parts ;  the  pinnules  are  clearly  disconnected  from  below 
the  middle,  and  the  lateral  veins  simple. 

Habitat:  Ten  miles  northeast  of  Delphos,  Kansas.  No.  4048  of  Mr. 
R.  D.  Lacoe's  collection,  of  Pittston,  Pennsylvania. 

Tribe   ASPLENIE^E. 

ASPLENiTJM  DiCKSONiANUM  Heer. 
PI.  I,  Figs.  1,  la. 

Heer,  Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  vol.  3,  pt.  2,  p.  31,  PI.  i,  Figs.  1-5 ;  vol.  6,  2  Abth.,  p.  3,  PI.  ii. 
Figs.  2,  2b;  p.  33,  PI.  xxxii,  Figs.  1-8. 

"Leaves  triply  pinnate;  rachis  firm,  rigid;  primary  and  secondary 
pinnae  lanceolate ;  pinnules  narrowly  lanceolate,  the  lower  acute  serrate, 
the  upper  entire,  acute." 

'Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  vol.  6,  2  Abth.,  p.  29,  PI.  xxvili,  Figs.  1-3. 


DESCRIPTION  OP  SPECIES.  25 

The  above  is  Heer's  description.  He  adds:  "The  species  is,  by  the 
finely  cut  leaves,  closely  allied  to  Asplenium  (Adiantum)  nigrum  Linn.,  the 
form  with  smaller  more  sharply  cut  pinnse,  which  Bory  has  separated  as  A. 
acutum." 

The  fragment  of  this  species  here  figured  represents  merely  the  upper 
part  of  two  pinnae  or  fragments  of  a  frond.  The  aspect  of  the  plant  is  rigid; 
the  lobes  of  the  pinnules  are  narrow,  all  entire,  sometimes  short,  Hke  obtuse 
teeth,  as  in  those  figured  in  Heer's  work.^  The  nerves  of  the  leaflets  are 
thin,  parallel,  forking  above,  and  the  rachis,  of  which  a  small  part  is  figured 
eidarged.  PI.  I,  Fig.  la,  is  very  obscurely,  irregularly,  and  thinly  lined. 
The  identity  of  the  fragment  can  not  be  doubted. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  76  of  the  Museum  of  the 
University  of  Kansas.     Collected  by  A.  Wellington. 

Tribe    GLEICHENIE^E. 

Gleichenia  Kureiana  Heer. 
Flora  von  Moletein,p.  6,  PI.  ii,  Figs.  1-4;  Lesquereux,  Cret.  FL,  p.  47,  PI.  i,  Figs.  5-5c. 

Gleighenia  Nokdenskioldi  Heer. 

PI.  Foss.  Arct.,  vol.  3,  pt.  2  (Kreidefl.),  p.  50,  PI.  ix,  Figs.  6-12;  Hayden's  Ann. 
Kept.,  1874,  p.  334,  PI.  ii.  Figs.  5-5a;  Lesquereux,  Cret.  and  Tert.  PL,  p.  26. 

Tribe    LYGODIACE^^. 

Lygodium  trichomanoides  Lesq. 
Hayden's  Ann.  Kept.,  1874,  p.  333;  Cret.  PI.,  p.  45,  PI.  i.  Fig.  2;  Cret.  and  Tert.  PL, 

p.  27. 

'  Loo.  cit.,  vol.  3,  pt.  2,  PI.  I,  Figs.  1,  2,  3. 


26  THE  FLOEA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GEOUP. 

GYMNOSPERM^e. 

Order  CYCADACE^. 

Tribe    ENCEPHALARTE^E. 

Subtribe  ZAMIE^. 

Zamixes  species. 
PI.  I,  Fig.  8. 

Leaf  coriaceous,  nan-owly  lanceolate-acuminate,  1°"  broad  in  the  lower 
part,  where  it  appears  broken,  8""  long ;  nerves  very  close,  parallel, 
scarcely  distinct. 

The  fragment  is  comparable  in  its  form  at  least  to  the  leaves  of  Z. 
Feneonis  Brongn.,  as  figured  and  described  by  Schimper,'  of  which,  however, 
the  nerves  are  more  distinct  and  distant  and  all  equal.  In  our  leaf  the 
nerves  are  so  thin  and  close  that  they  can  be  counted  only  with  a  strong- 
glass  and  are  separated  at  a  distance  of  1"""  by  a  few  more  distinct  ones, 
though  also  very  thin.  It  does  not  appear  that  these  last  nerves  are  casually 
swelled  or  regularly  marked  as  primaries,  separated  by  thinner  secondaries, 
as  in  the  leaves  of  species  of  Glumacese,  such  as  Cyperus,  Phragmites,  etc. 
The  hard  texture  of  the  leaf,  which  is  even  coriaceous,  and  the  very  thin 
nervation,  militate  against  the  reference  of  the  fragment  to  any  glumaceous 
plant. 

Habitat:  Ten  miles  northeast  of  Delphos,  Kansas.  No.  4060  of  the 
collection  of  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe,  of  Pittston,  Pennsylvania. 

PoDOZAMiTES  Haydenii  Lesq. 

Cret.  and  Tert.  PI.,  p.  27. 

Pterophyllum  ?  Haydenii  Lesq.,  Hayden's  Ann.  Eept.,  1874,  p.  334 ;  Cret.  Fl.,  p.  49, 

PI.  I,  Figs.  6,  6b. 

PODOZAMITES   OBLONGTIS   Lesq. 

Cret.  and  Tert.  FL,  p.  28,  PI.  i,  Figs.  10, 11. 


'  Pal.  V6g.,  vol.  2,  p.  152;  Atlas,  PI.  Lxxi,  Fig.  2. 


DESCEIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  27 

PoDOZAMiTES  Stenopus,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  I,  Fig.  7. 

Leaves  coriaceous,  with  shining  sm-face,  short,  somewhat  enlarged 
below  the  middle,  rounded  at  base  to  a  thin,  naiTow,  twisted  obtuse  pedicel; 
nerves  thick,  distant  1"",  curved  at  base  in  the  direction  of  the  petiole  and 
there  dichotomous. 

The  fragment,  nearly  4""  long,  17'°'^  broad  below  the  middle,  is  by  its 
distinct  and  distant  nerves  related  to  P.  latipennis  Heer,'  which,  however, 
has  the  leaves  longer  and  scarcely  narrowed  at  the  broad  base  or  point  of 
attachment.  In  form  the  fragment  resembles  P.  temiinervis  Heer,^  which  is 
described  as  having  the  leaves  large,  oblong-oval,  narrowed  at  base,  nerves 
close  and  very  thin.  The  last  character  evidently  distinguishes  it  from  the 
present  species,  which  appears  distinct  from  any  other  of  the  genus.  It  is 
also  comparable  to  P.  Hmjdenii  Lesq.,  mentioned  above,  which  has  short 
obtuse  leaves  that  are  curved  and  only  slightly  attenuated  at  base. 

Habitat :  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  (iQ  of  the  Museum  of  the 
University  of  Kansas  ;  A.  Wellington,  collector. 

PODOZAMITES  ANGUSTIFOLIUS   (Eichw.)   Scllimp. 

PI.  I,  Fig.  4. 

Heer,  Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  vol.  4,  pt.  1,  p.  36,  PI.  vii.  Figs.  8-11;  PL  vrii,  Figs.  2e,  5; 
Lesquereux,  Cret.  and  Tert.  FL,  p.  28 ;  Leth.  Ross.,  voL  2,  p.  39,  PL  ii,  Fig.  7. 

Leaves  long  and  narrow,  somewhat  falcate  or  ensiform,  linear-lanceo- 
late, gradually  slightly  narrowed  upward  from  the  middle,  blunt  pointed  or 
obtusely  acuminate  (point  broken),  narrowed  in  the  same  degree  toward 
the  base  and  distinctly  nerved ;  nerves  prominent. 

In  the  fragment  iigured,  which  is  D"""  broad  and  11''™  long,  the  nerves 
are  ten  in  niunber  in  the  middle  of  the  leaf.  Another  fragment  recently 
sent  from  Kansas,  and  which  I  refer  to  the  same  species,  is  only  6°""  broad, 
with  twelve  distinct  convex  nerves.  The  characters  of  these  fragments 
agree  evidently  with  the  figure  of  the  species  in  Heer,^  representing  part  of 
a  leaf  of  the  same  width,  with  nerves  at  the  same  distance  as  mentioned 
above  (1™™).    The  other  fragments  figured  belong  to  much  narrower  leaves. 

Habitat:  South  of  Fort  Harker,  Kansas.  No.  24  of  the  Museum  of 
Comparative  Zoology,  of  Cambridge,  Massachusetts. 

'  Fl.  Fobs.  Arct.,  vol.  G,  2  Abth.,  p.  42,  PI.  xiv,  Figs.  1-9. 
2  Loc.  cit.,  p.  44,  PI.  XVI,  Fig.  9. 
'Loc.  cit.,  PI.  VII,  Fig.  5. 


2g  THE  FLORA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GEOUP. 

PODOZAMITES   LANCEOLATUS  (L.  &  H.)  BrOllgU, 

PI.  I,  Figs.  5,  6. 

Heer,  Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  vol.  4,  pt.  1,  PI.  vil,  Figs.  l-7c,  d;  ibid.,  pt.  2,  p.  lOG,  PI.  xxiii. 
Figs.  Ic,  4a,  b,  c;  PI.  xxvi,  Figs.  2-10;  PI.  xxvii.  Figs.  1-8. 

Zamia  lanceolata  L.  &  H.,  Foss.  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.,  vol.  3,  PI.  cxciT. 
Zamites  lanceolattis  Morr.,  Ann.  &  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  7,  1841,  p.  116. 

Leaves  distant,  entire,  narrowed  at  base  into  a  short  pedicel;  lanceo- 
late-acuminate, or  linear-oblong,  obtuse;  nerves  14-30,  generally  20-25; 
dicliotomous  above  the  base,  thence  simple,  converging  at  the  apex. 

The  two  fragments  which  we  have  of  this  species  show  entire  agree- 
ment with  the  description  of  it  given  by  Heer  from  numerous  well  pre- 
served specimens.  The  fragment  (Fig.  5)  corresponds  to  that  in  Heer^  (P. 
lanceolatus,  var.  latifoUnsJ,  while  Fig.  6  agrees  with  the  one  on  the  right  of 
Fig.  3  of  the  same  plate.  The  first  fragment  has  twenty-six  nerves;  the 
second,  which  is  much  the  narrower,  has  only  twenty. 

Habitat:  Elkhorn  Creek,  near  Fort  Harker,  Kansas.  Nos.  195  and  211 
of  the  Musemn  of  Comparative  Zoology  of  Cambridge,  Massachusetts. 

Phtllites  zami^formis,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  II,  Fig.  7. 

Leaf  somewhat  falcate,  linear-lanceolate,  deeply  marked  lengthwise  by 
three  strong  distant  strise  or  ribs  coming  nearer  together  toward  the  point 
of  the  leaf,  the  spaces  between  the  striae  being  minutely  lineate  or  nearly 
smooth. 

The  fragment  is  12™  long,  broken  at  the  top  and  the  base,  1.5"'"  broad 
in  the  middle  and  gradually  narrowed  upward  to  the  apex,  being  4™°  in 
diameter  at  the  point  where  it  is  broken.  It  has  a  degree  of  likeness  to 
leaves  of  Zamiese,  such  as  those  of  Podozamites  angustifoUus  Eichw.,  but  no 
species  of  this  genus  has  the  striae  so  far  distant  and  so  thick.  In  this 
particular  it  resembles  the  fragment  of  a  stem  figured  by  Heer  as  Equisetites 
groenlanclicHS^  from  the  Lower  Cretaceous  of  Kome,  but  this  fragment  is  that 
of  a  stem,  and  though  the  ribs  are  at  about  the  same  distance  and  of  the 
same  character  and  the  space  is  obscurely  striate  as  described  by  Heer  for 
his  species,  the  fragment  from  Kansas  is  really  that  of  a  leaf,  as  shown  by 
the  ribs  becoming  gradually  more  approximate  toward  the  apex.     It  may  be 

'  Loc.  cit.,  PI.  XXVI,  Fig.  6. 

2F1.  Fobs.  Arct.,  vol.  3,  pt.  2,  p.  61,  PI.  Xlii,  Fig.  10. 


DESCEIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  29 

compared  also  to  Schizoneura paradoxa  Schimp.  et  Moug.  (Triassic),  as  figui-ed 
by  Heer/  a  leaf  which  has  the  primary  nerves  or  ribs  much  thimier  than 
the  specimen  from  Kansas. 

Habitat:  Ten  miles  northeast  of  Delphos,  Kansas.  No.  4076  of  the 
collection  of  Mr.  E,.  D.  Lacoe,  of  Pittston,  Pennsylvania. 

Subtribe  EUENCEPHALAETE^. 

Encephalaetos  cretaceus,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  I,  Fig.  12. 

Pinnules  obovate-oblong,  cuneiform  at  the  base,  round-pointed  (!)  at 
apex  (broken) ;  borders  spiuous-dentate ;  nerves  thick,  diverging,  and  dichot- 
omous  near  the  base,  becoming  gradually  more  distant  and  simple  in  the 
upper  part. 

This  fine  leaf,  of  which  the  upper  part  is  unhappily  destroyed,  so  clearly 
resembles  those  figured  by  Saporta^  that  it  seems  to  represent  the  same  plant. 

The  fragment  is  9*""  long,  4""  broad  above  the  middle,  has  the  sharply 
pointed  teeth  of  the  border  more  or  less  distant,  entered  by  the  points  of 
the  diverging  nerves,  which,  averaging  0.5"™  in  thickness,  become  in  the 
upper  part  1.5  to  2.5°"°  distant.  The  figures  given  by  the  author  as  a 
portion  of  a  frond  and  leaves  characterize,  according  to  him,  the  genus 
Encephalartos  of  the  Zamiese.  Schimper  describes  the  male  and  female 
strobiles  of  the  genus  and  says  of  the  caudex  or  stem  that  it  is  mostly 
subterranean,  ovate-cylindi-ical,  bearing  traces  of  squamiform  loncate  leaves 
with  rigid,  prickly  leaflets,  entire,  spinose,  dentate  or  lobate  on  the  borders, 
the  lobes  being  spinous.  At  the  present  epoch  the  plants  of  this  genus 
inhabit  the  austral  regions  of  the  American  continent. 

The  fragment  figured  here  is  not  the  first  fossil  referable  to  the  genus 
of  the  Zamiefe  of  our  epoch.  Saporta'  mentions  the  discovery  of  a  large 
frond  of  Encephalartos  (E.  Gorceiximms  Sap.)  found  in  the  Miocene  of  Koumi, 
Euboea,  the  fronds  of  which  measure  nearly  one  metre  in  length  and  with 
leaves  10*^™  long.  If  the  whole  leaf  of  the  Dakota  Group  specimen  were 
preserved  it  would  be  nearly  of  the  same  size.  The  species  of  Koumi  is, 
however,  different  in  the  borders  of  its  leaves  being  entire. 

Habitat :  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  47  of  the  Museum  of  the 
University  of  Kansas.     Collected  by  A.  Wellington. 

'Fl.  Foss.  Helv.,  p.  78,  PI.  xxx,  Fig.  2. 
'Pal^ont.  Fr.,  PI.  Jurass.,  PI.  Lxxiv,  Figs.  1-3, 
'Loc.  cit.,  vol.  2,  p.  337,  etc. 


30  THE  FLOEA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

Tribe  CYCADE.^. 

CYCADITES   PtTNGENS,  Sp.  IIOV. 

PI.  II,  Fig.  6. 

Frond  very  rigid,  with  a  broad  rachis,  convex  or  half-round  on  the  lower 
side,  leaves  subopposite,  oblique,  narrow,  linear-lanceolate,  sharply  acumi- 
nate, disconnected  at  base  and  joining  the  rachis  by  their  whole  base  which 
is  neither  enlarged  nor  narroAved  ;  median  nerve  broad,  flat,  as  broad  as  the 
flat  borders  on  both  sides  of  it. 

This  fragment  is  related  by  the  character  of  the  leaves  to  C.  Lorteti  Sap.,' 
the  first  with  broader,  longer  pinnules,  the  second  with  shorter  and  broader 
ones,  enlarged  and  connate  at  base  in  both  species  and  merely  acute  or  obtuse. 

By  the  mode  of  attachment  of  the  pinnules,  which  are  neither  narrowed 
nor  enlarged  and  disjointed  at  base,  this  fragment  does  not  agree  perfectly 
with  the  characters  of  the  genus  Cycadites  which,  in  Saporta  (loc.  cit.,  p.  65), 
is  established  for  plants  with  leaves  abruptly  enlarged  at  base  and  decurrent. 
But  the  broad  simple  median  nerve  and  the  oblique  direction  of  the  very 
rigid  leaA^es  are  against  the  reference  of  this  fragment  to  any  other  genus  of 
the  Cycadeae.  Moreover  some  of  the  fragments  figured  by  Saporta  (loc.  cit., 
PI.  Lxxxiii,  Fig.  7,  for  example)  ai-e  represented  with  leaflets  squarely  joined 
at  base  to  the  rachis,  as  in  our  Fig.  6,  PL  II. 

Habitat :  Kansas.     Communicated  by  Mr.  H.  C.  Towner. 

Ctcadeospekmum  lineaxum,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  I,  Fig.  14. 

Seed  oblong-ovate,  slightly  falcate,  rounded  at  the  lower  end,  short- 
acuminate  at  the  other;  testa  smooth,  transversel}'  liueate,  the  lines  distant, 
parallel;  carena  clearly  marked  longitudinally  on  both  sides,  the  inner  con- 
cave, the  outer  rounded. 

The  seed,  which  is  1.5™  long  and  7°""  in  diameter,  is  comparable  to  the 
fossil  C.  hettangense  Sap.,^  which  has  also  the  carena  marked  on  both  sides 
but  is  somewhat  bi'oader  and  not  falcate ;  and  to  C.  impressum  Nath.,^  of 
which  the  impression  shows  the  same  form  but  without  trace  of  carena.  It 
is  also  comparable  to  the  seeds  of  the  living  Zamia  integrifoUa,  especially  by 

'Pal^ont.  Fr.,  PI.  Jurass.,  vol.  2,  p.  75,  PI.  Lxxxii,  Figs.  1-3,  and  C.  Deleasei  Sap.,  Ibid.,  p.  73,  PI, 
IrXXXiii,  Figs.  5-7. 

=  Pal6ont.  Fr.,  PI.  Jnrass.,  vol.  2,  p.  2.38,  PI.  cxvi,  Fig.  6. 
'Fl.  vid.  Bjnf,  pt.  2,  PI.  xvm,  Fig.  11. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  31 

its  size  and  shape.     In  the  living  species,  however,  the  seed,  is  regular,  not 
inclined  to  one  side,  and  marked  by  three  or  four  very  thin  costse. 

Habitat:  Ten  miles  northeast  of  Delphos,  Kansas.  No.  4077  of  the 
collection  of  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe,  of  Pittston,  Pennsylvania. 

Cycadeospeemum  coltjmnabe,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  XLIV,  Pigs.  7-8. 

Seeds  large,  obovate,  constricted  below  the  middle;  truncate  at  base, 
striate  or  costate  lengthwise;  strige  thin,  4-5°""  distant;  intervals  smooth; 
texture  hard,  woody. 

There  are  two  fragments  which  seem  to  belong  to  two  different  species, 
one  (PL  XLIV,  Fig.  7)  is  4"=™  long,  2.5""'  broad  at  the  middle,  marked  length- 
wise by  thin  striae  passing  from  the  apex  to  the  base ;  the  other,  more  frag- 
mentary, appears  bordered  and  also  traversed  lengthwise  in  the  middle  by 
thick  costse.     In  both  specimens  the  surface  is  smooth  between  the  striae. 

This  organism  apparently  represents  a  kind  of  fruit  referable  to  the 
Cycadese.  As  far  as  I  know  the  only  fossil  fragment  of  marked  affinity  to 
this  is  that  figured  by  Heer,  Fl.  Foss.  Helv.,  PI.  LVI,  Figs.  28,  29,  which 
he  there  briefly  describes  in  a  note  on  p.  178,  under  the  name  oi  Lqffbnia 
helvetica,  and  which  the  author  considers  as  an  egg  of  a  shark  or  ray  found 
in  Jurassic  strata.  The  texture  of  the  organism  figured  here  is  apparently 
woody;  its  size  is  less  than  that  shown  in  Heer's  figure,  but  is  not  larger 
than  that  of  Cycadeospenmmi  Pomelii  Sap.,^  though  this  last  diff"ers  greatly 
by  its  exactly  ovate  shape  and  smooth  and  striate  surface.  Its  reference 
to  the  genus  Cycadeospermum  Sap.  (Cycadinocarpus  Schimp.)  is  however 
not  positively  ascertained.  In  the  description  of  this  genus  Saporta  remarks 
that  the  fruits  referable  to  it  as  fruits  of  Cycadese  are  either  large  or  small ; 
that  they  are  externally  angular,  smooth  or  longitudinally  striate  or  costate 
as  in  the  fruit  under  consideration.  In  the  Carboniferous  a  number  of  fruits 
as  large  as  or  even  lai-ger  than  that  from  Kansas,  described  and  figured 
under  the  generic  name  of  Cardiocarpus,"  have  such  a  degree  of  likeness  to 
it  that  one  can  but  consider  it  as  a  vegetable  organism. 

Habitat :  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  Nos.  830  and  831  of  the  Museum 
of  the  University  of  Kansas.     Collected  by  E.  P.  "West. 

•  'Pal6ont.  Fr.,  PI.  Jurass.,  PI.  cxvil,  Fig.  9. 

« Ooal  Flora,  PI.  cix,  Figs.  22-25. 


32  THE  FLORA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

Order  CONIFERiE. 
Tribe  ABIETINE^E. 
PiNTJS  QuENSTEDTX  Heer. 

Kreidfl.  v.  Moleteiu,  p.  13,  PI.  ii,  Figs.  5-9 ;  Lesquereux,  Cret.  and  Tert.  Fl.,  p.  33,  PI. 

I,  Figs.  3,  4. 

Tribe  ARAUCARIE^E. 

Araucaria  spatulata  Newb. 

Notes  ou  Ext.  Fl.,  p.  10 ;  lUust.  Cret.  and  Tert.  PL,  PI.  ii,  Figs.  5, 5a ;  Lesquereux,  Cret. 

and  Tert.  FL,  p.  30. 

This  species  is  apparently  identical  with  Abietites  curvifoliiis  Dunk., 
Pflanzen  aus  dem  Quadersaudstein  von  Blankenburg,  Palaeontogr.,  vol.  iv,  p. 
180,  PI.  XXXIII,  Fig.  1. 

Braohyphyllum  crassum,  sp.  nov. 
PL  II,  Fig.  5. 

Thuites  crassus  Lesq.,  Cret.  and  Tert.  FL,  p.  32. 

Branches  robust,  irregularly  pinnately  ramose  and  ramulose  ;  branch- 
lets  oblique,  either  parallel  and  of  the  same  size  or  variable  in  form,  length, 
and  position ;  cylindrical,  obtuse ;  leaves  very  close,  imbricating,  enlarged 
at  base,  rhomboidal,  thick,  coriaceous,  inflated  or  glandulose  at  the  apex. 

The  specimen  represents  an  impression  exactly  copied,  where  the  lower 
part  of  the  imbricated  leaves  remain,  of  course  covered  and  invisible. 
This  species  is  comparable  to  B.  Moreaimnum  Brongn.,  as  represented  in 
Saporta's  Plantes  Jurassiques,'  differing  essentially  in  the  leaves  being  more 
equal  and  more  distinctly  rliomboidally  inflated  at  the  apex. 

Habitat:  Salina,  Kansas.  No.  345  of  the  Museum  of  Comparative 
Zoology  of  Cambridge,  Massachusetts. 

Dammarites  caudatus  Lesq. 
PL  I.  Figs.  9,  10. 

Podozamites  caudatus  Lesq.  and  P.  prcelongus  Lesq.,  Cret.  and  Tert.  FL,  p.  29. 

Leaves  thick,  coriaceous,  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  rounded  and 
gradually  narrowed  in  passing  downward  to  a  short  and  narrow  pedicel, 

iVol.  3,  p.  341,  Fl.  CLXVi,  Fig.  1. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  33 

inflated  at  the  point  of  attachment,  taper-pointed  or  long-aciiminate  ;  nerves 
parallel,  thin,  nnmerous,  coming  close  together  and  dichotomons  near  the 
base. 

Nothing  similar  to  these  leaves  has  been  published  in  fossil  plants,  and 
indeed  no  living  plants  are  comparable  to  them,  except  the  large  leaves  of 
some  species  of  Dammara;  those,  for  example,  of  2).  robusta  Moore,  from  Aus- 
tralia, which  are  li"""  long,  4-5°"°  broad  in  the  middle,  and  resemble  in  their 
form  Fig.  10  of  our  plate.  This  leaf  does  not  appear  narrowed  above  into 
a  long  acumen  like  that  of  Fig.  9,  which  may  represent  a  different  species, 
as  its  base  is  not  quite  as  narrow  or  visibly  inflated. 

The  nervation  of  these  fossil  leaves  is  the  same  as  that  of  D.  robusta, 
and  in  Fig.  10  the  leaves  are  narrowed  in  the  same  manner  as  in  the  living 
plant  to  a  short  petiole,  which  is  a  little  enlarged  at  the  inflated  point  of 
attachment.  The  nerves  of  D.  robusta  number  7-8  in  5"""  of  diametral 
space,  or  a  little  more  than  0.5°""  distant.  In  the  fossil  leaf  they  are  1-2"" 
apart,  rarely  less. 

In  both  fossil  and  living  leaves  the  nervation  is  more  or  less  effaced 
by  compression  of  the  thick  coriaceous  substance.  The  relation  of  these 
leaves  to  the  genus  Dammara  is  confii-med  by  the  discovery  of  two  species 
of  fruits  of  this  kind  described  by  Heer  from  the  Cretaceous  of  Greenland, 
D.  borealis  and  B.  microleiyis} 

Habitat :  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  1178  of  the  National  Museum. 
Fig.  10  is  No.  200  of  the  collection  of  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology 
of  Cambridge,  Massachusetts. 

Dammarites  bmakginatus  Lesq. 
PI.  I,  Fig.  11. 

Podozamites  emarginatus  Lesq.,  Cret.  and  Tert.  Fl.,  p.  29. 

Leaves  very  thick,  half  tubulose  or  very  concave  on  the  lower  side, 
entire  on  the  border,  linear-oblong,  rounded  and  emarginate  at  the  apex, 
narrowed  from  the  middle  downward  to  a  flat,  short,  broad  pedicel.  Nerves 
parallel,  close  but  distinct,  1""  distant,  converging  near  the  upper  border 
toward  the  apex  of  the  leaf  and  at  the  base  to  the  petiole,  and  there  dichot- 
omons. 

No  form  has  been  found  to  which  it  is  possible  to  refer  this  leaf,  which 
is  beautifully  preserved  and  seems  by  its  nervation  and  its  short  flat  petiole 
to  be  referable  to  Dammara. 


'Fl.  Fo88.  Arct.,  vol.  6,  2  Abth.,  p.  54,  PI.  xxxvii,  Fig.  5;  p.  55,  PI.  xx.,  Fig.  5, 
MON  XVII 3 


34  THE  FLOEA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GEOUP. 

Habitat:  Seven  miles  north  of  Glascoe,  Kansas.  No.  511  of  the  Mu- 
seum of  Comparative  Zoology  of  Cambridge,  Massachusetts. 

Tribe  TAXE^. 

Phyllooladus  subintegeifolius  Lesq. 
PI.  II,  Figs.  1,  2,  3. 

Cret.  Fl.,  p.  54,  PI.  i.  Fig.  12.     Thinnfeldia  Lesqtiereuxiana  Heer,  Fl.  Foss.  Arct., 
vol.  6,  2  Abth.,  p.  37,  PI.  XLiv,  Figs.  9,  10;  PI.  XLVi,  Figs.  1-12. 

Leaves  coriaceous,  oblong,  tapering  downward  to  a  short  petiole,  ob- 
tuse at  apex,  obtusely  dentate  above;  midrib  narrow,  half  round,  slightly 
defined  in  the  small  leaves,  distinct  up  to  near  the  apex  in  the  larger  ones, 
and  of  the  same  thickness  as  the  petiole ;  lateral  nerves  close,  more  distinct, 
of  equal  size  and  equidistant  in  the  small  leaves,  irregular  in  size  and  dis- 
tance in  the  larger,  here  and  there  inflated  and  more  prominent;  angle  of 
divergence  20°. 

The  leaves,  as  far  as  I  have  seen  them,  vary  from  3™'  to  12'"°  in  length, 
and  from  1""  to  S"""  in  width  in  the  middle  or  above,  being  there  either  un- 
dulate or  obtusely  dentate ;  the  lateral  nerves  are  obscurely  defined,  and  are 
either  simple  or  forking  at  a  very  acute  angle  of  divergence,  the  divisions 
reaching  the  borders. 

The  genus  Tliinnfeldia  Ett.,  to  which  Heer  has  referred  leaves  of 
apparently  the  same  kind  as  the  one  described  in  Cret.  Fl.  (loc.  cit.),  is 
characterized  by  its  author  as  follows :"  Fronds  pinnatifid;  pinnte  or 
leaflets  oblong,  ovate-lanceolate,  oblong-ovate,  decurrent,  confluent,  cori- 
aceous ;  primary  nerves  vanishing  below  the  apex,  divided  into  dichotomous 
nervilles,  all  the  branches  reaching  the  borders."  Schimper  remarks  on  the 
genus  that  the  likeness  of  the  fronds  and  leafy  branches  to  those  of  the  genus 
Phyllocladus  has  induced  Ettingshausen  to  place  these  plants  with  the 
conifers.  On  the  other  hand  Schenk  considers  them  as  Cycade^e,  while  F. 
Bratm  has  referred  them  to  the  ferns.  This  last  opinion  is  admitted  by 
Schimper,  and  judging  from  the  species  which  I  have  been  able  to  see 
figured  (Thinnfeldia  rhomboidalis  Ett.,^  T.saligna  Schenk,^  T.  rofiwc^ato  Nath.,' 
T.  Nordenskioldi  Nath.*)  this  opinion  is  evidently  authorized.  For  in  all 
these  species  the  leaflets  are  decurrent  or  confluent,  the  median  nerve  is 
either  in  distinct  or  not  seen  at  all,  the  lateral  ones  diverging  at  a  far  more 
open  angle  of  divergence,  distinctly  forking  once  or  twice.     Nothing  like 

'  Schimper,  Pal.  Y6g.,  Atlas,  PI,  xi-v,  Fig.  1.  =Natlioist,  Fl.  vid.  Bjuf.,  pt.  1,  PI.  i,  Figs.  5,  6. 

sLoc.  cit..  Figs.  9-12.  -"Pfl.  Palsjo,  PI.  vi,  Figs.  4,  5. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  35 

that  is  seen  in  the  leaflets  of  the  genus  Phyllocladus,  in  which  the  leaves 
are  directly  attached  by  a  short  petiole  to  round  branches  and  are  all 
gradually  attenuated  or  cuneifoi-m  at  the  base,  not  decurring,  and  of  which 
the  lateral  nerves,  at  a  more  acute  angle  of  divergence,  are  mostly  equal, 
simple,  or  forking  once,  irregularly  inflated,  directly  passing  from  the  median 
nerve  to  the  borders.  Comparing  the  leaves  figured  on  PI.  II  with  those  of 
the  living  species  of  Phyllocladus,  especially  of  P.  rhomboidaUs  Rich.,  of 
Tasmania,  the  accordance  of  the  characters  is  evident,  the  only  diff"erence 
between  the  fossil  and  the  living  leaves  being  in  the  crenate  borders  of 
those  of  the  last  species. 

It  may  be  that  the  leaves  described  and  figured  by  Heer  (loc.  cit.)  do 
not  represent  the  same  species  as  those  of  the  Dakota  Group.  All  those  of 
Heer  are  entire ;  one  deeply  lobed  or  lacerate  at  apex ;  two  of  them  lanceo- 
late, acute  or  acuminate ;  all  of  smaller  size  and  the  median  nerve  scarcely 
marked,  even  toward  the  base,  while  the  lateral  ones  are  distinct",  not  inflated ; 
characters  at  variance  with  those  of  the  leaves  figured  as  above.  Part  of  a 
branch  is  represented  by  Heer,^  which  in  the  mode  of  attachment  of  the 
leaves  has  some  likeness  to  Thinnfeldia  Nordenskioldi.  But  all  the  leaves 
are  narrowed  at  base  to  a  short  petiole  and  not  decurrent,  similar  in  this 
last  character  to  those  of  Phyllocladus,  and  diff'ering  by  the  same  from  the 
genus  Thinnfeldia. 

Habitat :  Found  in  many  specimens  in  red  shale  ten  miles  northeast 
of  Delphos,  Kansas.  No.  4064  of  the  collection  of  R.  D.  Lacoe,  of  Pitts- 
ton,  Pennsylvania. 

Tribe    TAXODIE^E. 

Sequoia  Reichenbachi  Gein. 
PI.  II,  Pig.  4. 

Heer,  Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  vol.  1,  p.  83,  PI.  xliii,  Figs.  Id,  2b,  5a;  vol.  3,  pt.  2,  p.  77,  PI.  xii, 
Figs.  7c-cl;  PI.  XX,  Figs.  1-8;  p.  101,  PI.  XXViii,  Fig.  2;  PI.  XXXIV,  Fig.  1; 
Lesquereux,  Cret.  Fl.,  p.  51,  PI.  i,  Figs.  10-lOb,  cone. 

'  Araucakites  Eeichenbachi  Gein. 

Charakt.  sachs.-bohm.  Kreidegeb.,  p.  98,  PI.  xxiv.  Fig.  4. 

Branches  thick,  covered  entirely  by  the  leaves  ;  branchlets  alternate, 
long ;  leaves  decurrent,  open,  falcate-incurved,  linear-subulate,  acuminate 
at  apex,  simple-nerved,  solid;  strobiles  narrowly  oval,  about  1  inch  in 
diameter  ;  scales  peltate,  rhomboidal. 

'  Loc.  cit.,  PI.  XLVT,  Fig,  U. 


36  THE  FLORA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GEOUP. 

In  my  Cret.  Fl.  (loc.  cit.)  I  have  described  and  figured  as  referable  to 
this  species  an  isolated  cone  with  its  scales  and  seeds.  Prof.  Heer  has  con- 
tradicted this  reference,  therefore  the  fragment  of  a  branchlet  figured  here 
is  the  first  evidence  observed  in  the  Dakota  Grroup  of  a  species  which 
has  been  found  widely  represented  in  the  Lower  and  Middle  Cretaceous 
of  Greenland  and  of  Europe.  The  identity  of  this  fragment  is  sufficiently 
shoTVTi  by  the  character  of  the  leaves  and  their  scars  upon  the  branches, 
especially  resembhng  Figs.  8,  8a,  PI.  xx,  and  Fig.  la,  PL  xxxiv  of  Heer's 
Fl.  Foss.  Ai-ct.,  loc.  cit. 

Habitat :  Seven  miles  soiith  of  Fort  Harker,  Kansas.  No.  690  of  the 
Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology  of  Cambridge,  Massachusetts. 

Sequoia  fastigiata  Heer. 
Hayden's  Ann.  Eept.,  1874,  p.  335,  PI.  iii,  Figs.  2,  8,  8a;  Cret.  and  Tert.  FL,  p.  31. 
Sequoia  condita  Lesq. 

Hayden's  Ann.  Eept.,  1874,  p.  335,  PI.  iv.  Figs.  5-7 ;  Cret.  and  Tert.  FL,  p.  32,  PI.  i, 

Figs.  5-7,  9. 

Gltptosteobus  geacillimus  Lesq. 

Hayden's  Ann.  Eept.,  1874,  p.  337;  Cret.  and  Tert.  FL,  p.  32,  PI.  i,  Figs.  6,  6b;  Cret. 
FL,  p.  52,  PL  I,  Figs.  8,  11. 

Tribe  CUPRESSINE.^. 

Inolepis  SPECIES  Lesq. 

Hayden's  Ann.  Eept.,  1874,  p.  337,  PL  iv.  Fig.  8 ;  Cret.  and  Tert.  FL, }).  33,  PL  iv.  Figs. 

8,  8c. 

CONIFERS  OF  UNCERTAIN  AFFINITIES. 

Abietites  Ernestine  Lesq. 
Cret.  FL,  p.  49,  PL  i.  Fig.  7. 

Sequoia  foemosa  Lesq. 
Cret.  FL,  p.  50,  PL  i.  Figs.  9,  9b. 

Geinitzia  Heer,  sp. 
Cret.  FL,  p.  54. 

Ptenostrobus-nebeascensis  Lesq. 

Cret.  FL,  p.  114,  PL  xxiv,  Fig.  1. 


DESGEIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  37 

MONOCOTYLEDONES. 

Order  GRAMINEJE. 

Tribe  FESTUCE..,^. 

Subtribe  AEUNDINEiE. 

Pheagmites  cretacbus  Lesq. 
PI.  II,  Fig.  8. 

Equisetum  nodosum  Lesq.,  Cret.  aud  Tert.  FL,  p.  25. 

Part  of  rhizoma ;  branch  irregular  in  thickness,  partly  linear  and  nodose ; 
articulate  at  unequal  distances,  articulations  more  or  less  inflated,  marked  by 
round  small  scars  of  radicles. 

As  this  is  merely  a  fragment  of  a  rhizoma  related  to  Phragmites  by  its 
unequally  distant  irregular  articulations,  marked  on  the  upper  and  lower 
side  by  round  scars  of  radicles,  it  is  not  possible  to  define  its  species.  For  the 
generic  relation  it  is  not  only  com.parable  but  really  very  similar  to  P.  mnin- 
gensis  Al.  Br.,  as  figured  by  Heer,^  especially  in  the  irregular  length  of  the 
nodes,  which  are  somewnat  inflated  below  the  line  of  articulation.  In  this 
branch  the  scars  of  rootlets  are  very  irregular  in  position,  some  being  above, 
some  below  the  articulations,  exactly  as  they  are  represented  in  size  and 
position  in  Heer  (loc.  cit.  Fig.  5a). 

This  fragment  was  at  first  considered  as  part  of  a  rhizoma  of  Eqiiisetum; 
but  its  analogy  is  more  marked  with  Phragmites,  a  genus  which  is  aheady 
represented  in  the  Dakota  Group  by  fragments  of  leaves  and  sterns;^  hence 
its  reference  to  the  same  species,  though  hypothetical,  seems  to  be  authorized. 

Habitat :  Seven  miles  northeast  of  Glascoe,  Kansas.  No.  473  of  the 
Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology  of  Cambridge,  Massachusetts. 

Order  ALISMACE^. 

Tribe  ALISME.^. 

Alismacites  dakotbnsis,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  II,  Pig.  10. 

Leaves  subcoriaceous, entire, long-petioled, elliptical, acuminate;  median 
nerve  strong;  secondaries,  two  pairs,  inequidistant,  curving  up  and  tending 
to  the  apex  at  a  very  acute  angle  of  divergence ;  simple. 

'PI.  Tert.  Helv.,  vol.  1,  PI.  xxii,  Figs.  5a,  5b. 

2  Cret.  PI.,  p.  55,  PI.  i,  Figs.  13, 14  ;  PI.  xxix,  Fig.  7. 


38  THE  FLORA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

The  substance  of  the  leaf  was  apparently  thick  but  soft,  as  the  surface 
is  covered  by  a  granulose  matter  resulting  from  the  decomposition  of  the 
epidermis  and  rendering  the  tertiary  nervation  totally  obsolete.  The  petiole 
is  nearly  S""  long,  the  median  nerve  thick,  and  the  secondaries,  two  pairs, 
simple,  inequidistant,  the  lowest  vein  on  the  left  side  being  liasilar,  thin, 
short,  cur^'ing  close  to  the  borders,  the  upper  emerging  a  little  above  the 
base  and  passing  nearly  straight  up  to  the  apex,  while  on  the  right  side  the 
lower  secondary  is  supra  basilar,  nearly  opposite  to  the  upper  one  of  the 
left  side,  curving  in  ascending,  anastomosing  in  the  upper  part  of  the  leaf 
with  the  upper  secondary,  which  comes  out  from  the  midrib  above  the 
middle  of  the  leaf  and  is  aerodrome.  The  leaf  is  regularly  elliptical, 
aciuninate,  and  nearly  8'^'"  long  and  3"™  broad  at  the  middle,  with  its  short 
acumen,  which  was  originally  constricted  or  pinched,  split  by  compression. 

As  indicated  by  its  form,  the  nervation  and  the  long  petiole,  the  leaf  is 
e^^dently  that  of  a  monocotyledonous  plant.  But  for  the  absence  of  the 
tertiaries  at  right  angles  to  the  midiib  it  would  be  referred  to  the  g'^nus 
Alisma.  Saporta^  has  described  without  figures  as  Alismacites  lancifolius, 
a  leaf  which  seems  to  be  closely  related  to  this  one.  It  is  petioled,  lan- 
ceolate, trinerved,  the  lateral  nerves  curved,  tending  toward  the  apex  with 
secondaries  or  nervilles  transversely  ramose,  scarcely  visible.  The  author 
remarks  that  the  leaf  is  of  uncertain  affinity,  reproducing  the  type  of  many 
species  of  Alisma. 

Habitat :  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  758  of  the  collection  of  the 
museum  of  the  University  of  Kansas.     Collected  by  E.  P.  West. 

Order  ARACE^. 

Tribe  COLOCASIOIDEvE. 

Subtribe  SPATHICARPE^. 

Aeisjema  ceetacea,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  XLVI,  Fig.  1. 

Organism  apparently  cylindi-ical  in  its  original  state,  enlarged  upward, 
of  membranous  texture,  striate  lengthwise;  striae  parallel,  close,  straight, 
rigid  and  distinct  in  the  middle  of  the  cylinder,  diverging;  cui'ved  outside 
and  flexuous  toward  the  borders. 

'  Etudes,  vol.  1,  p.  75. 


DESCEIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  39 

The  specimen  represents  a  cylindrical  ovate  spathe  of  a  monocotyle- 
donous  plant  like  an  Ai'issema.  It  may  be  compared  by  its  form  and  size 
to  Ottelia  parisiensis,  figm-ed  by  Saporta  in  his  Monde  des  Plantes,  p.  227. 
The  borders  of  the  specimen  seem  to  have  been  compressed  and  the  nerva- 
tion defoiTQed.     It  is  rather  a  spike,  however,  than  a  pericarp. 

Habitat:  Near  Fort  Harker,  Kansas.  No.  2710  of  the  U.  S.  National 
Museum  Catalogue. 

Order  PALM^. 

Flabellaeia?  minima  Lesq. 
Cret.  and  Tert.  PL,  p.  34;  Cret.  Fl.,  p.  56,  PL  xxx,  Fig.  12. 

Order  LILIACE^. 

Tribe  SMILACE^E. 

Smtlax  undulata,  sp.  nov. 
PL  XLVI,  Fig.  2. 

Leaf  membranous,  thin  but  hard,  ovate,  acuminate,  rounded  at  base 
in  narrowing  to  the  midi'ib,  which  it  joins  in  decuri'ing  to  it,  entire,  three- 
nerved,  midrib  narrow,  straight;  lateral  nerves  emerging  from  the  base, 
ascending  midway  between  the  borders  and  the  midi-ib,  undulate,  acrodi'ome. 

The  tertiary  nerves,  or  nervilles,  are  very  distinct  and  strong,  passing 
obliquely  upward  from  the  midrib  to  the  lateral  nerves,  then  in  the  same 
direction  from  the  lateral  nerves  to  near  the  borders  where  they  curve  in 
oblong  areoles,  traversed  by  branches  at  right  angles  or  in  an  oblique  di- 
rection, forming  an  elongated,  very  loose  areolation,  most  like  that  of  some 
water  plants  (the  Alismaceae,  for  example),  or  like  that  of  some  fossil  leaves 
referred  to  Smilax,  such  as  ^S*.  Haidingeri  Ung.  (Sylloge,  pt.  1,  p.  7,  PI.  i.  Fig. 
11);  *S^.  Tarigonii  Gaudin  (Contrib.  Fl.  Foss.  Ital.,  2d  Memoir,  p.  59,  PL  x, 
Fig.  5). 

The  leaf  is  about  7™  long,  5™  broad  at  the  middle.  Except  that  it  is 
not  cordate,  it  much  resembles,  especially  by  its  nervation,  8.  suhhispida 
Muhl. 

Habitat:  Near  Fort  Harker,  Kansas.  No.  2730  of  the  U.  S.  National 
Museum  Catalogue. 


40  THE  FLORA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

Smilax  gkandifolia-cretacea,  sp.  uov. 
PI.  XL VI,  Fig.  3. 

Leaf  large,  coriaceous,  entire,  hastate-cordate  or  subatiriculate  at  base, 
acuminate,  iive-nerved  from  the  base,  the  two  external  nerves  short,  arcuate, 
the  imier  much  longer,  subacrodi-ome,  vanishing  below  the  apex,  branching 
outside,  the  branches  arched,  of  varying  length,  simple  or  forking ;  sec- 
ondaries few,  at  right  angles  to  the  midi-ib  ;  areolation  obsolete. 

The  leaf  is  partly  destroyed  on  one  side,  yet  has  its  essential  character 
clearly  preserved.  Its  length  is  9™,  its  width  8<""  in  the  lower  part,  where 
apparently  it  had  its  widest  diameter ;  the  border,  gradually  rounding,  de- 
scends a  little  lower  than  the  base  of  the  midrib,  and  then  tending  upward 
from  a  broad  sinus  or  short  broad  auricles. 

Tlie  leaf  is  related  to  Smiladtes  grandifoUa  Ung.,^  a  leaf  deeply  sagitate- 
cordate  at  base,  eleven-nerved.  Still  more  intimately  related  to  the  same 
species  is  Smilax  grandifoUa  Heer,  as  figured  by  Ettingshausen,^  two  leaves 
still  larger  than  that  from  Kansas,  five-nerved,  the  lateral  nerves  disposed 
and  branching  as  seen  in  our  figure,  the  base  of  the  leaves  broadly  rounded 
and  forming  as  in  our  species,  a  broad  narrow  sinus  between  the  basilar 
borders. 

Though  the  upper  part  of  the  leaf  figured  in  the  Flora  v.  Bilin  is 
destroyed,  the  fragment  indicates  for  the  whole  a  form  similar  to  that  of 
our  plate.  The  leaves  of  the  species  illustrated  in  Heer's  Fl.  Tert.  Helv. 
(vol.  1,  PI.  XXX,  Fig.  8),  are  much  smaller,  and  the  borders  are  less  prolonged 
downward,  so  that  the  base  of  the  leaf  is  rounded  truncate.  Considering 
the  remarkable  likeness  of  the  leaf  of  S.  grandifoUa  to  those  described  in  the 
Bilin  Flora,  and  the  great  variety  of  characters  as  represented  in  the  figures 
by  various  authors,  it  would  seem  reasonable  to  admit  the  leaf  of  the  Dakota 
group  as  representing  the  same  species  as  that  of  the  Miocene  of  Europe. 

It  is  to  be  remarked  that  the  four  leaves  of  Smilax  grandifoUa  figured 
in  Unger's  Sylloge  (pt.,1,  PI.  ii,  Figs.  5-8),  are  seven-nerved;  one  (Fig.  7) 
is  five-nerved.  Hence,  the  difference  in  the  form  of  the  leaves  and  the 
number  of  nerves  is  of  no  importance,  or  at  least  is  not  specific.  Heer^  rep- 
resents the  species  by  a  fine,  entire,  smaller  leaf  with  five  nerves,  the  lowest 
short,  ascending  to  the  middle;  the  median  long,  aerodrome;  the  other  char- 
acters are  also  the  same  as  in  the  leaf  from  Kansas. 
Habitat:  Kansas. 

'  Chlor.  Protog.,  p.  129,  PI.  XL,  Fig.  3. 
'Flora  von  Bilin,  p.  104,  PI.  VI,  Figs.  15,  16. 
3  Fl.  Fo88.  Aret.,  vol.  2,  pt.  4,  PI.  xlv,  Fig.  7. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  41 

Order  DIOSCOREACEiE. 

DiOSCOEEA  ?   CRETACEA  LeSq. 

Cret.  Fl.,  p.  56,  PI.  xxviii,  Fig.  10;  Cret.  and  Tert.  Fl.,  p.  34. 

Order  BROMELIACE^. 

Tribe    BROMELIE^E. 

Bbomelia?  TENtriFOLiA,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  I,  Fig.  13. 

Leaves  apparently  long,  linear,  very  gradually  narrowed  upward,  dis- 
tantly spinous,  short-dentate;  nerves  parallel,  thin,  close,  equal  and  equi- 
distant. 

The  generic  reference  of  such  a  small  fragment  of  leaf  as  that  figured 
is  of  course  uncertain.  Some  palms  of  the  genera  Acrocomia  Mart.,  Astro- 
car}n.im  Meyer,  etc.,  have  their  fronds  covered  Avitli  spines  and  the  leaves 
also  sometimes  bordered  with  spinous  teeth ;  but  these  are  longer,  more 
numerous,  and  in-egularly  placed.  The  leaves  also  of  some  species  of 
Pandanus  (P.  ornatiis,  for  example)  are  spinous  on  the  borders,  but  they  all 
have  a  distinct  midrib,  and  thus  it  seems  that  the  fragment  from  Kansas  is 
referable  to  the  Bromeliacese,  having  a  degree  of  likeness  to  the  leaves  of 
Bonapartea,  cultivated  in  the  gardens,  and  also  in  the  fossil  species  BromeUa 
GaiicUni,  Heer,^  which  may  serve  as  a  point  of  comparison,  although  the 
leaves  are  comparatively  narrower,  the  nervation  obsolete,  and  the  spines 
of  the  borders  much  longer  and  generally  at  right  angles. 

The  fragment  is  6.5"""  long,  2.5*""  broad,  marked  by  40  parallel  nerves, 
15  or  16  in  a  diameter  of  1™',  all  equal  in  size  and  distance.  As  in  the  leaf 
of  Encephalartos  the  nerves  nearest  to  the  borders  enter  them  and  pass 
out,  forming  short  aciite  teeth  or  spines  tu.rned  upward. 

Habitat :  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  46  of  tlie  museum  of  the 
University  of  Kansas.     Collected  by  A.  Wellington. 

'Fl.  Tert.  Helv.,  vol.  1,  p.  107,  PI.  XLix  and  i.. 


42  THE  FLOKA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

DICOTYLEDONES. 

Order  SALICINE^. 

PopiTLUS  Berggeeni  Heer. 
PI.  VIII,  Figs.  2-4. 

Heer,  Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  vol.  3,  pt.  2,  p.  ]06,  PI.  xxix.  Figs.  1-5;  vol.  6,  2  Abtli.,  p.  G3, 
PI.  XVII,  Fig.  8a ;  PI.  xviii,  Figs.  l-4a,b,  9a,  10a ;  PI.  xix,  Fig.  la ;  PI.  XL,  Fig. 
7a ;  PI.  XLi,  Fig.  1 ;  PI.  XLV,  Fig.  12. 

Leaves  siibcoriaceous,  oval,  equally  narrowed  upward  to  a  bluut  apex, 
and  downward  to  a  long  petiole,  entire;  median  nerve  strong;  secondaries 
thin ;  slightly  curved  in  passing  toward  the  borders,  camptodrome. 

The  species,  which  is  common  in  the  Cretaceous  of  Grreenland,  has  been 
recently  found  in  a  few  specimens  in  the  Dakota  Group.  The  leaves  vary 
much  in  size.  We  have  seen  them  from  5"""  to  8"""  long  and  2""°  to  4'^'"  broad. 
The  secondaries,  traversing  the  blade  at  an  angle  of  35°-50°,  are  distant 
and  parallel,  those  of  lowest  pair  opposite,  supra-basilar,  having  generally 
a  thin  marginal  nerve  underneath.  The  petiole,  preserved  entire  in  Fig.  2, 
is  2.5""  long,  somewhat  thicker  at  the  base. 

The  three  leaves  figured  here  correspond  in  their  characters  to  those 
represented  by  Heer,  our  Fig.  2  being  essentially  similar  to  that  in  Heer;^ 
Fig.  3  allied  in  the  same  degree  to  that  of  Fig.  2a  of  the  same  plate,  and 
Fio-.  4  to  that  of  his  Fig.  .5.  The  form  of  the  leaves  is  as  variable  as  the 
size. 

Habitat :  The  two  leaves,  Figs.  2  and  3,  have  been  found  in  Ellsworth 
County,  Kansas.  No.  62  of  the  museum  of  the  University  of  Kansas; 
A.  Wellington,  collector.  Fig.  4  is  from  a  specimen  sent  from  Minnesota 
by  Prof  N.  H.  Winchell. 

POPULXJS   KANSASEANA,  Sp.  DOV. 

PI.  XVII,  Figs.  1-7. 

Leaves  small,  with  a  slender  petiole,  elliptical-ovate,  lanceolate  acumi- 
nate or  pointed,  narrowing  or  rounding  to  the  petiole  but  not  decumng  to 
it,  entire  ;  primary  nerve  thin;  secondaries  numerous,  6-8  pairs,  the  lower 
opposite,  supra-basilar,  with  a  thin,  basilar  ner^dlle  underneath,  curved  in  the 
upper  part,  camptodrome,  anastomosing  along  the  borders  in  a  single  series 
of  areoles. 

:Loc.  cit.,  vol.  3,  PI.  XXIX,  Fig.  4. 


DESOEIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  43 

These  leaves  are  generally  small,  being  2.5'""  to  6""'  long,  1.5""  to  3"" 
broad  at  the  middle,  with  a  slender,  long  petiole  which  is  generally  broken. 
The  secondaries,  at  an  angle  of  divergence  of  45°  variable  in  distance,  more 
or  less  ramose,  are  often  separated  by  thinner,  shorter,  parallel  tertiaries 
and  crossed  by  nervilles  at  right  angles  forming  large  meshes. 

By  their  form  and  size  they  are  closely  similar  to  the  small  leaves  of 
P.  mutabilis  Heer,  a  common  and  very  variable  species  of  the  European 
Miocene;  they  are,  however,  generally  narrower,  longer  acuminate  and 
always  quite  entire.  They  have  been  abundantly  found  mixed  with  those 
of  Diospyros  rotundifoUa  (Figs.  8-1 1  of  the  same  plate)  with  which  they  have 
a  degree  of  resemblance,  differing,  however,  always  by  the  thinner  texture 
and  the  pointed  or  acuminate  apex. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas,  in  nodules.  Nos.  411,  416,  471, 
473,  480,  481,  of  the  museum  of  the  University  of  Kansas.  '  Collected  by 
E.  P.  West. 

POPULUS  HYPEEBOEEA  Beer. 
PI.  Ill,  Figs.  9-11;  PI.  VIII,  Fig.  1;  PI.  XL VII,  Fig.  5. 

Heer,  FI.  Foss.  Arct.,  vol.  3,  pt.  2,  p.  106,  PI.  sxix,  Figs.  6-9 ;  Pi.  xxvii.  Fig.  8d ;   PL 
XXX,  Fig.  2b;  vol.  6,  Abth.  2,  p.  64,  PI.  xvii.  Figs.  6,  7;  PI.  xxi,  Fig.  la. 

Leaves  coriaceous,  ovate  or  broadly  oval,  entire,  obtuse,  rounded  at 
base  to  a  long  petiole  or  slightly  curved  downward  in  reaching  it;  median 
nerve  strong;  secondaries  distant  and  ramose,  camptodi'ome. 

All  the  leaves  seen  fi'om  this  species  from  the  Dakota  Grouji  are  about 
of  the  same  size,  that  is  4™  to  7""'  long,  5"""  to  6*"°  broad  at  the  middle,  with 
a  strong  petiole  6""  long.  It  is  the  same  with  the  leaves  figured  by  Heer, 
except  one,^  which  does  not  seem  to  be  referable  to  the  species.  They  are 
also  identical  in  the  other  characters  except  that  the  lea^^es  from  Green- 
land have  the  basilar  border  rounded  to  the  petiole,  as  in  PI.  Ill,  Fig.  11,  and 
PL  VIII,  Fig.  1,  not  at  all  narrowing  at  base,  as  in  Figs.  9  and  10  of  PI.  III. 
The  difference  is,  however,  of  no  specific  value.  The  nervation  is  more 
distinctly  marked  in  the  leaves  from  Kansas,  which  are  also  better  preserved. 

The  lower  secondaries  are  supra-basilar,  but  have  generally  under  them 
quite  near  the  base  a  thin  pair  of  nervilles  which  follow  close  to  the  borders, 
anastomosing  with  them;  the  upper  ones  are  variable  in  distance,  diverging 
30°-40°  from  the  midrib,  little  curved  in  traversing  the  blade,  arched  along 
the  borders  which  they  follow,  anastomosing  in  simple,  large  areoles.     The 

'Loc.  cit.,  PI.  XXIX,  Fig.  7. 


44  THE  PLOEA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

areas  are  traversed  by  very  thin  uervilles,  wliich  are  oblique  or  at  right  angles 
to  the  secondaries. 

Habitat :  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  Nos.  604,  754,  860  of  the  col- 
lection of  the  museum  of  the  University  of  Kansas.  Collected  by  E.  P. 
West.  Fig.  1,  PI.  IX,  from  ten  miles  northeast  of  Delphos,  Kansas,  is  No. 
59  of  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe's  collection. 

POPULUS  HAEKEEIANA,  Sp.  nOV. 
PL  XLVI,  Fig.  4. 

Leaf  coriaceous,  large,  cordiform,  obtusely  short-acuminate,  rounded 
at  base  to  the  petiole,  entire ;  nervation  palmately  ternate  from  the  base  of 
the  leaf;  midiib  stout,  enlarged  gradually  fi-om  the  middle  to  the  base; 
lateral  primaries  curving  inward  in  ascending  to  above  the  middle,  where 
they  unite  with  the  lowest  secondaries,  which  are  far  distant  above. 

This  fine  leaf  is  9. 5"°"  long,  9""  broad  at  the  middle,  the  more  enlarged 
part,  and  has  a  long,  tluck  petiole,  a  part  of  which,  3"™  long,  is  preserved. 
Its  form  is  comparable  to  that  of  P.  Gaudini  Fischer-Ooster,  as  figured  by 
Ileer,^  but  the  nervation  is  of  a  diff'erent  type,  evidently  of  that  of  P.  arctica, 
as  will  be  seen  in  comparing  some  of  the  figures  of  this  last  species  in  Heer, 
Fl.  Foss.  Ai-ct,  vol.  1,  PI.  IV. 

Habitat:  Near  Fort  Harker,  Kansas.  No.  2723  of  the  U.  S.  National 
Museum. 

PopULUS  STYGiA  Heer. 
PI.  Ill,  Fig.  12. 

Heer,  Fl.  Foss.Arct.,  vol.  3,  pt.  2,  p.  107,  PI.  xxix,  Fig.  10;  vol.6,  abth.  2,  p.  64,  PI. 
XVII,  Fig.  5;  PI.  XVIII,  Figs.  5-8;  PI.  xxxix.  Fig.  5. 

Leaves  subcoriaceous,  entire,  distinctly  cordate,  obtuse  at  apex;  primary 
nerves  strong;  secondai-ies  ramose,  the  two  or  three  lowest  pairs  generally 
nearer  to  each  other,  camptodi'ome,  following  the  borders  in  areoles. 

As  seen  from  the  specimens  figured  by  Heer,  the  leaves  are  greatly 
variable  in  size,  rangmg  from  S""  to  7''"  in  length,  generally  as  broad  as  long. 
As  yet  we  have  from  the  Dakota  Grroup  only  a  fragmentary  leaf  of  this 
species,  which  is  about  4.5*""  in  length  and  width.  It  has,  however,  the  char- 
acters indicated  by  Heer  clearly  marked,  viz,  its  cordate  base,  obtuse  apex, 
and  camptodrome  nervation.  Heer  compares  his  species  to  PojJuUtes  lan- 
castriensis  Lesq.,^  remarking  that  the  basal  border  of  the  leaf  is  not  turned 

'  Fl.  Tert.  Helv.,  vol.  2,  PI.  LXiv. 
sCret.  Fl.,  p.  58,  PL  III,  Fig.  1. 


DESCEIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  45 

down  to  the  petiole  as  in  the  leaf  from  Kansas,  an  error  rectified  by  the 
specimens  of  Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  vol.  6,  where  especially  Figs.  7  and  8  of  PI. 
XVIII  have  that  basilar  curve  well  defined.  The  real  diff"erence  between  the 
two  species  is  in  the  small  size  and  obtuse  apex  of  the  leaves  of  P.  stijgia, 
while  those  of  Populites  lancastriensis  are  apparently  lanceolate,  pointed 
(the  upper  part  is  destroyed),  and  especially  in  the  real  caraptodi-ome  ner- 
vation, the  secondaries  forming  a  series  of  areoles  in  following  the  borders 
in  P.  stygia,  while  in  Populites  lancastriensis  the  secondaries  eitlier  reach  the 
borders  by  their  extremities  or  are  effaced  toward  the  borders  and  not  cm-ved 
in  areoles. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  567  of  the  museum  of  the 
University  of  Kansas;  E.  P.  West,  collector. 

PopuLUs  ELLiPTiCA  Newb. 
Later  Ext.  FL,  p.  16 ;  Illustr.  Cret.  and  Tert.  PI.,  PI.  in,  Figs.  1  aud  2. 

POPULTJS   MICEOPHTLLA  Newb. 

Later  Ext.  PL,  p.  17 ;  Illustr.  Cret.  and  Tert.  PL,  PL  iii,  Fig.  5. 

PoPULUS  ?  coKDiFOLiA,  N'ewb. 

Later  Ext.  FL,  p.  18;  Illustr.  Cert,  and  Tert.  PL,  PL  iii.  Fig.  7. 

Populites  Sternbergii,  sp.  nov. 
PL  VII,  Figs.  8,  9. 

Leaf  subcoriaceotis,  broadly  ovate,  pointed,  much  enlarged  above  the 
base,  rounded  to  the  petiole,  entire  or  slightly  undulate;  primary  nerve 
thick  and  straight  to  the  apex;  secondaries  distant,  parallel,  forking  near 
the  border,  curved  upward  in  passing  to  the  borders,  subcamptodrome; 
nervilles  simple,  distant,  at  right  angles  to  the  secondaries,  percun-ent. 

These  two  leaves  are  apparently  referable  to  the  same  species,  although 
diff"ering  in  some  parts.  In  Fig.  8  the  secondaries  and  their  branches  are 
more  distinctly  craspedodrome,  and  their  disposition  less  regular.  The  thick 
median  nerve  is  also  in  this  leaf  disproportionate  to  the  very  thin,  sharply 
marked  secondaries,  which  are  alternate  or  parallel,  inequidistant,  at  an 
angle  of  divergence  of  60°,  all  arched  upward  in  traversing  the  lamina, 
simply  forking  near  the  borders,  the  lower  of  the  secondaries  on  one  side 
being  arched  downward,  contrary  to  the  upward  curves  of  the  others.  In 
Fig.  9  the  median  nerve  is  not  as  thick ;  the  secondaries  are  equidistant, 
stronger,  and  evidently  camptodrome,  curving  quite  near  the  borders,  the 
lowest  pair  being  very  thin  and  marginal. 


46  THE  FLORA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

lu  the  numerous  specimens  of  the  leaves  of  Populites  of  the  Dakota 
Group,  some  of  which  may  be  referable  to  other  generic  divisions,  there 
is  a  more  or  less  marked  difference  in  the  secondary  nervation,  which  some- 
times appears  camptodrome  by  the  thinning  of  the  nerves  quite  near  the 
borders,  and  sometunes  is  distinctly  craspedodrome,  the  borders  being  entire, 
undulate  or  denticulate  by  the  outside  projection  of  the  nerves.  These  form 
a  peculiar  group,  comprising  Populites  cyclophyllus  Heer,  P.  Utigiosus  Heer 
Lesq.,  P.  elegnns  Lesq.,  P.  lancastriensis  Lesq.,  Populus  f  cordifolia  Newb., 
and  the  Populites  Sternhcrgii,  now  described. 

The  leaves  of  this  group,  like  those  of  some  others  of  the  Cretaceous, 
seem  to  represent  by  gradual  modifications  intermediate  forms,  whose  spe- 
cific reference  remains  uncertain  or  difficult  to  fix. 

Habitat:  Two  and  one-half  miles  south  of  Glascoe,  Kansas.  Nos.  422 
and  426  of  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology  of  Cambridge,  Massa- 
chusetts. 

Populites  litigiosus  (Heer)  Lesq. 
PI.  VII,  Fig.  7;  PL  VIII,  Fig.  5;  PI.  XLVI,  Fig.  6;  PL  XLVII,  Fig.  1. 

Populus  litigiosa  Heer,  PhylL  Cr6t.  du  N6br.,  p.  13,  PL  i.  Fig.  2 ;  Newberry,  Illustr. 
Cret.  and  Tert.  PL,  PL  in.  Fig.  6;  PL  ii,  Fig.  1 ;  Schimper,  PaL  V6g.,  voL  2,  p.  691. 

Leaves  rounded,  entire  at  the  truncate  or  broadly  cuneate  base;  lateral 
nerves  in  four  pairs,  the  basilar  opposite,  the  upper  alternate  distant;  ner- 
villes  curved,  continuous  or  divided. 

The  species  is  really  little  known,  though  often  quoted.  The  above  de- 
scription is  that  of  Heer,  made  from  a  mere  fragment  of  a  single  leaf,  of  which 
the  base  and  the  median  part  only  are  preserved,  the  borders  all  around 
and  the  upper  part  being  destroyed.  Fig.  5  of  our  PL  VIH  agrees  with  what 
is  seen  of  the  leaf  represented  by  Heer,  and  with  his  description,  except 
that  the  number  of  the  lateral  nerves  is  greater,  being  six  instead  of  four, 
with  still  one  pair  of  basilar  veinlets  following  close  to  the  borders,  and  an 
intermediate  nerve  on  one  side  included  in  the  space  between  the  base  of 
the  lowest  lateral  nerves  and  that  of  the  leaf.  But  this  leaf  is  much  larger 
than  that  figured  by  Heer.  The  lateral  nerves  are  all  parallel,  distant, 
straight,  thinning  toward  the  borders,  ramose  and  craspedodi'ome,  as  well  as 
their  divisions,  the  borders  being  either  entire  or  somewhat  undulate.  In  Fig. 
7,  PI.  VII,  the  lower  lateral  nerves  are  not  opposite,  and  the  space  between 
their  point  of  attachment  and  the  base  of  the  leaf  is  much  narrower.  With 
the  smaller  size  of  the  leaf  it  is  the  only  point  of  diiference  between  this  and 


DESCRIPTION  OF  SPECIEa.  47 

Fig.  5,  and  as  the  basilar  paii-  of  nerves  close  to  the  borders  is  present,  the 
identity  of  tliese  leaves  may  be  admitted. 

There  is  the  same  degree  of  difference  between  the  two  leaves  refen-ed 
to  this  species  here  and  in  the  illustrations  of  Dr.  Newberry.  One  (PI.  iii, 
Fig.  6)  is  larger ;  the  lower  pair  of  secondaries  is  at  a  distance  from  the  base 
of  the  leaves;  the  lower  secondaries  are  opposite,  and  there  is  still  on  one 
side  a  short  thinner  basilar  nerve,  while  in  the  leaf  of  PL  ii,  Fig.  1,  which 
is  smaller,  the  lowest  lateral  nerves  join  the  midrib  quite  near  the  basal 
border  of  the  leaf,  and  there  is  no  basilar  nerve  underneath.  In  this  leaf, 
moreover,  the  borders  are  entire  and  the  nerves  camptodrome,  while  in  the 
other  the  upper  border  of  the  leaf  appears  crenulate,  and  the  .nerves  reach 
the  borders  as  craspedodi-ome.  From  this  it  appears  that,  with  a  slight 
modification,  Heer's  description  of  the  species  is  exact,  the  difference  being 
merely  the  result  of  varieties  in  the  different  leaves.  Schimper  says,  how- 
ever, in  his  description  of  these  leaves,  that  they  are.  coarsely  dentate  above 
(superne  grosse  dentatis),  which  is  apparently  a  mistake.  I  have  seen,  how- 
ever, more  recently,  a  number  of  leaves  with  dentate  borders  (not  coarsely 
dentate)  having  the  same  kind  of  nervation  as  the  leaves  figm-ed  in  our 
Pis.  VII  and  VIII,  and  also  the  same  size  and  form. 

They  appear  to  constitute  a  variety  of  the  species,  as  Popidus  litigiosa 
var.  clenticulata.  But  this  does  not  prove  that  the  leaf  described  by  Heer  as 
P.  litigiosa  nor  those  referred  to  it  by  Dr.  Newberry  and  by  myself  pertain 
really  to  Populus,  the  nervation  being  generally  craspedodrome  and  pin- 
natifid. 

Habitat:  Commonly  found  in  the  Dakota  Group  of  Kansas  and 
Nebraska.  No.  4050,  from  Pipe  Creek,  Cloud  County,  Kansas,  and  No. 
4138,  from  ten  miles  northeast  of  Delphos,  Kansas,  of  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe's 
collection.  Fig.  1,  PI.  LIX,  from  Fort  Harker,  Kansas,  is  No.  2770  of  the 
U.  S.  National  Museum. 

POPXTLITBS  ELBGANS  Lesq. 
PI.  XL VI,  Fig.  5;  PI.  XL VII,  Figs.  2,  3. 

Cret.  Fl.,  p.  69,  PI.  in.  Fig.  3. 

The  description  of  the  species  as  it  has  been  established  in  Cret.  Fl. 
should  be  completed  by  the  addition  of  the  word  dentate  to  the  character  of 
the  borders,  which  indeed  are  as  often  dentate  or  undulate  as  entire.  I  have 
also  to  remark  that  the  areolation  of  the  leaves  referable  to  this  species 
appears  more  distinctly  mai-ked  and  that  the  leaves  of  Populus  litigiosa  Heer 


48  THE  FLORA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

are  as  often  dentate  or  undulate  as  those  of  P.  elegans.  It  seems,  therefore, 
that  the  more  distinct  areohition  is  the  essential  character  that  we  have  to 
sejiarate  these  species  by.  But  it  might  be  supposed  that  the  difference  is 
due  only  to  the  preserved  face  of  the  specimen;  the  areohition  being  generally 
more  distinct  upon  the  lower  surface  of  the  leaves  of  Populus.  In  this  case  I 
have  considered  as  an  important  character  the  position  of  the  lower  second- 
aries, which  in  the  leaves  of  P.  elegans  are  basilar  or  nearly  so,  and  more 
irregularly  disposed,  while  as  seen  in  Fig.  3  of  the  species  they  are  supra- 
basilar  borders  of  the  leaf  This  character  may  not  be  persistent  or  specific 
and  the  variety  in  the  nervation  of  these  leaves,  which  have  now  been 
studied  in  great  numbers,  is  so  great  that  this  separation  can  not  be  admitted 
without  doubt.  We  have,  however,  not  sufficient  authority  of  the  real  char- 
acter of  P.  Utigiosa  in  the  description  and  figure  of  Heer  (Phyll.  Cr^t.  du 
Nt^braska,  PI.  i,  Fig.  2),  the  only  specimen  seen  by  the  author  being  a  frag- 
ment of  a  leaf  with  the  lower  pair  of  secondaries  suprabasilar,  and  a  mar- 
ginal pair  of  veinlets  underneath  just  as  seen  in  oiir  Fig.  2,  the  borders  of 
the  leaf  being  destroyed  above  the  base. 

Habitat:  Near  Fort  Harker,  Kansas.  No.  2760  of  the  U.  S.  National 
Museum. 

POPTJLITES  LANCASTKIENSIS  Lesq. 

Cret.  Fl.,  p.  58,  PI.  ni,  Fig.  1. 

POPULITES  CYCLOPHYLLUS  (Heer)  Lesq. 
Cret.  Fl.,  p.  59,  PI.  it.  Fig.  5. 
Pojui'm  cyclophylla  Heer,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Philadelphia,  Vol.  10, 1858,  p.  266. 

Sax,ix  Hayei,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  Ill,  Fig.  7. 

Leaves  coriaceous,  small,  entire,  oblong,  blunt-pointed,  cnneate  in  nar- 
rowing at  base  to  a  short  petiole ;  primary  nerve  thick,  secondaries  at  an 
open  angle  of  divergence,  close,  numerous,  anastomosing  along  the  borders 
in  festoons. 

A  small  leaf,  remarkable  by  its  coriaceoiis  texture,  the  close,  parallel 
secondaries  deeply  marked,  10-11  pairs  on  a  leaf,  4.5°"  long,  2-5"°'  broad,  at 
an  angle  of  divergence  of  50°;  petiole  short,  6°""  long;  nervilles  distinct,  at 
right  angles  to  the  secondaries,  forming  by  subdivisions  an  irregular  polyg- 
onal reticulation. 

The  nearest  relative  I  know  to  this  fine  leaf  is  Salix  ahhreviata  Gopp.^ 

'Tert.  Fl.  von  Schossnitz,  p.  24,  PI.  xvii,  Fig.  7. 


DESCEIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  49 

It  has  also  a  degree  of  affinity  to  S.  Rceana  Heer/  differing'  by  the  more 
coriaceous  texture,  the  secondaries  at  a  more  open  angle  of  divergence,  the 
areolation  irregularly  polygonal,  etc. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  788  of  the  collection  of  the 
museum  of  the  University  of  Kansas.     Collected  by  E.  P..  West. 

Salix  deleta,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  in,  Pig.  8. 

Leaves  subcorfaceous,  subfalcate,  ovate-lanceolate,  tapering  to  a  blunt 
apex,  rapidly  narrowed  and  cuneiform  to  the  slightly  inequilateral  base, 
entii'e,  penuinerved;  median  nerve  percurrent,  deeply  marked  but  compai'a- 
tively  narrow;  secondaries  numerous,  subopposite,  pai'allel,  distinctly  camp- 
todrome,  curving  in  bows  along  the  borders,  separated  by  thinner  tertiaries. 

The  lateral  nerves,  which  are  all  at  the  same  angle  of  divergence  of 
50°,  are  not  more  than  5°""  distant  at  the  base,  most  of  them  separated  by 
an  intermediate  tertiary  nerve  vanishing  above  the  middle  in  anastomosing 
with  the  secondaries,  or  traversed  at  right  angles  by  nervilles  forming  a 
large  quadrangular  areolation. 

The  appeax'ance  of  the  leaf  is  rather  like  that  of  a  Ficus.  The  nerva- 
tion, however,  refers  it  to  Salix,  it  being  a  peculiar  species  to  which  none  of 
the  willow  leaves  of  more  recent  foi'mations  have  any  recognized  affinity. 

Habitat :  Pipe  Creek,  Cloud  County,  Kansas.     No.  4096  of  Mr.  R.  D. 

Lacoe's  collection. 

Salix  neevillosa  Heer. 

Phyll.  Cr6t.  du  Nebraska,  p.  15,  PI.  i,  Pig.  3. 

Salix  puoTE^iEFOLiA  Lesq. 

Cret.  and  Tert.  J'l.,  p.  42,  PI.  i,  Figs.  14^16;  PI.  xvi,  Fig.  3;  Cret.  Fl.,  p.  60,  PI.  v, 

Figs.  1-4. 

There  are  so  many  of  these  leaves,  and  they  show,  taken  altogether, 
differences  which,  although  too  feeble  to  be  considered  as  specific,  may  be 
placed  under  the  following  varieties  : 

Salix  prote!^folia  var.  linearifolia  Lesq. 
PL  LXIV,  Figs.  1-3. 

Leaves  long,  narrow,  linear,  surface  smooth;  texture  somewhat  thick; 
secondaries  not  visible;  midrib  narrow.  There  are  ten  specimens  from 
Ellsworth  County,  Kansas,  in  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe's  cabinet  (Nos.  436-445). 

1  Fl.  Fo89.  Arct.,  vol.  i,  p.  102,  PI  XX  l,  Fig.  13, 


50  THE  FLORA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

Salix  prote^folia  var.  flesuosa  Lesq. 
PL  LXIV,  Figs.  4,  5. 

Leaves  narrow  and  lineai",  flexiious  or  curved-falcate  to  one  side ;  mid- 
rib slightly  stronger  than  in  the  preceding  variety,  texture  and  size  about 
the  same.  These  leaves  are  similar  to  the  two  figured  on  PI.  Ill,  Figs.  3 
and  4,  which  I  have  described  as  a  variety  of  Myrica  longa. 

The  figm-e  of  Salix  flexuosa  Newberry,  in  Illustr.  Cret.  and  Tert.  PI., 
PI.  I,  Fig.  4,  represents  tliis  form.  There  are  seven  specimens  (Nos.  446- 
452)  from  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas,  in  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe's  cabinet. 

Salix  prote^folia  var.  lajnoeolata  Lesq. 
PI.  LXIV,  Figs.  6-8. 

Leaves  shorter  and  somewhat  broader,  gradually  narrowed  to  the  apex, 
and  more  rapidly  to  the  base,  where  they  join  a  broad,  short  petiole;  median 
nerve  as  in  the  preceding  variety ;  secondaries  obsolete,  textm'e  of  the  leaf 
the  same.  Tliis  form  answers  to  the  two  leaves  of  Salix-  cuneata  figiu-ed  by 
Newberry.^  There  are  twenty-two  specimens  (Nos.  453-474)  all  from  Ells- 
worth County,  Kansas,  in  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe's  cabinet.  One  specimen  has 
the  secondaries  distinct,  like  that  of  Salix  proteosfolia  Lesq.;^  but  this  leaf 
is  short,  linear-lanceolate,  agreeing  in  form  with  the  var.  flexuosa.  It  is 
specimen  No.  446  (our  Fig.  4)  of  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe's  collection. 

Salix  prote^folia  var.  longifolia  Lesq. 
PI,  LXr^,  Fig.  9. 

A  large,  long  leaf  with  cuneate  base  narrowed  to  a  long  acute  tip 
(broken);  midrib  thick;  secondaries  prominent,  subopposite;  texture  as  in 
the  other  forms.  One  specimen  from  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas,  (No.  475) 
in  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe's  cabinet. 

Salix  Meekii  Newb. 
Later  Ext.  FL,  p.  19 ;  Illustr.  Gret.  and  Tert.  PL,  PL  i,  Fig.  1. 

Salix  cuneata  Newb. 
Later  Ext.  FL,  p.  21 ;  Illustr.  Gret.  and  Tert.  PL,  PL  i,  Figs.  2, 3. 

Salix  flexuosa  Kewb. 
Later  Ext.  FL,  p.  21;  Illustr.  Gret.  and  Tert.  PL,  PL  i.  Fig.  4. 

1  Loo.  cit.,  Pl.  I,  Figs.  2  and  3a. 

2  Cret.  and  Tert.  Fl.,  PI.  i,  Fig.  15. 


DESGEIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  51 

FBTJITINa   CATKIN   OF   SALIX. 

PI.  VIII,  Fig.  6. 

Salix  species,  a  fruiting  catkin,  with  small,  somewhat  distant  pedicel- 
late, cylindrical-ovate,  pointed  ovaries.  This  catkin  is  very  similar  to  those 
of  a  number  of  living  species  of  willows,  especially  to  those  of  S.  frac/ilis 
L.  Among  fossil  organs  of  this  kind  it  is  comparable  to  Salix  volkana 
Ludw.^  It  may  be  referable  to  S.  protemfolia  Lesq.,  the  only  species  abun- 
dantly distributed  in  the  Dakota  Group. 

Habitat :  Ten  miles  northeast  of  Delj)hos,  Kansas.  No.  4062  of  Mr. 
R.  D.  Lacoe's  collection. 

Order  CUPULIFER^. 

Tribe  QUERCINE.^. 

Fagus  poltclada  Lesq. 
Cret.  Fl.,  p.  67,  PI.  v,  Fig.  65  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  and  Arts,  vol.  46,  1868,  p.  95. 

FAaus  CRETACEA  Newb. 

Later  Ext.  Fl.,  p.  23 ;  Illustr.  Cret.  and  Tert.  PL,  PI.  11,  Fig.  3. 

Fagxts  orbiculatum,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  XLVII,  Fig.  6. 

Leaves  small,  rounded  in  the  upper  part,  Ijroadly  cuneate  to  the  base, 
entire ;  midrib  strong  and  straight,  percurrent ;  secondaries  simple,  equi- 
distant, straight,  craspedodrome ;  nervilles  thin,  simple,  distant,  at  right  angles 
to  the  secondaries. 

The  leaf  is  remarkable  by  its  simpHcity  and  the  regular  disposition  of 
all  its  parts.  It  measures  vertically  4.5"™  and  is  of  k  nearly  orbicular  form, 
being  only  somewhat  narrowed  near  the  base.  The  secondaries  (seven 
pairs),  diverging  from  the  midrib  at  an  angle  of  50°,  pass  straight  up  to 
the  borders,  being  perfectly  simple,  parallel  and  craspedodi'ome ;  the  tertia- 
ries  are  also  simple  and  very  thin  and  are  somewhat  distant  and  at  right 
angles  to  the  secondaries,  the  areolation  or  their  subdivisions  being  obsolete. 

Except  for  the  regular,  neai-ly  round  form  of  this  leaf,  there  is  nothing" 
in  its  appreciable  character  which  indicates  a  deviation  from  the  normal 
characters  of  the  leaves  of  Fagus.  The  nervilles  are  somewhat  more  distant 
and  the  borders  more  perfectly  entire  than  we  see  them  in  living  species  of 

iFoss.Pfl.  derEhein.-Wett.  Tert.Forin.,iii  Palaeontogr.,  vol.  8,  1859,  p.  93,  PI,  xxvii,  Fig.  13jl3a,  b,c. 


52  THE  FLOE  A  OP  THE  DAKOTA  GEOUP. 

the  genus.  But  the  same  appearances  are  observable  in  the  leaves  of  Fagus 
deucalionis  Ung.,  the  distance  of  the  nervilles  and  size  of  the  leaves  being 
nearly  the  same  as  represented  in  Heer';  also  in  F.  Antipofii  Abich,  the 
leaves  of  which  are  figured  with  the  borders  perfectly  entire,^  as  well  as  in 
F.  cordifolia  Heer,^  which  was  apparently  originally  subcoriaceous,  seems  to 
have  been  heavily  compressed,  and  therefore  looks  thin,  especially  along 
the  borders. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  224  of  the  collection  of 
Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe,  of  Pittston,  Pennsylvania. 

QUEKCtrS  SUSPECTA,  sp.  uov. 
PI.  XL VII,  Fig.  7 ;  PL  XLVIII,  Figs.  1,  2. 

Leaves  large,  coriaceous,  broadly  oval  or  nearly  round,  narrowed 
toward  the  base,  undulate  or  obtusely  dentate  on  the  borders,  obtuse  or 
emarginate  at  apex;  median  nerve  stout;  secondaries  strong,  oblique,  equi- 
distant, simple  or  branching  in  the  upper  part,  effaced  before  reaching  the 
borders,  craspedodrome. 

The  leaves  are  large,  7*=""  to  IS*""  in  length,  G"""  to  d""^  in  width,  nar- 
rowing toward  the  petiole,  with  six  to  eight  pairs  of  alternate  secondaries, 
the  lowest  supra-basilar,  all  parallel,  passing  toward  the  borders  at  an  angle 
of  divergence  of  40°  to  50°,  becoming  thick  from  the  middle  downward, 
gradually  thinning  toward  the  borders,  some  of  them  branching. 

The  smaller  one  (Fig.  7,  PI.  XLVII)  is  more  distinctly,  obtusely,  and 
equally  dentate;  the  secondaries,  simple  on  one  side,  branch  on  the  other, 
and  are  of  the  same  character  as  those  of  Fig.  1,  PI.  XLVIII,  which  is  large, 
nearly  entire  or  with  undulate  borders. 

These  leaves  maybe  compared  in  size,  form,  and  nervation  to  Q.  Wihnsii 
and  Q.  latissima  Hos.,*  tw©  species  of  doubtful  relation,  and  also  to  Q.  JDeloesi 
Heer.*  But  the  points  of  affinity  do  not  sufficiently  sustain  the  reference  of 
these  leaves  to  Quercus. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  Nos.  217  and  226  of  Mr.  R.  D. 
Lacoe's  collection.  Fig.  2  of  PI.  LX,  from  near  Fort  Harker,  Kansas,  is 
No.  2757  of  the  U.  S.  National  Museum  catalogue. 

1  Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  vol.  4,  pt.  1,  p.  73,  PI.  XV,  Fig.  6. 

2  Fl.  Foss.  Arct.  vol.  5,  pt.  3,  PI.  vi,  Fig.  8 ;  Pl.vii,  Fig.  5. 
^Loc.  cit.,  vol.  7,  PI.  xcii,  Fig.  1. 

^Diootyl.  tier  Westfal.  Kreideformatiou,  p.  95,  PI.  xil,  Figs.  3-6,  and  p.  97,  PI.  Xlli,  Fig.  11. 
^Fl.  Tert.  Helv.,  vol.  2,  p.  56,  PI.  lxxviii,  Fig.  7. 


DESCRIPTION  OP  SPECIES.  53 

QUEECXJS  SPUEIO-ILEX,  sp.  hov.' 
PL  XLVIII,  Pig.  3. 

Leaves  small,  coriaceous,  oblong,  ovate-lanceolate,  abruptly  pointed, 
truncate  at  base,  dentate-spinose  all  aroiiud;  midrib  straight,  rigid;  sec- 
ondaries open,  more  or  less  ramose  or  forking  above,  all  the  divisions  enter- 
ing the  teeth,  craspedodi'ome. 

The  leaf  is  similar  in  its  form,  the  dentation  of  the  borders,  and  the 
nervation  to  that  of  Q.  Hejc  L.,  as  represented  by  Schenk  in  Zittel's  Hand- 
buch  der  Palaontologie,^  and  it  is  also  comparable  to  some  of  the  forms  of 
the  leaves  of  Q.  chrysopliyUa  Kellogg  and  Q.  agrifoUa  Nee,  both  living  species 
of  California,  and  both  species  with  leaves  extremely  variable  in  size  and 
foiin  like  Q.  ilex. 

The  leaf  is  about  3.5°™  long  and  2""  broad,  and  has  seven  pairs  of  sec- 
ondaries at  an  open  angle  of  divergence  of  from  50°  to  60°-;  is  dentate  with 
unequal,  sharply  acuminate  or  acute,  open  teeth,  which  are  nearly  3""  long, 
separated  by  obtuse  sinuses. 

Habitat:  Ten  miles  northeast  of  Delphos,  Kansas.  No.  4032  of  the 
collection  of  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe. 

QUEBCUS  Waediana,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  VII,  Fig.  1. 

Leaf  large,  coriaceous,  polished  on  the  surface,  entu-e  or  undulate,  even 
obscurely  distantly  dentate,  ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse,  gradually  naiTowed 
to  the  base;  median  nerve  half  round,  comparatively  narrow,  of  equal 
thickness  in  its  whole  length,  rigid ;  lateral  nerves  alternate,  close,  nearly  at 
right  angles  towards  the  base,  gradually  more  distant  upward  and  at  a  broad 
angle  of  divergence  of  60°-70°  above  the  middle,  subcraspedodrome. 

This  fine  leaf  is  about  IT""  long  (the  apex  being  brpken),  obtuse,  8.5"" 
broad  in  the  upper  part,  gradually  narrowed  from  below  the  middle  to  the 
point  of  attachment,  apparently  a  short  petiole,  which  is  broken.  The  upper 
secondaries  are  at  an  equal  distance,  parallel,  strong,  but  the  lower  ones, 
six  or  seven  pairs,  are  thinner,  less  distant,  gradually  shorter  and  more 
open,  nearly  at  right  angles. 

•This  species  was  named  Quercus  pseudo-ilex,  sp.  uov.,  by  Prof.  Lesqnereux,  l)ut  as  this  name  is 
antedated  by  the  Quercus  pseudo-ilex  of  Kovats  (Fdssile  Flora  v.  ErdobiSnye,  1S56,  p.  22,  PI.  II,  Fig.  6) 
it  becomes  necessary  to  change  it.  I  liave  called  it  Q.  spurio-ilex  with  a  view  to  still  preserving  its 
implied  relation  to  the  living  Q.  ilex. — F.  H.  K. 

m  Abth.,  5  Lief.,  p.  436,  Figs.  6-8. 


54  THE  FLORA  OF  THE  DAKOTA- GROUP. 

Altlioiigli  strong',  the  upjier  secondaries  cnrve  before ,  reaching-  the 
borders  and  enter  them  either  by  their  ends  or  by  subdivisions  of  their 
branches. 

The  species  is  distantly  related  to  Qiiercus  {Dri/ophi/llmn')  snhcreiaceum 
(Sap.)  Lesq./  which  has,  howe\'er,  the  leaves  narrow,  dentate  or  crenate 
and  the  nervation  camptodronie. 

Habitat :  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  4204  of  the  collection  of 
Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe. 

Qttercus  alnoides,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  VII,  Fig.  3. 

Leaf  coriaceous,  obovate  (broken  at  apex),  entire  or  slightly  flexuous 
along  the  borders,  cuneate  at  base ;  secondaries  inequidistant,  more  approxi- 
mate towards  the  base,  thick,  mostly  simple,  camptodrome,  the  basilar  pair 
marginal  and  very  thin ;  nervilles  distinct,  at  right  angles  to  the  secondaries, 
percurrent,  simple  or  forking,  and  anastomosing  in  the  middle. 

Though  the  specimen  represents  only  the  lower  part  of  a  leaf,  the 
characters  noted  above  are  clearly  xnarked.  The  fragment  indicates  a  leaf 
gem  ^Q  -jcm  loi^g  a^nd  4.5«m  broad  at  or  near  the  middle.  The  secondaries  have 
an  angle  of  divergence  of  about  50°,  some  of  them  close  together,  others 
l*^™  apart,  separated  by  an  intermediate  tertiary,  much  thinner  and  shorter 
than  the  secondaries,  and  flexuous. 

Species  comparable  to  Alnites pseudincana  Gopp.,^  a  leaf  which,  however, 
has  the  borders  obscurely  dentate.  It  is  still  more  closely  related  to  Qiiercus 
Deloesi  Heer.'  A  point  of  comparison  is  found  also  in  Q.  advena  Sap.,*  a 
Tertiaiy  species. 

The  reference  of  this  leaf  to  Quercus  has  been  questioned,  but  none 
other  proposed.  Considering  the  form  of  the  leaf  and  its  nervation  the 
relation  seems  clearly  marked  with  the  living  Q.  Championi  Benth.,  an 
example  of  which  is  figured  by  Schenk,  Handbuch  der  Palseont.,  ii  Abth., 
5  Lief,  p.  436,  Figs.  4,  5. 

Habitat:  Kansas.  No.  429  of  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology 
of  Cambridge,  Massachusetts. 

>  Fl.  FoSH.  S^xanne,  PI.  v,  Fig8.  1-3. 

^xertiilrfl.  Sclilesiens,  Palaeoutogr.,  vol.  2,  1852,  p.  272,  PI.  i.  Figs.  5a,  b. 

'Fl.  Tert.  Helv.,  vol.  2,  p.  .56,  PI.  Lxxviil,  Figs.  6,  7,  14. 

"Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  Bot.,  5"«  s^r.,  vol.  8,  1867,  p.  67,  PI.  v,  Fig.  6. 


13ES0RIPTI0N  OF  SPECIES.  55 

QUEECUS  GLASCOENA,  Sp.  QOV, 
PL  VI,  Fig.  6. 

Leaves  subcoriaceous  or  membranous,  with  polished  surface,  ovate, 
obtuse,  broadly  cuneate  to  the  petiole;  borders  entire,  slightly  undulate; 
median  nerve  thick;  secondaries  thin,  few,  five  to  six  pairs,  parallel,  the  lower 
ones  opposite;  nervilles  obhque,  thin,  straight,  simple,  and  percurrent. 

The  leaf  is  6.5""'  long,  broken  or  erased  at  the  apex  and  thus  apparently 
obtuse,  nearly  5""°  broad  below  the  middle ;  the  secondaries  thin,  at  an  angle 
of  40°  to  50°,  are  somewhat  flexuous  or  sHghtly  curved  upward  in  traversing 
the  lamina,  mostly  simple,  craspedodrome,  or  the  upper  ones  apparently 
camptodrome,  the  lowest  pair  suprabasilar;  nervilles  very  thin,  oblique  to 
the  nerves.  The  petiole  is  strong  like  the  median  nerve,  broken  6°""  below 
the  base  of  the  leaf 

The  leaf  has,  by  its  mixed  nervation  and  undulate  borders,  the  appear- 
ance of  Hmnamelites  fothergllloides  Sap.,^  from  which  it  differs  by  its  form, 
its  nearly  entire  borders  and  the  wider  divergence  of  the  secondaries.  It 
has  a  greater  degree  of  affinity  to  Quercus  Larguensis  Sap.,^  not  only  by  its 
similar  form  but  by  the  character  of  the  nervation,  the  secondaries  being 
ecpially  distant,  camptodrome  or  craspedodrome  and  the  nervilles  oblique 
to  the  secondaries. 

Habitat:  Seven  miles  northeast  of  Grlascoe,  Kansas.  No.  482  of  the 
Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology  of  Cambridge,  Massachusetts. 

QUBKCUS  ELLSWOKTHIANA  Lesq. 
Cret.  FL,  p.  65,  PI.  Vi,  Fig.  7. 

QUBRCtrs  MOEEISONIANA  Lesq. 
Cret.  and  Tert.  FL,  p.  40,  PL  xvii,  Figs.  1,  2. 

Qtjeecus  salicifolia  Newb. 
Later  Ext.  FL,  p.  24,  Illustr.  Cret.  and  Tert.  PL,  PL  ii,  Fig.  1. 

Qtjeecus  cxineata  Newb. 
Later  Ext.  FL,  p.  25.' 


'  Fl.  Fobs.  Suzanne,  p.  393,  PI.  Xl,  Fig.  3. 

2  Etudes,  vol.  3,  p.  67,  PI.  v.  Fig.  1. 

f  Quercus  antiqua  and  Q.  sinuata  Newb.  (Later  Ext.  Fl.,  pp.  26,  27),  from  the  lower  Crotaceons 
sandstone,  banks  of  Rio  Dolores,  southern  Utah,  are  omitted  here,  as  the  geological  stage  of  the 
formation  is  not  identified  with  that  of  the  Dakota  group. 


56  THE  FLOEA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

QlTEBCXJS  PORANOIDES  Lesq. 
Cret.  Fl.,  p.  66,  PI.  xxx,  Fig.  9. 

QuERCus  (Dbyophyllum)  primordialis  Lesq. 
Cret.  FL,  p.  64,  PI.  v,  Fig.  7.  . 

QUERCUS   (DEYOPHYLLtTM)  DAKOTENSIS  Lesq. 

PI.  VII,  Fig.  4. 
Cret.  and  Tert.  Fl.,  p.  39. 

Leaves  subcoriaceous,  ovate-lanceolate,  naiTOwed  in  an  outside  curve 
to  the  base,  less  abniptly  attenuated  to  an  acute  or  blunt  apex  (not  distinct), 
entire  toward  the  base,  regularly  dentate  from  the  middle  upward,  short 
pedicellate;  median  nerve  narrow,  straight ;  secondaries  thin,  nearly 
straight,  simple  or  di^'ided  into  two  or  tlu-ee  branches,  craspedodrome.  It 
is  closely  allied  to  the  preceding  species. 

Habitat:  Kansas.  No.  62  of  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology 
of  Cambridge,  Massachusetts. 

QuEBCUS  HEXAGONA  Lesq. 
PI.  VII,  Fig.  5. 

Cret.  Fl.,  p.  64.  PL  V,  Fig.  8. 

Leaf  rhomboidal-ovate,  narrowed  to  a  point  from  above  the  middle, 
tapering  downward,  cuneate  at  base,  iiTegularly  dentate  above,  nervation 
pinnate,  simple,  craspedodrome. 

The  leaf  figured  here  is  somewhat  smaller  than  that  described  in  the 
Cretaceous  Flora.  It  has,  however,  the  same  characters.  The  basilar  second- 
aries follow  quite  near  the  borders  and  parallel  to  them,  entering  into  very 
short,  slightly  marked  teeth,  while  the  iipper  ones  are  alternate  and  pass  to 
stronger  acute  teeth,  that  of  the  third  pair  being  the  largest  of  all  in  both 
specimens.  To  the  first  description  of  the  species  nothing  has  to  be  added 
but  this,  that  the  secondaries  are  not  always  simple,  but  sometimes  once 
branching. 

The  relation  of  this  species  to  Q.  Oshornii,  remarked  in  Cret.  and  Tert. 
Fl.,  p.  39,  is  not  well  defined.  It  is  more  distinctly  marked  with  Q.  troglo- 
dites  Heer"^  of  the  Middle  Cretaceous  or  Senonian  of  Atanekerdluk,  a  species 
which  appears  nearly  identical,  differing  merely  by  shorter,  more  obtuse 

'Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  voL  6,  2  AMh  ,  PI.  xxis",  Fig.  14. 


DESCRIPTION  OP  SPECIES.  57 

teeth  and  the  absence  of  a  basilar  marginal  veinlet,  which  is  well  marked 
in  both  specimens  of  the  Dakota  Grou^i. 

Habitat:  Ten  miles  northeast  of  Delphos,  Kansas.  No.  4017  of  the 
collection  of  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe. 

QuEEOus  (Dryophyllum)  Hosiana,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  Ill,  Fig.  14. 

Leaf  coriaceous,  small,  ovate  or  short  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed,  rounded 
and  narrowed  at  base,  somewhat  inequilateral,  unequally  dentate-repand  on 
the  bordei's,  entire  toward  the  bn.se;  primary  nerve  strong;  secondaries, 
of  which  tliere  are  six  pairs,  at  an  angle  of  divergence  of  50°  to  60°,  arched 
in  passing  toward  the  borders,  subcraspedodrome  or  entering  the  teeth  by 
short  branches  of  the  secondaries. 

This  leaf  is  like  the  upper  part  of  some  of  the  numerous  leaves  of  Q. 
ivestfalica,  figured  in  Hosius,  Fl.  Westfal.  Kreidef.,  p.  161,  Pis.  xxixand  xxx, 
the  onl}^  difference  being  in  the  very  reduced  length  of  the  leaf,  which, 
with  that  exception,  has  all  the  characters  described  by  the  author.  As  seen 
in  the  figure,  the  secondaries  pass  under  the  teeth  and  are  camptodrome, 
while  their  branches  enter  them.  This  character  is  essentially  considered 
by  Saporta  as  proper  to  the  subdivision  Dryophyllum  of  the  genus  Quercus. 

Habitat:  Probably  ten  miles  northeast  of  Delphos,  Kansas.  No.  4152a 
of  the  collection  of  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe. 

QuETicus  (Dryophyllum)  rhamnoides,  sp.  nov.   . 
PI.  XL VIII,  Fig.  4. 

Leaves  subcoriaceous,  oblong-lanceolate,  rounded  in  narrowing  to  the 
base,  l:)lunt  or  obtuse  at  apex ;  borders  entire  or  slightly  undulate ;  midrib 
comparatively  narrow,  straight,  half  round;  secondaries  numerous,  parallel 
and  equidistant,  a  little  curved  in  passing  toward  the  borders,  camptodrome, 
incumbent  in  festoons  quite  near  the  borders;  tertiaries  strong,  at  right  angles 
or  slightly  oblique  to  the  secondaries,  numerous,  rarely  simple,  mostly 
forking  at  the  middle,  composing  by  subdivisions  an  irregular,  small,  quad- 
rate areolation. 

The  leaves  representing  the  species  are  somewhat  lacerated,  the  best 
preserved  Ijeing  7''"'  long,  4"'"  broad  at  the  middle,  and  has  sixteen  pairs  of 
narrow,  thin  secondaries,  deeply  marked,  mostly  simple,  diverging  from  the 
midrib  at  an  angle  of  40°,  united  by  nervilles  close  and  at  right  angles. 

The  species  has  a  near  affinity  oT  character  to  Dryophyllum  Eockys, 


58  THE  FLOKA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

represented  by  Fig.  19,  in  Debey,  Feiiilles  quercifovmes,  from  whicli  it 
merely  dififers  in  its  slightly  greater  breadth  and  less  distant  secondaries. 
It  has  also  a  marked  degree  of  relation,  especially  in  the  form  of  the  leaf 
and  the  nervation,  to  Qiiercus  neiKidensis  Lesq.^  or  to  DryophyUmn  aquaniarum 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  219  of  the  collection  of  Mr. 
R.  D.  Lacoe. 

QuERCUs  (Detophyllum)  hieracifolia  (Deb.)  Hos.  &  v.  d.  Marck. 
PI.  Ill,  Fig.  15. 

Hos.  &  V.  d.  Marck,  Fl.  d.  Westf.  Oret.  Form.,  p.  166,  PL  xxxi,  Figs.  85-88 ;  Heer  Fl. 
Foss.  Arot.,  vol.  G,  2  Abtb.,  p.  68,  PI.  xxv.  Figs.  2b,  c,  4. 

Leaves  coriaceous,  lanceolate,  narrowed  to  the  rounded  base,  sparingly 
sinuate-dentate,  primary  nerve  thick ;  secondaries  at  an  acute  angle  of 
divergence. 

This  leaf,  though  fragmentary,  well  represents  the  species  as  figured 
by  Heer  (loc.  cit.),  being  especially  like  his  Fig.  2e.  The  teeth  are  shorter, 
more  obtuse,  and  more  oblique  than  in  the  figures  given  by  Hosius,  but  the 
nervation  is  identical ;  the  simple  secondaries  curve  in  traversing  the  blade 
at  an  angle  of  divergence  of  45°  to  50°,  reaching  the  teeth  by  their  extrem- 
ities.    The  areolation  is  obsolete. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  726  of  the  museum  of  the 
University  of  Kansas.     Collected  by  E.  P.  West. 

QuERCus  (Dryophyllum)  latifolia  Lesq. 
Cret.  and  Tert.  PL,  p.  37,  PL  iv,  Figs.  1,  2. 

QuEROus  (Dryophyllum)  Holmesii  Lesq. 
Cret.  and  Tert.  FL,  p.  38,  PL  iv,  Fig.  8. 

GrALLA  QUERCINA,  Sp.  nOV. 
PL  VII,  Fig.  2. 

Globular;  surface  smooth,  polished;  point  of  attachment  transversely 
oval,  small,  wrinkled  around,  at  right  angles  to  the  point. 

These  organisms  appear  to  represent  oak  galls,  being  in  their  characters 
and  appearance  different  from  the  round,  ferruginous  concretions  found  in 
some  localities  of  the  Dakota  Grroup,  which  are  always  rough  on  the  sur- 

'Foss.  Plants  of  tlie  Auriferous  Gravel,  p.  5,  PI.  II,  Figs.  3  aud  4. 
'Types  of  the  Laramie  Flora,  p.  26,  PI.  x,  Figs.  2  and  3. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  59 

face.  These  galls,  of  which  there  are  four  specimens,  vary  in  size  from  that 
of  a  pea  to  that  of  a  large  walnut;  they  are  all  perfectly  globular,  very 
smooth,  shining,  of  black  color,  easily  detached  from  the  coarse,  red  matter 
which  contains  them,  and  marked  with  a  smooth  cicatrice  like  the  point  of 
attachment  and  a  few  irregular,  round  perforations  like  those  made  upon 
oak  galls  by  the  egress  of  the  insects. 

Habitat:  Found  all  together  at  the  same  locality,  Ellsworth  County, 
Kansas;  A.  Wellington,  collector.  No.  5  of  the  collection  of  the  museum 
of  the  University  of  Kansas. 

Tribe  BETULE^E. 

Alnites  grandifolitjs  Newb. 

Later  Ext.  Fl.,  p.  9;  lUust.  Cret.  and  Tert.  PL.  PI.  iv,  Fig.  2, 

Betula  Beateiciana  Lesq. 
PI.  Ill,  Fig.  16. 

Cret.  FL,  p.  61,  PI.  v.  Fig.  5 ;  PI.  xxx,  Fig.  4. 

A  fragment,  the  upper  part  of  a  leaf,  apparently  referable  to  this  species, 
which  as  yet  is  not  sufficiently  known. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  518  of  the  collection  of  the 
museum  of  the  University  of  Kansas ;  E.  P.  West,  collector. 

BBTULITES  Heer. 

This  generic  division  has  been  already  used  by  Heer  for  the  description 
of  two  fragmentary  leaves  of  the  Dakota  Group  (BeUdites  dcnticnlatus  Heer, 
Phyll.  Cret.  du  N(^br.,  p.  1,5,  PI.  iv.  Figs.  5,  6).  I  refer  to  it  now  a  large 
number  of  leaves,  remarkably  well  preserved  in  ferruginous  concretions, 
mostly  obtained  by  Judge  West  in  the  Dakota  Group  of  Kansas.  All  these 
leaves  show,  far  more  distinctly  than  those  described  by  Heer,  a  relation  to 
Betula. 

First.  By  the  form  and  size  of  the  leaves,  which  are  ovate,  blunt-pointed 
or  oblong-obtuse,  round,  reniform,  truncate,  subcordate  or  broadly  cuneate 
at  the  entire  marginal  base,  which  terminates  in  the  lowest  teeth  of  the 
borders ;  all  forms  identical  with  those  of  the  leaves  of  the  common  B.  nigra  L. 

Second.  By  the  nervation,  which  is  regularly  pinnate,  the  median  nerve 
straight  and  narrow,  the  secondaries  oblique,  equidistant  and  parallel, 
passing  straight  to  the  borders,  craspedodi'ome,  the  lowest  pairs  generally 


60  THE  FLORA  OP  THE  DAKOTA  GEOUP. 

siipra-basilar  and  opposite,  ramose  on  the  lower  side,  with  nervilles  distinct 
and  at  right  angles. 

Third.  B}^  the  denticulation  of  the  borders,  being  much  like  that  of  the 
species  of  Betiila  or  of  Alnus,  the  teeth  being  more  or  less  distinct,  sometimes 
marked  by  mere  points  on  the  border  at  the  extremities  of  the  secondaries 
and  of  their  divisions  entering  them. 

Fonrth.  By  the  long-,  slender  petiole  of  the  leaves. 

Of  course  there  are  some  points  of  difference  which  maj^  be  remarked 
in  examining-  separately  some  of  the  leaves ;  but  none  affecting  them  in 
their  general,  and  therefore  their  generic,  character. 

There  is  even  between  these  leaves  such  a  degree  of  affinity  that  their 
separation  into  species  is  extremely  difficult.  They  look  as  if  they  had 
been  derived  from  a  single  tree  or  from  a  group  of  low  bushes  of  the  same 
species,  of  which,  as  is  the  case  with  plants  of  our  time,  some  differences 
are  remarked  in  leaves  separately  examined  and  compared.  The  petiole  of 
these  leaves  bears  at  its  base  a  small,  bifid  stipule,  with  lanceolate,  pointed 
lobes.     This  organism,  however,  is  rarely  preserved. 

The  task  of  studying  these  leaves,  represented  by  hundreds  of  speci- 
mens, has  been  hard,  indeed,  but  at  the  same  time  pleasant  and  instructive. 
For  it  has  been  rarely  possible  as  yet  to  obtain  in  a  fossil  state  such  a 
number  of  perfectly  preserved  fossil  leaves,  which,  like  these,  may  be 
studied  as  easily  as  those  of  plants  in  the  herbarium  or  even  as  if  they  wei'e 
still  in  process  of  growth,  and  tlms  afford  clear  evidence  of  the  multiple 
modifications  which,  in  geological  times,  may  have  affected  the  plants  of  the 
same  species.  It  is  admissible  that  if  these  leaves  had  been  discovered 
separately  at  divers  times  and  at  divers  localities  they  might  have  been 
referred  by  authors  to  a  number  of  species.  In  the  present  case  it  is 
scarcely  possible  to  doubt  their  relation  to  a  single  species.  Nevertheless, 
in  order  to  remark  on  some  appreciable  differences  in  their  characters  I ' 
have  described  them  here  under  the  name  of  Betulites  Westii  and  subdivided 
the  species  into  a  number  of  varieties. 

Betulites  Westii,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  IV,  Figs.  1-22 ;  PI.  V,  Pigs.  5-14. 

Leaves  of  small  size,  long-petioled,  subcoriaceous,  ovate-oblong, 
obtuse  or  blunt  at  apex,  tiamcate,  subcordate  or  broadly  wedge-form  at  the 
entire  base ;  borders  subentire  or  more  or  less  distinctly  denticulate  ;  ner- 
vation pinnate,   craspedodrome  ;  primary  nerves  straight,  narrow  ;  second- 


DESCRIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  61 

aries  6-10  pairs,  oblique,  parallel,  equidistant,  the  lower  opposite  and 
suprabasilar ;  uervilles  distinct  at  right  angles;  petiole  slender,"  10-18°"" 
long,  stipulate  at  base. 

Habitat :  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  All  the  specimens  numliered 
below  belong  to  the  museum  of  the  University  of  Kansas.  Collected  by  E. 
P.  West. 

1.   BETULITES   WeSTII  var.  SUBINTEaEIFOLIUS.' 

PI.  lY,  Figs.  1-4. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate  or  oval,  obtuse ;  truncate  or  subcordate  at  base  ; 
borders  nearly  entire,  minutely  puuctulate  by  the  points  of  the  extremities 
of  the  secondaries  entering  the  borders ;  secondaries  distant,  six  pairs  at  an 
open  angle  of  divergence  of  45°  to  50°.  Nos.  302,  313,  375,  and  378  of 
the  collection. 

2.  BETULITES  WESTII  var.  OBTTJSUS. 

PI.  IV,  Figs.  5-8. 

Leaves  oblong-oval,  rounded  at  apex,  subtruncate  at  base;  minutely 
denticulate;  secondaries  of  the  same  character  as  in  the  preceding.  Nos. 
235,  241,  260,  and  263  of  the  collection. 

3.  Betulites  Westii  var.  latifolius. 

PI.  IV,  Figs.  9-11. 

Leaves  lai-ger,  4-6"""  long,  ovate,  blunt-pointed,  distinctly  "denticulate, 
subtruncate  at  base.     Nos.  268,  269,  and  276  of  the  collection. 

4.  Betulites  Westii  var.  rotundatus. 

PI.  IV,  Figs.  12-16. 

Leaves  small,  1.5""  to  3""  in  diameter  both  ways,  or  sometimes  slightly 
broader  than  long,  minutely  denticulate.  Nos.  246,  344,  351,  380,  and  397 
of  the  collection. 

5.  Betulites  Westii  var.  oblongus. 
PI.  IV,  Figs.  17-19. 

Leaves  small,  of  same  size  as  in  the  preceding  variety,  oblong-ovate, 
obtuse,  subtruncate  at  base,  denticulate.  Nos.  281,  296,  and  328  of  the 
collection. 

'  Prof.  Lesquereux  gave  all  the  varieties  of  this  species  the  feminine  termination  (subintegrifolia, 
etc.),  as  if  treating  of  Betula.  I  have  taken  the  liberty  to  change  this  to  the  masciiline  form- to  agree 
with  Betulites.— F.  H.  K. 


62  THE  FLORA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GEOUP. 

6.  Betulites  Westii  var.  in^equilaterai.is. 
PI.  V,  Figs.  10-13. 

Leaves  very  small,  more  enlarged  on  one  side,  oblong,  rounded  at  apex, 
distinctly  denticulate.     Nos.  355,  366,  391,  and  403  of  the  collection. 

7.  Betulites  Westii  var.  multineevis. 
PI.  IV,  Pigs.  20-22. 

Leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  deltoid,  obtuse  at  apex ;  truncate  or  broadly 
cuneate  at  base ;  secondaries  eight  to  ten  pairs,  borders  distinctly  denticulate. 
Nos.  273,  291,  and  396  of  the  collection. 

8.  Betulites  Westii  var.  cuneatus. 
PI.  V,  Fig.  8. 

Leaves  rounded  above,  cuneiform  at  the  base;  secondaries  at  a  more 
acute  angle  of  divergence  (35°),  borders  denticulate.  No.  318  of  the  col- 
lection. 

9.  Betulites  Westii  var.  reniformis. 
PI.  V,  Fig.  5. 

Leaves  enlarged  in  the  middle,  round  above,  cordate  at  base,  reniform;, 
borders  denticulate.     No.  345  of  the  collection. 

10.  Betulites  Westii  var.  rhomboidalis. 
PI.  V,  Figs.  6,  7. 

Leaves  large,  rhomboidal  in  outline,  blunt-pointed,  broadly  cuneate  to 
the  long  petiole.     Nos.  301  and  304  of  the  collection. 

11.  Betulites  Westii  var.  quadratifolius. 
PI.  V,  Fig.  9. 

Leaf  4™  long,  4.5""  broad,  truncate  at  base  and  apex,  lateral  borders 
nearly  parallel;  secondaries,  five  pairs,  subopposite,  distant,  teeth  distant, 
more  shai-ply  marked. 

The  specimen  bears  near  the  base  of  the  petiole  a  bunch  of  small  pedi- 
celed  seeds  like  those  of  a  Carex.     No.  246  of  the  collection. 

12.  Betulites  Westii  var.  lanceolatus. 
PI.  V,  Fig.  14. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  pointed,  rounded  at  base,  denticulate  :  secondaries  at 
an  angle  of  divergence  of  30°  to  40°,  The  lower  slightly  curved  back  in 
traversing  the  blade;  ramose. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  63 

The  nervation  of  this  leaf  is  of  course  modified  according  to  its  shape, 
but  is  not  specifically  distinct.     No.  474  of  the  collection. 

13.  Betulites  Westii  var.  ckassus. 
PI.  V,  Figs.  15-17. 

Leaves  coriaceous,  of  various  forms,  round,  obtuse  or  "deltoid,  acute, 
cuneate  or  truncate  at  base;  nervation  thick ;  secondaries  simple  or  i-amose; 
borders  distinctly,  even  sharply,  denticulate. 

Although  these  leaves,  which  have  been  obtained  from  another  locality, 
differ  especially  in  form  and  could  thus  be  referred  to  three  different"  species, 
yet  the  analogy  remarked  between  all  those  described  as  B.  Westii  shows 
that  they  have  in  their  characters  such  differences  only  as  can  be  considered 
varietal.  The  coriaceous  substance  of  these  three  leaves  and  the  thick 
nervation  might,  however,  be  regarded  as  constituting  specific  differences. 
Nos.  N,  K,  B. 

14.  Betulites  Westii  var.  populoides. 

The  form  of  the  leaf  is  like  that  of  a  Populus,  being  truncate  or  sub- 
cordate  at  base,  much  enlarged  in  the  lower  part,  where  it  becomes  rounded 
and  tapers  rapidly  to  the  apex.  The  nervation  is  that  of  Betulites  Westii  var. 
suhintegrifoUus,  but  the  lowest  pair  of  secondaries  is  basilar,  the  others  par- 
allel, all  running  straight  to  the  borders,  which  they  enter  craspedodrome, 
being  mostly  simple,  except  the  lowest  pair.  The  leaf  is  an  impression  of 
the  upper  surface  and  is  somewhat  obscure. 

15.  Betulites  Westii,  var.  gkewiopsideus. 
PI.  LXIV,  Fig.  10. 

A  fine,  small  round  leaf  with  the  nervation  of  Grewiopsis  orhiculata 
Sap.!  The  teeth  of  the  border  are  somewhat  longer  and  more  distinct  than 
the  leaf  from  Kansas.  As  the  same  character  of  nervation  is  observable 
upon  some  of  the  leaves  which  I  have  referred  to  Betulites,  and  as  the 
petiole,  which  is  rigid,  1.5"°  long,  bears  at  its  base  a  short-pointed  stipule 
like  that  described  in  leaves  of  Betulites,  the  reference  to  this  genus  is 
authorized. 

Habitat :  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  1205  of  the  collection  of  Mr. 
R.  D.  Lacoe. 

'  Fl.  Fobs.  Suzanne,  p.  411,  PI.  xi,  Fig.  12, 


g4  THE  FLOEA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

Betulites  Snowii,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  V,  Figs.  1-4. 

Leaves  larger,  subcoriaceous,  loug-petioled,  rliomboidal-ovate  in  outline, 
pointed  at  apex,  broadly  cuneate  at  base,  deeply,  sharply,  unequally  dentate ; 
secondaries  oblique,  straight,  or  the  lowest  pairs  sHghtly  curved  backward. 

These  beautiful  leaves,  still  of  the  same  type  as  those  of  the  preceding 
species,  diifer  really  not  only  in  their  larger  size  and  the  greater  length  of 
the  petiole,  but  in  the  mode  of  the  divisions  of  the  borders,  which  are  cut 
into  unequal,  longer,  more  acute  teeth,  separated  by  deeper,  half-round 
sinuses.  'The  petiole,  as  seen  in  PI.  V,  Fig.  1,  is  slender,  6*""  long,  and  the 
leaf  lO"""  long  and  7""  broad.  In  the  specimens  sent  for  examination  by  the 
Museum  of  the  University  of  Kansas  a  number  of  leaves  of  the  same  size, 
form,  and  characters  have  been  observed. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  Nos.  593,  771,  346  and  290  of 
the  museum  of  the  University  of  Kansas ;  E.  P.  West,  collector. 

Bettjlites  populifolius,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  VI,  Figs.  1,  2. 

Leaves  large,  coriaceous,  long-petioled,  cordate  or  ovate  in  outline, 
pointed  at  apex,  truncate  at  base  and  deflexed  to  the  petiole,  regularly 
denticulate;  secondaries  deep  and  strong,  parallel  and  equidistant,  the 
lowest  pair  opposite  and  ramose. 

One  of  the  leaves,  which  is  7""  long  and  as  broad  below  the  middle, 
has  a  petiole  5.5™  long ;  the  otljer  is  small,  rather  ovate,  inequilateral,  but 
appears  identical,  especially  on  account  of  the  thickness  of  the  secondaries. 
But  both  are  really  of  the  same  type  and  have  the  essential  characters  of 
those  described  under  the  name  of  Betulites  Westii.  The  appearance  is, 
however,  far  different.  The  texture  is  thicker,  the  nervation  stronger,  and 
the  border  teeth  are  all  equal  and  equidistant.  By  the  divisions  of  the 
borders  the  leaves  are  related  to  species  of  Grewiopsis,  especially  to  G. 
Haydenii  Lesq.,^  and  also  to  a  peculiar  form  of  Platanus  Newherriana  Heer.^ 
Fig.  2  is  even  like  other  forms  of  Betulites.  Its  shape  as  well  as  its  nerv.a- 
tion  is  remarkably  similar  to  that  of  Betula  vetusta  Heer*  of  the  Patoot  Flora. 

Habitat :  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  6  of  the  collection  of  the 
museum  of  the  University  of  Kansas.     Collected  by  A.  Wellington. 

iCret.  Fl.,  p.  97,  PI.  Ill,  Figs.  2,  4 ;  PI.  xxiv,  Fig.  3. 
2F1.  Foss.  Arct.,  vol.  7,  PI.  Lix,  Fig.  6. 
»F1.  Fos3.  Arct.,  vol.  7,  PI.  LV,  Figs.  7,7a. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  65 

Bbtulitbs  ritgostjs,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  VI,  Figs.  3-5. 

Leaves  ovate,  truncate  at  base,  round-pointed  at  apex,  denticulate  on 
the  borders,  rugose  on  the  surface  from  the  close,  thick  nervilles. 

This  form,  which  answers  to  the  variety  ohhngus  of  B.  Westii,  differs 
from  it  in  the  distinctly  more  deeply  denticulate  borders  and  the  coarse 
surface  of  the  leaves. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  Nos.  69  and  69a  of  the  museum 
of  the  University  of  Kansas ;  A.  Wellington,  collector. 

Betulites  denticulatus  Heer. 
Phyll.  Cr6t.  du  N^br.,  p.  15,  PI.  iv,  Figs.  5,  6. 

Stipules  op  Betulites. 
J.  PI-  V,  Fig.  18. 

Stipules  of  small  size,  formed  by  the  enlarging  base  of  the  petiole, 
rarely  found  attached  to  it,  appearing,  when  separate,  as  minute  leaflets  cut 
from  the  middle  into  two  pointed,  obliquely  diverging,  acute  lobes,  which 
are  cuneate  at  the  truncate  base. 

As  the  fragments  of  the  small  organisms  described  above  were  discov- 
ered at  the  same  locality  where  the  leaves  of  Betulites  were  most  abundant, 
I  fancied  that  in  their  size  and  form  they  had  some  affinity  to  the  trilobate, 
obtuse  bracts  of  flowers  of  Betula,  admitting  this  as  a  kind  of  presumptive 
evidence  of  the  relation  of  the  leaves  to  the  Betulacese.  Just  now,  and 
when  ready  to  deliver  the  manuscript  to  the  printer,  I  have  received,  tlu-ough 
the  kindness  of  Prof.'  F.  H.  Snow,  a  specimen  of  a  fine  leaf  of  Betulites  with 
the  petiole  entirely  preserved,  enlarging  at  its  base  into  a  stipule  (PI.  V, 
Fig.  18)  like  those  described  above,  which  had  all  been  found  separate  from 
their  support.  In  the  form  and  mode  of  attachment  to  the  enlarging  base 
of  the  petiole  these  appendages  are  indeed  in  their  characters  similar  to  the 
stipules  of  the  leaves  of  some  species  of  Viburnum ;  for  instance,  V.  lantan- 
oides  Michx.  This  fact,  in  opposition  to  the  reference  I  have  proposed  for 
the  vegetable  remains  described  above,  is  on  the  other  hand  in  harmony  with 
the  opinion  of  the  Marquis  de  Saporta,  who  writes  that  he  is  disposed  to 
refer  to  Viburnum  a  number  of  leaves  of  the  same  kind  sent  him  by  Prof. 
F.  H.  Snow.     As  he  says,  he  has  figured  and  described  the  leaves  for  a  new 

MON  XVII 5 


(^(3  THE  FLORA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUr. 

work  soon  to  be  published,  in  which  certainly  the  definite  determination  of 
these  plants  and  the  affinities  of  their  characters  will  be  satisfactorily  dis- 
cussed. 

Phyllites  betul^foltus  Lesq. 

Cret.  Fl.,  p.  112^  PI.  xxviii,  Figs.  4-7. 

Order  MYRICACE^. 

Myrica  aspeba,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  II,  Fig  11. 

Leaves  coriaceous,  linear-lanceolate,  slightly  falcate ;  narrow,  cuneiform 
and  entire  at  base,  crenulate-dentate  above ;  median  nerve  thick ;  second- 
aries strong,  curved  in  traversing  the  blade,  simple  or  forking  at  the  apex ; 
surface  rough. 

Two  specimens  represent  the  species.  The  best  preserved  and  largest 
leaf  figured  is  S.S*""  long,  and  2"='"  iDroad.  The  nervation  appears  mixed, 
camptodrome  and  craspedodi'ome. 

The  species  is  related  to  M.  thulensis  Heer',  two  small  fragments  of 
leaves  with  separate  seeds  doubtfully  referred  to  the  species  and  comparable 
also  to  M.  cretacea  Heer  from  Quedlinburg.  Its  more  marked  affinity  to 
living  plants  is  with  M.  cerifera  L.,  allied  ^  it  is  to  it  by  form  of  leaves  and 
nervation. 

Habitat:  Pipe  Creek,  Cloud  County,  Kansas.  No.  4094a  of  the  col- 
lection of  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe. 

Mybioa  Schimperi,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  II,  Fig.  12. 

Leaves  coriaceous,  entire,  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  gradually  narrowed 
to  a  short  petiole  and  slightly  de  current  at  base  ;  median  nerve  strong, 
percurrent ;  secondaries  thin,  camptodi'ome. 

The  leaf,  8™  long  with  its  petiole  less  than  l""  long,  is  17""  broad 
above  the  middle  and  has  a  surface  quite  smooth  and  with  the  thin  second- 
aries curved  upward,  of  varying  length,  all  opposite,  diverging  35°  to  40° 
from  the  median  nerve.  It  has  the  same  kind  of  nervation  as  M.  emarginata, 
described  below,  and  might  be  referred  to  this  species  but  for  the  obtuse 

^  pi.  Fobs.  Arot.,  vol,  3,  pt.  2,  p.  107,  PI.  xxxi,  Fig.  1. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  67 

apex  of  the  leaf.     The  secondaries  are  thin,  opposite,  and  at  the  same  rela- 
tive distance. 

Habitat:  Four  miles  southwest  of  Brookville,  Kansas.  No.  4195  of 
the  collection  of  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe. 

Myrica  emaeginata  Heer, 
PI.  XII,  Fig.  1. 

Heer,  Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  vol.  6,  2  Abth.,  p.  66,  PI.  xli,  Fig.  2  ;  PI.  XLVi,  Fig.  12e. 

Leaves  oblong,  quite  entire,  emarginate  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed 
to  the  base  ;  secondaries  thin,  camptodrome,  the  lower  pairs  only  opposite. 

This  leaf  has  the  same  characters  as  that  represented  by  Heer  (loc. 
cit.,  Fig.  2),  being  only  slightly  larger  and  better  preserved,  the  base  only 
being  destroyed.  It  is  6"""  long,  a  little  more  than  2""  broad  in  the  upper 
part,  and  with  seven  pairs  of  secondaries,  curved  in  passing  towards  the 
iDorders  at  ail  angle  of  divergence  of  40°.  The  texture  is  subcoriaceous. 
Its  close  relation  to  M.  Schimperi  has  been  remarked  above. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  672  of  the  museum  of  the 
University  of  Kansas ;  E.  P.  West,  collector. 

Mteica  longa  Hear. 
PI.  Ill,  Figs.  1-6. 

Proteoides  longus  Heer,  Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  vol.  3,  pt.  2,  p.  110,  PI.  xxxi.  Figs.  4,  5 ;  PI. 
XXIX,  Fig.  8b  ;  ibid.,  vol.  6,  2  Abth.,  p.  65,  PI.  XVili,  Fig.  9b ;  PI.  XXIX,  Figs.  15-17  ; 
PI.  XXXIII,  Fig.  10 ;  PI.  XXI,  Figs.  4b,  d. 

Leaves  coriaceoiis,  linear,  attenuated  to  the  base,  obtuse  at  the  apex, 
entire ;  secondaries  very  thin. 

The  characters  are  in  accordance  with  the  description  and  iigures  of 
Heer  as  above.  The  secondaries  are  obliquely  curved  in  passing  thi-ough 
the  blade  and  are  extremely  thin  and  difficult  to  perceive.  Fig.  3  agrees 
with  that  in  Fl.  Foss.  Ai-ct.,  vol.  3,  pt.  2,  PL  xxxi,  Fig.  4,  which  has  the 
leaves  linear,  of  the  same  width  and  somewhat  curved,  while  Fig.  1,  and 
more  especially  Fig.  2,  has  the  same  characters  as  that  in  Fl.  Foss.  Arct., 
vol.  6,  2  Abth.,  PI.  XXIX,  Fig.  15,  the  leaves  being  a  little  more  enlarged  in 
the  middle  and  naiTOwed  upward  and  downward  in  the  same  degree.  Fig. 
6  has  the  same  form  and  size  as  Heer's  Fig.  8b,  PI.  xxix  (loc.  cit). 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  Nos.  701,  711,  714,  and  718  of 
the  museum  of  the  University  of  Kansas.     Collected  by  E.  P.  West, 


68  THE  FLORA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GEOUP. 

Myrica  obliqua,  sp.  nov.i 
PL  XLIV,  Fig,  16. 

Leaf  svibcoi'iaceons,  smooth  on  the  surface,  entire,  small,  oblanceolate 
or  gradually  narrowed  from  the  obtuse  apex  and  decvirring  at  base  to  a 
short  petiole;  midiib  broad;  secondaries  very  oblique,  camptodrome. 

The  leaf  is  3.5°"  long,  11""^  broad  in  the  upper  part,  and  is  similar  to 
the  small  leaf  of  M.  Studeri  Heer,  figured  in  Fl.  Tert.  Helv.,  vol.  2,  PI.  lxx, 
Fig.  21,  as  well  in  form  and  size  as  in  nervation.  It  also  i-esembles  M. 
bilinica  Ett.  (Foss.  FL,  Bilin,  pt.  1,  p.  43,  PI.  xiv,  Fig.  3). 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  1144  of  the  collection  of 
Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe. 

Myrica  obtusa  Lesq. 
Oret.  FL,  p.  63,  PL  xxix,  Fig.  10. 

Myrica  dakotensis  Lpsq. 
Cret.  and  Tert.  FL,  p.  35,  PL  iv,  Fig.  9. 

Myrica  cretacea  Lesq. 
Hayden's  Ann.  Eept.,  1874,  p.  339,  PL  iii,  Fig.  4. 

Myrica  stebnbbrgii  Lesq. 
Oret.  and  Tert.  FL,  p.  35. 

Myrica?  semina  Lesq. 
Oret.  FL,  p.  63,  PL  xxvii,  Figs.  4,  4a. 

Order  JUGLANDE^. 

JuGLANS  ARCTiCA  Heer. 
PL  XIX,  Fig.  3 ;  PL  XXXIX,  Fig.  5. 

Heer,  Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  voL  6,  2  Abth.,  p.  71,  PL  xl.  Fig.  2 ;  PL  xli,  Fig.  4c ;  PL,  xlii, 
Figs.  1-3 ;  PL  XLXii,  Fig.  3. 

Leaves  thickish,  subcoriaceous,  with  rough  surface,  oblong-lanceolate, 
tapering  to  the  apex,  rounded  and  narrowed  to  the  short  petiole,  quite  entire, 

'This  species  was  named  "Myrica  proxima,  sp.  nov.,'.'  by  Prof.  Lesqnereus,  but  this  species  is 
preoccupied  by  the  Myrica  proxima  of  Ettingshausen  (Beitrag.  z.  Kennt.  d.  Foes.  Fl.  Neuseelands, 
Denkschr.  d.  math,  naturwissensch.  cl.  d.  k.  Akad.,  Wien,  vol.  52,  1887,  p.  159,  PI.  iv,  Fig.  14).  It 
therefore  becomes  necessary  to  change  it,  and  I  have  called  it  Myrica  obliqua. — F.  H.  K. 


DESCEIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  69 

Inequilateral ;  median  nei've  stont ;  secondaries  simple,  camptodrome,  curved 
in  passing  toward  the  borders,  which  they  follow  in  a  simple  series  of 
areoles  ;  nervilles  thick,  distant,  simple  or  forking,  and  anastomosing  in  the 
middle. 

The  leaves  are  about  11'^'°  long  and  3.5""  broad  below  the  middle.  The 
nervation  is  strongly  marked;  the  secondaries,  of  which  there  are  from  ten 
to  twelve  pairs,  curve  from  the  median  nerve  and  near  their  base  still  more 
strongly  than  toward  the  borders,  which  they  follow  in  a  series  of  long 
festoons. 

Comparing  this  leaf  to  those  in  Heer's  Fl.  Foss.  Ai-ct.,  vol.  6,  2  Abth., 
PL  XLii,  Figs.  1,2,  the  identity  appears  fully  established.  Two  of  the  leaves 
figured  by  Heer  (loc.  cit.,  PI.  xli.  Fig.  4c,  and  PI.  xlii,  Fig.  1),  are  inequi- 
lateral or  larger  on  one  side  than  on  the  other,  and  the  nervation,  especially 
in  Figs.  1  and  2  of  PI.  xlii,  is  of  the  same  character,  although  less  dis- 
tinctly marked  than  it  is  in  the  leaves  from  the  Dakota  Group.  Heer 
refers  to  this  species  a  large,  round  nut  (loc.  cit.,  xlii.  Fig.  3),  evidently  a 
Juglans. 

Habitat:  Ten  miles  northeast  of  Delphos,  Kansas.  No.  4104  of  the 
collection  of  Mr.  R.  D  Lacoe.  No.  859  of  the  museum  of  the  University 
of  Kansas. 

Juglans  cbassipes  Heer. 
PI.  XLIX,  Figs.  1-3. 

Heer,  Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  vol.  7,  p.  27,  PL  LXi,  Fig.  4 ;  PI.  Lxv,  Fig.  9. 

Leaves  large,  membranous,  elliptical-lanceolate,  quite  entire ;  midrib 
thick;  secondaries  distant,  very  thin  and  much  curved,  camptodrome. 

The  three  leaves  referred  to  the  species  of  Heer  agree  witli  the  descrip- 
tion and  the  figures  given  by  the  author  (loc.  cit.).  Figs.  1  and  3  of  our 
plate  agree,  especially  in  the  form  of  the  leaves  and  the  nervation,  with 
Heer's  Fig.  4,  PI.  lxi,  while  Fig.  2  has  the  midrib  and  petiole  quite  as  thick 
as  that  of  Heer's  Fig.  9,  PI.  lxv.  The  Dakota  Group  leaves,  especially  the 
two  first  mentioned,  agree  still  more  closely  with  the  figure  given  of  the 
species  in  Heer  (Fl.  Von  Moletein,  p.  23,  PI.  vi.  Fig.  3),  which  the  author 
compares  to  J.  acuminata  Al.  Br.,  of  the  Miocene.  They  still  more  closely 
resemble  those  of  J.  Ungeri  Heer  (Fl.  Tert.  Helv.,  vol.  3,  PI.  clv.  Fig.  18). 
being  larger  than  any  of  those  of  J.  acuminata.  The  secondaries  of  this 
species  are  thin,  especially  in  comparison  to  the  size  of  the  midrib. 


70  THE  FLOEA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GliOUP. 

.     Habitat:    Near    Fort    Harker,    Kansas.     Tlie    three    specimens   here 
figured  are  all  numbered  2748  in  the  U.  S.  National  Musevxm  Catalogue. 

JtTGLANDITES   PRIMORDIALIS,  Sp.  nOV. 

PI.  XXXV,  Fig.  15. 

Leaves  subcoriaceous,  entire,  oblong-lanceolate,  apparently  acute  (point 
broken),  rounded  in  nai'rowing  to  the  base,  inequilateral;  secondaries  thin 
l)ut  distinct,  nearly  at  right  angles  to  the  median  nerve,  parallel,  campto- 
drome,  cm-ving  at  a  distance  from  the  borders  and  joined  in  bows  by  anas- 
tomosing with  each  other  or  with  intermediate  tertiaries. 

This  leaf,  which  is  about  8*""  long,  is  curved  in  the  middle  and  is  broader 
on  one  side.  It  has  no  affinity  to  any  species  from  the  Cretaceous,  but  is 
related  to  leaves  from  the  Miocene,  being  especially  similar  to  those  of  Jug- 
Icms  duhia  Ludw.,  figured  in  Palaeontographica,  vol.  8,  p.  140,  PI.  lix.  Figs. 
1,  2,  and  to  those  of  some  varieties  of  J.  acuminata  Al.  Br. 

Habitat:  Pipe  Creek,  Cloud  County,  Kansas.  No.  4096b  of  the  col- 
lection of  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe. 

JUGLANDITES   ELLSWOKTHIANUS,  Sp.  DOV. 

PI.  XXXVII,  Fig.  1. 

Leaflets  large,  coriaceous,  oblong-lanceolate,  rounded  and  slightly 
unequal  at  base,  penninea'ved;  median  nerve  thick;  secondaries  oblique, 
simple,  arched  near  the  borders  and  following  them  in  simple  areoles;  ner- 
villes  at  right  angles,  anastomosing  with  the  thin  tertiaries,  intermediate 
and  parallel  to  the  secondaries. 

The  genus  Juglandites  of  Sternberg  has  been  emended  and  admitted 
by  Saporta  for  the  description  of  leaves  or  rather  leaflets  having  a  likeness 
to  those  of  Juglans  by  their  form,  the  unequal  base  of  the  leaves,  and  the 
nervation.  These  leaves,  says  the  author,  which  are  found  abundantly  at 
Sezanne,  generally  have  the  borders  slightly  denticulate.  The  leaflet 
described  above  and  those  of  the  following  species  have  all  the  characters 
of  Juglandites,  except  that  the  borders  are  perfectly  entire.  This  difierence 
does  not  eliminate  them  from  that  generic  division,  for  even  the  species 
described  by  Saporta  as  Juglandites  peramplus^  shows  a  leaflet  larger  but 
similar  in  form  and  nervation  to  om-  Fig.  1,  PI.  XXXVII,  and  is  represented 
with  entire,  somewhat  undulate  borders. 

The  specimen  from  Kansas  bears  the  impression  of  a  thick  pinnule 

'  Fl.  Foss.  Suzanne,  p.  418,  PI.  xiv,  Fig.  7. 


DESCRIPTION  OP  SPECIES.  71 

with  borders  entire,  slightly  undulate,  11""  long  from  the  base  to  near  the 
taper-pointed  apex  (destroyed),  and  5°"  broad  below  the  middle.  The 
secondaries  are  strong,  parallel,  equidistant,  diverging  from  the  median 
nerve  at  an  angle  of  50°,  nearly  straight  to  above  the  middle,  then  curving 
in  bows  which  follow  quite  near  the  borders,  anastomosing  in  simple  areoles. 
The  leaf  is  comparable  also  to  species  of  Apocynophyllum  and  of  Rhamnus, 
especially  B.  Eridani  of  the  Miocene  of  Europe,  which,  like  Juglans,  appears 
first  in  the  Cenomanian  and  becomes  abundantly  represented  in  the  Upper 
Cretaceous  and  Lower  Tertiary. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  Coimty,  Kansas.  No.  782  of  the  collection  of  the 
museum  of  the  University  of  Kansas;  E.  P.  West,  collector. 

JUGLANDITES   SINUATUS,  Sp.  nOV. 

PI.  XXXV,  Figs.  9-11. 

Leaflets  large,  ovate-lanceolate  or  lanceolate,  more  or  less  rapidly  nar- 
rowed in  rounding  to  the  base,  subfalcate,  entire ;  median  nerve  strong ; 
secondaries  close,  camptodrome;  nervilles  thin,  close,  simple  or  forking  at 
the  middle,  oblique  to  the  secondaries,  sparingly  branching. 

The  surface  of  these  leaves  is  distinctly  undulate,  the  lamina  becoming 
prominent  or  inflated  between  the  lateral  nerves.  These  emerging  from  the 
median  nerve  at  an  angle  of  50°  to  60°  run  straight  toward  the  borders, 
where  they  abruptly  curve  quite  near  the  margin,  being  mostly  simple,  but 
traversed  by  thin,  oblique  nervilles.  The  leaves  are  9""  to  12°"  long  or 
more,  none  being  preserved  entire.  As  seen  from  the  fragment  (Fig.  11)  the 
apex  is  obtuse,  but  this  fragment  has  the  secondaries  more  distant,  more 
distinctly  ramose,  and  although  the  nervilles  are  of  the  same  character  it 
may  represent  another  species.  Fig.  9  seems,  by  its  curve  to  one  side,  to  be 
a  lateral  leaflet  of  a  compound  leaf  I  have,  however,  from  Mexico,  speci- 
mens of  a  species  of  Rhamnus  as  yet  undetermined,  whose  leaves  are  very 
similar  in  character  to  those  described  above,  some  of  them  being  falcate,  as 
in  Fig.  9. 

Habitat:  Pipe  Creek,  Cloud  County,  Kansas.  No.  4086  of  the  col- 
lection of  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe. 

Jtiglandites  Laooei,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  XL VIII,  Fig.  5. 

Leaflets  small,  linear-oblong,  rounded  in  narrowing  to  the  base  or  short 
petiole,  obtuse  and  abruptly  short  acuminate;  borders  entire;  midrib  deep 
and  narrow  ;  secondaries  numerous,  curved,  camptodrome. 


72  THE  FLORA  OP  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

There  is  only  one  leaflet,  5"""  to  6°"  long,  2""'  broad  between  the  parallel 
borders,  with  thirteen  pairs  of  secondaries  joining-  the  midrib  at  a  broad 
angle  of  divergence  of  60°,  then  running  upward  and  following  the  borders 
in  simple  festoons,  parallel  and  equidistant. 

Habitat:  Kansas. 

Order  PLATANACEiE. 

Platanus  peim^va  Lesq. 
PI.  VIII,  Figs.  7-8b ;  PI.  X,  Fig.  1. 

Cret.  Fl.,  p.  69,  PI.  vii.  Fig.  2;  PL  xxvi,  Fig.  2. 

Leaves  large,  palmately  trilobate,  broadly  rhomboidal  in  outline, 
deeply,  distantly  dentate  ;  lateral  lobes  simple,  short;  nervation  platanoidal, 
tripalmate  ;  lateral  primaries  suprabasilar. 

This  species  is  now  represented  by  a  large  number  of  specimens. 
Among  others  a  very  large  one  is  covered  with  fragments  of  four  leaves, 
one  of  which  is  represented  on  PI.  X,  Fig.  1,  and  another,  on  PI.  VIII,  Figs. 
8-8b,  smaller,  but  nearly  entirely  preserved  with  its  petiole  and  a  raceme 
of  flowers,  which  I  consider  as  referable  to  this  species.  In  all  the  leaves 
examined,  one  of  which,  the  largest,  is  IT"""  long  and  more  than  20"'"  between 
the  extremities  of  the  lobes,  the  lobes  are  more  or  less  distinct,  in  none,  how- 
ever, less  tlian  in  PI.  VIII,  Fig.  7,  and  always  distinctly,  distantly  dentate. 
In  tliis  last  specimen  the  lobes  and  the  teeth  appear  blunt ;  but  the  border 
of  the  leaf  is  somewhat  eroded  on  account  of  the  softness  of  the  sandstone  and 
probably  the  teeth  are  rendered  obtuse  by  obliteration.  The  base  of  the 
leaves  is  also  generally  more  prolonged  downward,  descending  far  below 
the  primary  lateral  nerves,  or  lower  than  observed  formerly  in  the  speci- 
mens figured  in  my  Cretaceous  Flora.  But  this  character  is  of  no  impor- 
tance, as  the  same  difi'erences  are  commonly  remarked  on  the  leaves  of  the 
living  P.  occidentalis  L.,  to  which  the  fossil  ones  are  remarkably  similar  in 
form  and  size.  Indeed,  comparing  the  leaves  of  P.  primceva  of  the  Dakota 
Group  with  those  of  P.  Haydenii  of  the  Laramie,  those  of  P.  GuiUelnm  of 
the  Miocene,  those  of  P.  appendiculata  of  the  auriferous  gravel  deposits  of 
the  old  Pliocene  of  California,  and  those  of  the  living  P.  occidentalis,  one 
sees  the  original  type  so  clearly  and  distinctly  preserved  that,  overlooldng 
the  great  differences  of  age,  it  would  be  difficult  to  separate  these  leaves 
into  ditferent  species. 


DESCEIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  73 

The  flowei"  heads  are  small,  deeply  embedded  in  the  stone,  the  diame- 
ter of  those  exposed  at  the  sui-face  being  only  6°""  to  7°"°,  the  rays  short, 
the  nucleus  3°""  to  4"". 

Habitat:  From  ten  miles  northeast  of  Delphos,  Kansas.  Locally 
found  in  abundance.  The  best  specimens  are  Nos.  4001  and  4002  of  the 
collection  of  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe. 

Plat  ANUS  peim^vi  Lesq,  var.  geandidentata. 
PI.  IX,  Figs.  1,  2. 

Leaves  coriaceous,  palmately  trilobate,  broadly  cuneate  and  entire  at 
base,  deeply,  sharply  dentate  on  the  border;  nervation  trifid;  lateral  pri- 
maries suprabasilar,  parallel  to  the  secondaries,  branching;  secondaries  rigid, 
mostly  simple,  passing  straight  to  the  point  of  the  teeth. 

The  leaf  (Fig.  1),  like  those  of  the  following  variety,  is  of  medium  size. 
The  lateral  lobes  are  prolonged  outside  at  the  same  degree  of  divergence  as 
the  secondaries,  35°  to  40°,  and  are  lanceolate,  acuminate,  sharply  dentate 
on  both  sides.  The  nervilles  at  right  angles  to  the  nerves  are  strong,  flexuous, 
parallel,  entire  or  forking,  platanoidal  in  their  divisions. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  Nos.  744  and  869  of  the  collec- 
tion of  the  museum  of  the  University  of  Kansas.    Collected  by  E.  P.  West. 

Platanus  peimjeva  Lesq.  var.  subintegeifolia. 
PI.  IX,  Figs.  3,  4. 

Leaves  coriaceous,  round,  oval  or  oblong,  obtuse,  short  petioled,  den- 
tate all  around  except  at  the  subcordate  base ;  primary  nerve  thick ;  secon- 
daries oblique,  parallel,  ramose ;  nervilles  very  strong ;  areolation  of  P/atoMMS 
primceva. 

The  leaves  of  this  variety  are  not  lobate  but  merely  dentate  all  around, 
except  at  the  base ;  the  teeth  are  short,  turned  outside,  and  are  entered  by 
the  ends  of  the  secondaries  and  of  their  divisions  and  separated  by  flat  or 
shallow  sinuses.  The  secondaries  are  much  branched  outside,  the  tertiary 
divisions  generally  forking  again  near  the  border.  The  leaf  (Fig.  4)  is 
smaller,  oblong,  apparently  obtuse,  the  apex  being  destroyed.  The  secon- 
daries are  less  ramose,  the  lowest  pair  only  being  divided  on  the  lower  side 
in  paralled  curved  tertiaries,  the  others  merely  forking  near  the  borders. 
The  characters  of  these  tAvo  leaves,  though  their  size  and  form  differ,  are 
the  same. 


74  THE  FLOKA  OP  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  Nos.  763  and  764  of  the  collec- 
tion of  the  museum  of  the  University  of  Kansas;  E.  P.  West,  collector. 

Platanus  prim^va  Lesq.  var.  integeifolia. 
PI,  XLIX,  Fig.  4. 

The  leaf  is  very  small,  the  borders  quite  entire  and  the  secondaries  are 
of  -the  same  character  as  those  of  P.  piimceva  Lesq. 

It  seems  to  be  merely  a  young,  not  entirely  developed,  leaf  of  the  same 
species. 

Habitat:  Near  Fort  Harker,  Kansas.  No.  2730  of  the  U.  S.  National 
i\Iuseum. 

Platanus  obtusiloba  Lesq. 
PI.  X,  Fig.  2. 

Cret.  PL,  p.  69,  PI.  vii.  Pigs.  3,  4. 

Leaves  small,  palmately,  iiTegularly  trilobate;  lobes  short,  obtuse; 
borders  imdulate ;  primary  iierves  tlu-ee  to  five,  palmate  from  above  the  basal 
border  of  the  long-  petiole. 

The  leaf  figured  here  agrees  on  the  whole  with  the  above  short  diag- 
nosis of  the  species  and  is  surely  correctly  refen-ed  to  it.  It  differs  merely 
in  the  apparent  texture  of  the  leaf,  which,  although  polished  on  the  surface, 
seems  rather  membranous  and  not  very  thick.  The  lateral  primary  nerves 
are  not  opposite,  a  difference  winch  is  not  of  specific  value,  as  in  both 
figures  of  the  species  (loc.  cit,  PI.  vii.  Figs.  3,  4)  one  of  the  leaves  is  nor- 
mally nerved,  while  the  other  has  four  primary  nerves  diverging  from  the 
same  point  and  one  of  a  lower  degree  placed  far  below,  nearly  as  strong  as 
the  primary  ones.  The  borders  are  also  less  undulate  and  the  secondaries 
are  rather  camptodrome  than  craspedodrome,  some  of  them  forking  quite 
near  the  borders,  the  di^asions  passing  upward  and  running  onto  the  borders 
or  along  them. 

The  species  is  very  rare  and  distinctly  characterized.  It  has  not  before 
been  found  in  Kansas. 

Habitat :  Near  Carneiro,  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  54  of  the 
collection  of  the  University  of  Kansas.     Collected  by  E.  P.  West. 

Platanus  Newberriana  Heer. 

Phyll.  Cr6t.  du  N6br.,  p.  16,  PI.  ix.  Fig.  3;  Lesquereux,  Cret.  Fl.,  p.  72,  PI.  viii.  Pigs. 

2,  3;  PI.  IX,  Fig.  3. 


DBSOEIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  75 

Platanus  Heerii  Lesq. 

Gret.  and  Tert.  Fl.,  p.  44,  PL  iii,  Fig.  1 ;  PI.  vir,.  Fig.  5 ;  Cret.  Fl.,  p.  70,  PI.  viii,  Fig. 

4;  PI.  IS,  Figs.  1,  2. 

Platanus  diminutiva  Lesq. 
Cret.  Fl.,  p.  73,  PI.  vm,  Fig.  5. 

Platanus  cissoides,  sp.  nov.' 
PI.  LXI,  Fig.  3. 

Leaf  of  medium  size,  subcoriaceous,  ovate,  five  lobate,  rounded  to  the 
base  in  narrowing  to  the  petiole,  blunt-pointed  at  apex ;  primary  nerves, 
three,  the  lateral  joined  to  the  midrib  far  above  the  base  of  the  leaf, 
obliquely  diverging  and  passing  up  to  the  point  of  the  lobes ;  secondaries, 
two  pairs,  distant  from  the  primaries,  passing  wp  to  the  borders  under  the 
same  angle  of  divergence  and  parallel;  tertiaries  at  right  angles  to  the 
midrib  or  oblique  as  branches  of  the  secondaries ;  areolation  obsolete. 

The  leaf  is  somewhat  like  that  of  Platanus,  though  its  appearance  is 
different,  especially  in  its  having  few  entire  lobes.  The  angle  of  divergence 
of  the  lateral  primaries  is  40°,  and  as  they  curve  upward  the  lobes  are  in 
the  upper  part  of  the  leaves  as  well  as  the  few  secondaries,  of  which  there 
are  only  two  pairs,  and  the  leaf  is  more  like  that  of  a  Cissus.  It  is,  how- 
ever, forcibly  referable  to  Platanus,  being  closely  allied  to  P.  Heerii  Lesq., 
as  figured  in  Cret.  FL,  p.  70,  PI.  ix,  Fig.  2,  from  which  it  differs  essentially 
by  the  blunt-pointed  lobes,  the  few  secondaries,  and  the  narrow  form  of  the 
leaf. 

Habitat:  Near  Fort  Harker,  Kansas.  No.  2736  of  the  U.  S.  National 
Museum. 

LIQUIDAMB4.R   INTEGRIPOLIUM   Lesq. 

Cret.  Fl.,  p.  5G,  PI.  ii.  Figs.  1,  3;  PI.  yxiv,  Fig.  2.    Cret.  and  Tert.  FL,  p.  45,  PL  xiv, 

Fig.  3. 

'Thi&  species  was  describeil  and  figured  in  tlie  manuscript  undir  the  name  of  Phijlliti'S  cissoides, 
but  in  a  list  of  Dakota  Group  plants  purchased  for  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  and  sent  by  Prof. 
Lesqnereux  only  a  few  weeks  before  his  death,  this  type  specimen  is  labeled  Platanus  cissoides.  He  has 
pointed  out  in  the  description  that  it  is  like  Platanus  and  closely  allied  to  P.  Heerii  Lesq.,  and  it  seems 
more  than  probable  that  he  iutended  to  change  it  to  this  genus  and  neglected  actually  to  do  so.  I 
have  therefore  ventured  to  transfer  it  from  its  somewhat  unmeaning  position  under  Phyllites  to  the 
more  definite  position  under  Platanus.— F,  H.  K. 


76  THE  FLORA  OP  THE  DAKOTA  GEOUP. 

Order  URTICACEJE. 

Tribe    ARTOCARPEyE. 

Subtribe  FICB^. 

FiCUS  MACROPHTLLA,  Sp.  IIOV. 
PL  XI,  Fig.  1. 

Leaf  very  large  and  entire,  coriaceous,  polished  on  the  surface,  oblong- 
lanceolate,  moderately  curved  in  narrowing  to  the  petiole,  apparently  obtuse 
(base  and  apex  destroyed),  penniuerved;  median  nerve  very  thick;  second- 
aries numerous,  alternate,  nearly  at  right  angles,  undulate,  forking  in  the 
middle  or  above,  ciu-ving  and  anastomosing  at  a  distance  from  the  borders 
in  double  or  repeated  bows,  separated  by  tertiary,  thinner  nerves,  the  areas 
being  covered  by  large,  square  areoles  formed  by  nervilles  at  right  angles 
to  the  nerves. 

Though  lacerated  the  leaf  shows  its  size  to  be  at  least  30*"°  in  length, 
10""  in  width  below  the  middle.  The  nervation  as  well  as  the  large  areoles 
formed  by  the  nervilles  in  joining  the  intermediate  tertiary  nerves  at  right 
angles  are  deep  and  quite  distinct.  By  its  nervation,  at  least,  the  leaf  is 
comparable  to  that  of  F.  rectinervis  Ett.,^  which,  however,  is  of  a  different 
form.  But  it  is  has  a  greater  degree  of  affinity  to  a  living  as  yet  undeter- 
mined species,  of  which  Prof  von  Ettingshausen  has  reproduced  the 
impression  of  a  leaf,^  remarking  that  the  plant  is  cultivated  in  the  garden 
of  Schoenbruun,  Vienna.  The  essential  characters  of  both  the  fossil  and 
the  living  leaves  ere  the  same,  except  that  the  fossil  leaf  is  somewhat  larger. 

Habitat :  Near  Fort  Harker,  Kansas.  No.  60  of  the  Museum  of  Com- 
parative Zoology  of  Cambridge,  Massachusetts. 

Ficus  GLAscoENA  Lesq. 
PL  XIII,  Figs.  1,  2. 

Cret.  aud  Tert.  FL,  p.  48. 

Leaves  large,  thick,  coriaceoixs,  polished  on  the  surface,  oblong-lanceo- 
late, obtusely  pointed,  narrowed  in  a  curve  and  declining  to  the  petiole ; 
median  nerve  very  broad,  secondaries  thin,  at  a  broad  angle  of  divergence, 

•  Foas.  Fl.  Sagor,  pt.  1,  PI.  vili,  Fig.  17. 
2F0SS.  Fl.  Bilin,pt.  I,  PI.  xix,  Fig.  4. 


DESOEIPTIOF  OF  SPECIES.  77 

scarcely  curved  iii  passing  to  the  borders,  joining  by  aljrupt  curves,  or 
without  curving  to  it,  a  somewhat  thick,  marginal  nerve. 

The  species  is  represented  by  many  fragments  of  leaves,  one  of  them 
20""°  long,  7.5"""  broad  below  the  middle.  The  nervation  is  of  the  type  of 
F.  muUinervis  Heer,  or  F.  parasitica  Schott,  this  last  figured  by  self-impres- 
sion in  Foss.  Fl.  Bilin,  pt.  1,  PL  xxiii.  Fig.  1.  Compared  to  fossil  species  of  the 
Cretaceous  of  Greenland,  it  is  like  F.  jrrotogcea^,  or  F.  atav'ma  Heerl  From 
this  last  species  it  differs  essentially  by  the  large  size  of  the  very  thick 
leaves,  is  more  rapidly  narrowed  to  the  base  and  the  lateral  nerves,  some- 
times forking  above  the  middle,  abruptly  anastomosing  with  a  thick,  margi- 
nal nerve,  which  follows  close  to  the  borders,  even  apparently  forming  the 
borders  and  thus  generally  obsolete;  for  often  this  nerve  appears  as  the 
impression  of  the  narrowly  recurved  margin.  In  the  living  species  of  Ficus 
of  this  type,  this  marginal  nerve  is  often  scarcely  perceivable,  and  thus  is 
very  rarely  observed  in  the  fossil  leaves.  The  angle  of  divergence  of  the 
nerves  is  about  60°. 

Habitat:  Two  and  one-half  miles  south  of  Grlascoe,  Kansas.  Nos.  478 
and  532a  of  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology  of  Cambridge,  Massa- 
chusetts. 

Pious  peoteoedbs,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  XII,  Fig.  2. 

Leaves  very  long,  coriaceous,  entire,  lanceolate,  broadest  in  the  lower 
part,  gradually  narrowed  upward  and  gradually  tapering  to  an  obtuse  apex, 
more  rapidly  naiTOwed  toward  the  petiole;  primary  nerve  strong,  secon- 
daries alternate,  very  thin,  partly  obsolete,  curved  in  passing  toward  the 
borders,  camptodi'ome. 

The  leaf,  by  its  form  at  least,  is  much  like  those  of  Ficus  elongata 
Hosius.^  It  is,  however,  longer,  especially  differing  by  the  much  thinner 
secondaries  being  far  more  curved,  and  by  a  petiole  only  half  as  long. 
The  leaf  is  nearly  22""  long,  3™  broad  at  its  broadest  part  6<""  above  the 
base,  and  with  a  petiole  2"'"  long.  The  thin  secondaries  are  a  little  more 
open  than  in  F.  Berflioudi  Lesq.,  more  curved  in  traversing  the  blade  and 
shorter,  or  not  ascending  high  along  the  border.  It  diilers  also  from 
it  by  being  enlarged  nearer  to  the  base,  its  borders  rounding  somewhat  in 

'  Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  vol.  3,  pt.  2,  p.  108,  PI.  xxx,  Figs.  1-8. 
^IjOc.  cit.,  vol.  6,  2  Abth.,  p.  69,  Pis.  xi,  xvii,  xx,  etc. 
'Dicotyl.  der  westf.  Kreideform.,  p.  98,  PI.  xiv,  Fig.  15. 


78  THE  FLORA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

reaching  the  petiole,  which  are  not  decnrrent  to  it,  and  liy  the  obtuse  apex. 
Everything  considered  the  leaf  is  much  like  Proteoides  daphnogenoides  Heer, 
as  figured  in  my  Cret.  FL,  PI.  xv,  Fig.  1.  The  leaves  of  this  species  are 
merely  smaller,  the  median  nerve  much  thinner  and  the  secondaries  totally 
obsolete.  The  species  has  also  a  marked  degree  of  relation  to  Ficus  Fal- 
conieri  Heer,-'  from  the  Miocene  of  England. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No  853  of  the  museum  of  the 
University  of  Kansas;  E.  P.  West,  collector. 

Picus  Berthotjdi,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  XII,  Fig.  3. 

Leaves  long,  lanceolate,  tapering  upward  from  the  middle  to  an  acute 
point,  gradually  narrowed  to  the  base;  primary  nerve  thick  in  its  lowest 
part,  becoming'  narrow  above  the  middle  ;  secondaries  very  oblique,  distinct, 
alternate,  parallel,  curved  in  traversing'  the  blade,  following  the  borders  in 
long  bows. 

The  leaf  is  18™  long,  4"""  broad  in  the  middle,  not  of  very  thick  sub- 
stance, being  subcoriaceous.  The  primary  nerve  is  nmch  enlarged  from  the 
middle  to  near  the  base;  the  lower  secondaries  are  more  oblique,  35°  of 
divergence,  slightly  inclined  downward  in  reaching  the  midrib,  and  follow 
the  borders  in  long  curves,  while  the  upper  ones,  a  little  more  open,  40° 
of  divergence,  cm-ve  and  anastomose  along  the  borders  in  simple,  osculat- 
ing bows;  the  nervilles  are  very  thin  at  right  angles  to  the  secondaries,  and 
mostly  simple. 

In  form  and  type  of  nervation  the  leaf  is  related,  like  the  preceding 
one,  to  Fleas  elonf/afa  Hosius  (loc.  cit),  from  Avhich  it  essentially  differs  in 
being  largest  in  the  middle  and  gradually  narrowed  upward  and  downward 
in  the  same  degree,  the  leaves  of  F.  elongata  being  broadest  above  the  base 
and  rounded  in  naiTowing '  to  the  petiole,  which  they  reach  in  a  curve  and 
not  decurrently ;  also  by  the  secondaries  being  more  approximate  in  the 
upper  part  of  the  leaf,  the  lower  more  oblique,  cur-^ang  higher  along  the 
borders ;  and  finally,  by  the  thinner  substance  of  the  leaves. 

This  peculiar  section  of  Ficus  is  represented  in  the  Senonian  Flora  of 
Westphalia  by  at  least  six  species,  and  by  two  others  in  that  of  the  Cenoma- 
nian  of  Moletein,  one  of  which,  F.  Mohliana  Heer,  is  also  closely  related  to 
F.  Desori  Heer.     It  is  therefore  not  surprising  to  find  in  the  Dakota  Group  a 


iFl.  of  Bovey-Tracy,  Phil.  Traus.,  vol.  152,  pt.  2,  p.  1060,  PI.  LXiii,  Fig.  la;  PI.  LXiv,  Figs.  6,  7;  PI, 

Lxvi,  Fig.  4. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  79 

number  of  leaves  I'eferable  to  the  same  tyjje  wliich  remains  predomiuaut  in 
the  Tertiary. 

Bemark. — Ficus  BertJioudi  is  not  always  enlarged  in  the  middle  but  has 
its  leaves  sometimes  linear.  In  No.  463a  of  Sternberg-'s  collection  the  leaf 
is  narrowed  to  the  petiole  which  is  curved  and  of  the  same  size  as  F.  pro- 
teoides  (PI.  XII,  Fig.  2),  except  that  the  leaf  is  linear  above  tlie  basal  part, 
being  S"""  in  diameter  in  the  middle,  and  2.5''"  in  the  upper  and  lower  parts. 
The  direction  of  the  secondaries  is  the  same  as  in  Fig.  3,  but  they  diverge 
in  the  lower  part,  being  more  open  in  the  upper. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  856  of  the  museum  of  the 
University  of  Kansas.     Collected  by  E.  P.  West. 

Ficus  crassipes  Heer. 
PI.  XIII,  Fig.  3. 

Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  vol.  6,  2  Abth .,  p.  70,  PI.  xvii.  Fig.  9a;  PI.  xxiv,  Figs.  1,  2 ;  PI.  xLii, 
Fig.  2c  :  PI.  xmi.  Figs.  4-6;  PI.  xlvi.  Fig.  ]5. 

Leaves  coriaceous,  broadly  linear-lanceolate,  tapering  and  decurrent 
to  the  base,  quite  entire  ;  median  nerve  thick ;  secondaries  obsolete  ;  petiole 
long  and  thick. 

This  species,  represented  by  Heer  (loc.  cit.)  by  many  leaves,  which  are 
more  or  less  well  preserved  but  none  entirely  so,  is  easily  recognized  by 
the  basilar  form  of  its  leaves,  which  are  gradually  narrowed  and  narrowly 
decurrent  to  a  thick,  median  nerve,  thus  foiTuing-  a  thick  or  broad- winged 
petiole.  As  yet  I  have  seen  only  the  specimen  figured,  showing  a  little 
more  than  half  a  leaf,  its  lower  part,  of  which  the  secondary  nervation  is 
totally  obsolete.  The  nervation  and  areolation  as  figured  by  Heer  (loc.  cit., 
PI.  XLVI,  Fig.  15),  is  in  thin,  iii-egular  areoles,  like  those  of  F.  atavlna  Heer, 
to  which  this  species  has  great  affinity,  as  well  as  by  the  form  and  size  of 
its  leaves. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  100a  of  the  collection  of 
the  museum  of  the  University  of  Kansas ;  A.  "Wellington,  collector. 

Ficus  magnoli^folia  Lesq. 
PI.  XVI,  Fig.  4. 

Cret.  and  Tert.  FL,  p.  47,  PI.  xvii,  Figs.  5,  6. 

The  leaf  is  of  the  same  character,  only  slightly  smaller,  as  the  type 
specimens  whicli  were  collected  in  Colorado  at  the  base  of  the  Rocky 


80  THE  FLORA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

Moiiutains,  where  the  older  strata  covering  the  primary  rocks  are  nearly 
vei'tically  upheaved  and  their  edges  locally  exposed  to  view.  From  west- 
ern Kansas  the  Dakota  Group  is  covered  by  Upper  Cretaceous  and  Tertiary 
strata ;  its  continuity  is  thus  proved  by  the  identity  of  the  plants  found 
both  in  Colorado  and  Kansas. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  815  of  the  collection  of  the 
museum  of  the  University  of  Kansas. 

Ficus  BECKwrrmi  Lesq. 

Oret.  and  Tert.  Fl.,  p.  46,  PI.  xvi.  Fig.  5;  PI.  xvii,  Figs.  3,  4. 

FicuS  Halliana  Lesq. 

Oret.  FL,  p.  68,  PI.  xxviil,  Figs.  3-9. 

Ficus  primordialis  Heer. 
Phyll.  Gv6t.  du  N6br.,  p.  16,  PI.  iii,  Fig.  1 ;  Lesquereux,  Cret.  and  Tert.  Fl.,  p.  45. 

Ficus  ?  angustata  Lesq. 
Cret.  and  Tert.  FL,  p.  47. 

FlOUS  DEFLEXA,  Sp.  nOV. 

PL  III,  Fig.  13 ;  PL  XVI,  Fig.  3. 

Leaves  small,  very  thick,  coriaceous,  entire,  broadly  oval,  rounded  at 
the  petiole  and  abruptly  declined  to  it ;  pointed  at  apex  ;  primary  nerves 
stout ;  secondaries  thick,  camptodi'ome ;  petiole  gradually  thickened  to  its 
base. 

The  leaves  are  small,  about  4"°'  long,  3""  broad,  with  three  to  four 
pairs  of  strong,  parallel,  opposite  secondaries  and  a  thin  basilar  one,  all 
much  ctirved  in  passing  to  the  borders  and  along  them,  following  them  in 
areoles ;  nervilles  thick,  at  right  angles  to  the  nerves  and  generally  forking 
at  the  middle. 

I  do  not  know  of  any  fossil  species  to  which  these  leaves  are  strictly 
comparable.  But  they  are  quite  similar  to  those  of  F.  hengalica  (F.  benf/a- 
lensis  Llj  of  which  a  leaf  is  reproduced  by  impression  in  Ettingshausen's 
Flora  of  Bilin,  PI.  xxvi,  Fig.  1.  There  is  a  difference  only  in  the  position 
of  the  lowest  pair  of  primaries,  which  in  the  living  species  are  derived  from 
the  top  of  the  petiole  with  the  lower  pair  of  secondaries  at  a  great  distance 
above,  while  in  the  fossil  leaves  the  lowest  pair  of  primaries  are  supra-bas- 
ilar  and  parallel  to  the  secondaries.     Although  this  difference  is  marked, 


DESCRIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  81 

the  type  of  nervation  is  the  same  for  these  leaves,  beinff  that  of  the  pal- 
mately  trinerved  section  of  the  genus.  The  petiole  is  18°""  long,  thick  and 
much  enlarged  at  the  base. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  Nos.  812  and  821  of  the  collec- 
tion of  the  museum  of  the  University  of  Kansas.     Collected  by  E.  P.  West. 

Ficus  PR^ouKSOK,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  XLIX,  Fig.  5. 

Leaves  of  medium  size,  long-petioled,  enlarged  at  the  middle,  con- 
stricted and  taper-pointed  above,  narrowed  to  the  base,  entire;  midrib 
strong,  preciu-rent;  secondaries  numerous,  parallel,  curved,  camptodrome; 
nervilles  distant,  simple  or  rarely  branching  at  the  middle. 

There  are  two  leaves  of  this  species.  The  one  figured  is  7*""  long  with 
a  petiole  preserved  which  is  I'""  long,  3.5™  broad  at  the  enlarged  part  (the 
middle),  and  has  nine  or  ten  pairs  of  secondaries  at  an  angle  of  divergence 
of  40°.  The  other  leaf  is  smaller  but  of  the  same  form ;  its  pedicel  is 
broader  than  the  midrib,  evidently  long  but  also  broken  1"'"  below  the  base 
of  the  leaf 

The  leaves  resemble  those  of  F.  pulcherrima  Sap.  (Etudes,  vol.  1,  p. 
86,  PL  VII,  Fig.  2),  being  less  inequilateral  at  the  base,  more  abruptly  con- 
stricted below  the  less  sharply  pointed  acumen.  Saporta  compares  his  plant 
to  some  species  of  tropical  Asia,  especially  F.  tenax  of  Timor. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  Specimen  No.  223  of  the  col- 
lection of  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe. 

Ficus  Kbatjsiana  Heer.  • 
PI.  L,  Fig.  5. 

Leaves  large,  subcoriaceous,  entire,  lanceolate,  gradually  attenuate 
upward  from  below  the  middle  in  passing  to  a  blunt  apex  (destroyed)  and 
downward  to  a  thin,  short  petiole;  midrib  compai-atively  narrow ;  secon- 
daries thin,  oblique,  running  straight  from  the  midrib  to  near  the  borders, 
where  they  abruptly  curve,  following  them  in  long,  flat  bows. 

The  species  is  closely  allied  by  some  characters  to  F.  Berthoudi,  but 
more  distinctly  by  others  to  F.  Krausiana  Heer  (Flora  von  Moletein,  p.  15, 
PI.  V,  Figs.  3-6).  From  F.  Berthoudi  it  differs  in  the  thick,  coriaceous  leaves, 
apparently  blunt  at  apex;  the  secondaiies  straight  from  the  base  to  near  the 
borders,  separated  by  a  simple  intermediate  tertiary.     From  F.  Krausiana 

MON  XVII 6 


g2  THE  FLORA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GEOUP. 

as  fio-ured  in  the  Flora  of  ]\Ioleteiu  it  merely  differs  by  the  large  size  of  the 
leaves  and  the  narrow  midrib,  a  difference  not  important  enough  to  author- 
ize the  separation  as  a  new  species. 

The  leaves  vary  from  12""  to  22"'"  in  length,  and  from  3""  to  4.5"™  in 
breadth,  the  petiole  being  2.5"'"  long;  the  secondaries,  though  deeply  cut 
into  the'  epidermis,  are  very  thin,  parallel  from  the  base  of  the  leaves, 
diverging  at  an  angle  of  50°. 

Habitat :  Near  Fort  Harker,  Kansas.  No.  270,6  of  the  collection  of  the 
U.  S.  National  Museum. 

PiCUS   IN^QUALIS,  Sp.  UOV. 

PI.  XLIX,  Figs.  6-8;  PI.  L,  Fig,  3. 

Leaves  of  the  same  type'  as  those  of  F.  prcecursor  and  F.  pidcherrima, 
being  very  unequal-sided,  ovate-lanceolate,  gradually  acuminate,  narrowed 
to  a  thick,  short  petiole.  Midrib  thin  toward  the  apex,  gradually  broad 
toward  the  base;  secondaries  at  short  distances,  parallel,  equidistant,  camp- 
todrome. 

This  species  differs  from  F.  pracwrsor  in  the  leaves  being  more  sharply 
acuminate,  the  sides  very  unequal,  and  the  petiole  short  and  thick;  the 
secondaries  are  parallel,  equidistant;  their  angle  of  divergence  is  the  same, 
but  they  do  not  ascend  high  along  the  borders,  which  they  follow  in  close, 
simple  festoons.  The  nervation  is  comparable  to  that  of  F.  Ji/nx  Ung.  (Fl. 
von  Sotzka,  PI.  xii,  Fig.  3).  The  fcextm-e  is  as  in  F.prcRCursor.  The  secon- 
daries, curved  and  camptodrome,  do  not  ascend  as  high  along  the  borders, 
which  they  follow  in  simple  areoles. 

The  leaf  (PI.  L,  Fig.  3)  is  large,  less  unequal-sided,  and  has  a  straight, 
sharply  pointed  acumen.     It  has  some  likeness  to  the  leaves  of  F.  mac/no- 

licefolia. 

Habitat:  Near  Fort  Harker,  Kansas.     No.  2770  of  the  U.  S.  National 

Museum  collection. 

Ficus  Sternbeegii,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  L,  Fig.  1. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  sharply  acuminate,  entire,  triple  nerved;  incurved, 
lowest  secondaries  very  long,  the  others  shorter,  arcuate. 

This  leaf  is  similar  to  that  of  F.  Aglajce,  described  by  Unger  in  his 
Flora  of  Kumi  iu  Euboea,  p.  29,  PI.  iv.  Figs.  34-36.  This  is,  however, 
deprived  of  the  petiole,  and  though  this  is  the  only  apparent  difference,  it 


DESCRIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  83 

can  not  be  identified  with  that  of  the  Miocene  of  Euboea.  The  nervation 
is  so  peciiHar  that  the  similarity  is  the  more  remarkable.  The  leaf  does 
not  appear  very  thick  or  coriaceous,  but  is  solid  and  the  surface  has  no  trace 
of  nervilles. 

Habitat:  Near  Fort  Harker,  Kansas.  No.  2809  of  the  U.  S.  National 
Museum  collection. 

PiCUS  MELANOPHYLLA,  Sp.  DOV. 

PI.  L,  Fig.  2, 

Leaves  coriaceous,  oblong,  abraptly  rounded  at  base  in  passing 
obliquely  towards  the  petiole  and  cm-ving  down  in  reaching  it,  obtuse  at 
apex  (broken),  entire;  secondaries  numerous,  parallel,  oblique,  generally 
separated  by  parallel  tertiaries  cui-ving  and  joined  in  bows  at  a  distance 
from  the  borders,  a  camptodrome  and  dictyodrome  nervation. 

This  finely  preserved  leaf  is  about  5""  long,  3.5"™  broad  above  its  base, 
and  has  a  slender  petiole  1.5"™  long,  which  is  enlarged  at  its  j)oint  of  attach- 
ment. I  do  not  find  any  leaf  to  which  its  form  is  comparable;  but  its  well 
defined  nervation  and  areolation  are  those  of  many  speci  es  of  Ficus  living 
in  our  time.  F.  nitida  Thunb.,  F.  americana  Dubl.,  F.  lentiginosa  Vahl  of 
Cuba,  etc.,  are  examples. 

Habitat:  Kansas. 

Ficrrs  MxjDGEi,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  XII,  Fig.  4. 

Leaves  small,  coriaceous,  elliptical,  obtuse  at  apex  and  at  the  base  in 
joining  the  strong  petiole,  entire ;  nervation  penninerved-camptodi-ome. 

A  small  leaf,  5""  long,  3.5™  broad  at  the  middle,  the  borders  curving 
at  base  to  a  strong,  woody  petiole  2*""  long.  The  primary  nerve  is  thin, 
enlarging  only  near  the  base.  The  secondaries  consist  of  six  pairs,  which 
are  alternate,  at  an  angle  of  divergence  of  45°,  all  equidistant,  parallel,  thin, 
curved  near  the  borders,  anastomosing  in  simple  bows.  The  nervilles  are 
thin,  at  right  angles  to  the  secondaries,  traversed  by  very  thin  tertiaries  or 
anastomosing  at  right  angles. 

The  leaf  has  the  appearance  of  a  Rhamnus,  and  is  comparable  in  form 
and  size  to  B.  Aizoon  Ung.  (Flora  von  Sotzka,  p.  49,  PI.  xxxi,  Fig.  7).  It 
difi"ers,  however,  in  the  mode  of  attachment  by  a  basilar  cui-ve  to  a  strong 
petiole  and  also  in  the  position  of  the  lower  secondaries,  which  are  opposite 
and  quite  near  the  base  of  the  midrib.  The  essential  characters  of  the  fossil 
species  are  recognized  in  Fkm  sycomorus  L.,  and  in  the  impi-ession  of  a  leaf 


84  THE  FLOEA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GEOUP. 

of  the  cultivated  F.  cestrifoUa  Scliott,  iu  Ettiugshausen's  Bilin  Flora  (pt.  1, 
PL  XXIV,  Fig.  3). 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  755  of  the  collection  of  the 
museum  of  the  University  of  Kansas.     Collected  by  E.  P.  West. 

FiCUS  ?    tJNDULATA,  Sp.  nOV. 

PI.  XII,  Fig.  5. 

Leaves  small,  subcoriaceous,  deltoid,  obtuse,  round,  truncate  at  base, 
deeply,  regularly  undulate ;  median  nerve  thick,  rigid ;  secondaries  thin, 
close  together,  or  alternating  with  shorter  intermediate  ones,  somewhat 
curved  in  the  middle,  camptodrome,  nearly  simple. 

The  fragment,  the  only  one  seen  of  this  cliai'acter,  is  of  a  comparatively 
small  leaf,  5*^™  long,  4"""  broad  near  the  round  truncate  base,  with  thin  sec- 
ondaries parallel,  at  an  angle  of  divergence  of  40°  to  45°  from  the  midrib. 
These  are  nearly  5°""  distant  at  their  point  of  attachment  to  the  midrib,  but 
generally  separated  by  short,  intermediate  nerves  of  the  same  thickness  as 
in  the  leaves  of  F.  atavina  Heer,  a  common  species  of  the  Cretaceous  of 
Grreenland. 

The  same  type  of  nervation  is  also  observed  in  some  of  the  leaves  of 
Populus  Berggreni  Heer,^  but  this  last  species  has  the  leaves  attenuated  to 
the  base  and  quite  entire.  Therefore  the  generic  relation  of  this  leaf 
remains  somewhat  tmcertain. 

Habitat :  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  599  of  the  museum  of  the 
University  of  Kansas ;  E.  P.  West,  collector. 

FiCUS  ALIGEKA,  Sp.  UOV. 

PI.  X,  Figs.  3-6. 

Leaves  subcoriaceous,  quite  entire,  small,  ovate  or  oval,  obtuse  or 
obtusely  acuminate,  rounded,  subtruncate  or  narrowed  to  the  base ;  petiole 
short,  alate,  constricted  at  its  point  of  union  with  the  leaves ;  nervation 
pinnate;  primary  nerve  strong,  percurrent;  secondaries  oblique,  parallel, 
equidistant,  camptodi-ome ;  nervilles  obsolete,  their  base  appearing  at  right 
angles  to  the  secondaries. 

The  leaves  vary  from  2''°'  to  5"™  in  length  and  from  2*""  to  3*"°  in  width 
at  or  below  the  middle;  the  secondaries,  at  an  angle  of  40°  to  50°,  number 
from  six  to  ten  pairs,  more  or  less  closely  placed,  curve  in  traversing  the 
areas,  and  are  mostly  simple  or  with  very  few  branches;  the  petiole,  1.5*"°  to 

•  Fl.  Fobs.  Arct.,  toI.  6,  2  Abth.,  PI.  xvii,  Fig.  8a. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  85 

2™  long,  3""  to  4"""  broad,  is  alate,  formed  by  the  continuation  of  the  median 
nerve  abruptly  enlarged  at  the  base  of  the  leaves  into  a  broad,  flat  lamina. 

By  the  form  and  aspect  of  the  leaves  the  species  is  related  to  Ficus 
humelioides  Ett.  (Kreideflora  v.  Niederschoena,  p.  251,  PI.  ii.  Fig.  6),  espe- 
cially differing  by  the  obtuse  (not  emarginate)  apex  of  the  leaves  and  by 
the  foliate  petiole.  Its  affinity,  as  shown  by  the  form  of  the  leaves,  is  still 
more  marked  with  Ficus  Muclgei  Lesq. 

Habitat:  Pipe  Creek,  Cloud  County,  Kansas.  No.  4072,  etc.,  of  the 
collection  of  Mr.  R  D.  Lacoe. 

Ficus  distort  a  Leoq. 
Cret.  and  Tert.  Fl.,  p.  48 ;  Hayden's  Ann.  Rept.,  1874,  p.  342,  PI.  v,  Pig.  5. 

Pious  laurophylla  Lesq. 
Cret.  and  Tert.  PL,  p.  49,  PL  i.  Figs.  12,  13 ;  Hayden's  Ann,  Rept.,  1873,  p.  342,  PL  V, 

Fig.  7. 

Fruits  of  Ficus, 
PL  X,  Figs.  7,  8, 

Comparable  to  or  rather  much  like  two  fruits  of  Ficus  figured  by  Heer 
(Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  vol.  3,  pt.  2,  PI.  xxx),  on  which  he  remarks  (p.  109)  that 
these  fruits  found  with  the  leaves  of  F.  protogmi  Ett.  show  such  a  likeness 
to  fruits  of  Ficus  that  their  determination  can  not  be  doubtful.  The  leaves 
of  F.  j)rotog(Ba  Ett.  have  not  yet  been  observed  in_  the  Dakota  Group,  but 
its  flora  has  a  large  number  of  leaves  of  Ficus  of  the  same  type ;  F.  glas- 
coena  Lesq.,  for  example,  difi'ering  merely  from  F.  protog(Ba  by  the  large 
size  and  the  more  ovate  fonn  of  the  leaves. 

Habitat :  Four  miles  southwest  of  Brookville,  Kansas.  No.  4057  of 
the  collection  of  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe. 

Ficus  lanceolato -acuminata  Ett^ 
PI,  XIII,  Fig.  4. 

Foss.  Flora  v.  Sagor,  pt.  1,  p.  182,  PL  vi,  Figs.  3,  4. 

Leaves  coriaceous,  polished,  lanceolate,  gradually  acuminate,  narrowed 
to  the  short  petiole,  entire;  median  nerve  strong;  secondaries  close,  curved 

'  This  species  was  liist  described  by  Prof.  Lesquereux  under  the  na.vae  of  Laurus primigenia  Ung. 
var.  cre/acea  Lesq.,  iiud  was  transferred  only  a  short  time  before  his  death.  His  note  is  as  follows: 
"PI.  XIII,  Fig.  4,  which  I  have  referred  as  Laitru-s primigeiiia  cretacea,  has  the  same  furra,  size  of  leaf, 
and  nervation  as  Ficus  lanceolato-aouminata  Ett.  (Flora  of  Sagor,  PI.  vi,  Figs.  3,  t).  See  also  Engel- 
hard, Nova  Acta,  vol.  43,  PI.  xiv.  Fig.  3  of  F.  lanceolata.  Must  be  this,  though  the  socoudaries  are  a 
little  more  distant."   The  original  description  and  compiirisons  are  retained  as  ho  wrote  theui. — F.  H.  K. 


86  THE  FLORA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

upon  each  other  near  the  borders,  generally  separated  by  intermediate, 
thinner  tertiaries  tending  to  tlie  middle  of  the  arches  of  the  secondaries. 

A  number  of  the  specimens  of  the  Dakota  Group  represent  leaves  of 
this  kind,  some,  however,  being  shorter  and  narrower,  but  all  nerved  as  in 
the  figure.  But  as  the  tertiaries  or  intermediate  veins  are  generally  obso- 
lete, the  secondaries  appear  sometimes  more  distant  than  they  are  observed 
in  leaves  of  the  normal  form. 

I  am  unable  to  find  a  character  or  a  diff'erence  separating  this  species 
from  that  figured  and  described  as  Laurus  primigenia  by  Unger  and  other 
authors,  from  the  European  Tertiary.  The  nervation  is  that  of  the  leaves 
in  Unger's  Flora  v.  Kumi,  PI.  viii.  Figs.  1  and  4,  where  the  distribution  of 
the  secondaries  is  marked,  while  the  intermediate  tertiaries  are  obsolete, 
and  Fig.  7,  where  the  secondaries  appear  very  close  like  those  of  our  figure, 
from  the  interposition  of  somewhat  shorter,  less  distinct  tertiaries. 

The  species  is  cormnon  in  the  Miocene  of  Greenland.  Heer  has  figm'ed 
it  in  Fl.  Foss.  Arct,  vol.  6,  Abth.  1,  pt.  2,  PI.  in,  Figs.8-13;  also  in  Fl.  Foss. 
Ai-ct,  vol.  7,  p.  104,  PL  Lxxvii,  Figs.  8-13;  PI.  lxxviii,  Figs.  1-11;  PI. 
Lxxxv,  Fig.  5 ;  PI.  CI,  Figs.  2-4,  from  the  Upper  Cretaceous  strata  of 
Atanekerdluk,  Unartok,  etc.  Being  thus  so .  abundantly  found  in  the  Ter- 
tiary and  Upper  Cretaceous  of  Greenland,  the  presence  of  this  species  is 
not  strange  or  anomalous  in  the  Cenomanian  of  the  Dakota  Group. 

The  leaves  of  this  species,  though  of  thicker  texture  than  those  of 
Laurus  plntonia,  do  not  show  the  areolation  as  distinctly,  and  the  seconda- 
ries are  not  flexuous  and  curve  nearer  to  the  borders.  The  relation,  how- 
ever, with  L.  plutonia  is  very  close. 

Habitat:  Pipe  Creek,  Cloud  County,  Kaunas.  No.  4088  of  the  collec- 
tion of  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe. 

Aetocaepidium  oeetaceum  Ett. 
PI.  L,  Fig.  7. 
Kreidefl.  v.  Niedersch.,  p.  251,  PI.  II,  Fig.  4. 

Leaf  petiolate,  coriaceous,  ovate,  acuminate,  entire  or  undulate ;  nerva- 
tion camptodrome;  primary  nerve  strong,  percun-ent;  attenuate  at  apex; 
secondaries,  five  or  six  on  each  side,  emerging  at  an  angle  of  40°  to  50°, 
well  marked,  distant,  the  inferior  proximate,  the  lowest  supra-basilar, 
shorter ;  tertiary  nerves  or  branches  oblique. 

This  description  agrees  with  that  of  the  species  by  Ettingshausen  in 
Kreideflora  von  Niederschoena,  p.  251,  PI.  ii,  Fig.  4.  The  figure  given  by 
the  German  author  is  of  a  mere  fragment,  the  lower  part  of  a  leaf  only. 


DESCEIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  87 

which  does  not  show  the  true  distribution  of  the  secondaries.  There  is  no 
reason,  however,  for  doubting-  the  reference  of  the  leaf  of  the  Dakota  Grroup 
to  the  species. 

Habitat:  Near  Fort  Harker,  Kansas.  No.  2759  of  the  U.  S.  National 
Museum  collection. 

Order  BALANOPHORE^. 

WiLLIAMSONIA  ELOCATA,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  II,  Figs.  9,  9a. 

Fragment  of  a  cone  or  globose  capitule,  with  deeply  concave  inside 
part,  bordered  hj  oppressed,  oblong,  lanceolate  -scales,  bearing  bristles  at 
apex,  witli  base  of  a  pedicel,  th^  point  of  attachment  of  the  capitule. 

I  refer  this  fragment  to  Williamsonia,  especially  from  its  likeness  to 
some  figures  given  of  the  species  by  Nathorst,^  which,  by  means  of  cross 
sections  of  the  fruiting  cones,  exhibit  this  organism  as  a  hollow,  central 
axis  suiTOunded  by  imbricated  scales,  those  of  the  borders  or  of  the  upper 
part  of  the  stem  being  short,  imljricate,  lanceolate,  acute,  those  surround- 
ing the  hollow  receptacle  being  longer  and  linear-lanceolate.  The  fragment 
from  Kansas,  compared  to  the  cone  (loc.  cit.,  PI.  vii,  Fig.  3)  figured  by 
Nathorst,  differs  merely  in  having  the  scales  shorter  and  tipped  by  hairs  or 
bristles.  Although  the  specimen  is  too  imperfect  to  oflPer  positive  points  of 
affinity,  Saporta,  to  whom  it  has  been  communicated,  considers  it  as  referable 
to  the  genus  Williamsonia,  though  not  exactly  congener  to  the  Williamsonia 
of  the  Jurassic,  yet  of  a  similar  type  which  may  be  nevf,  allied  to  tlie 
Spadici  florce,  and  at  the  same  time  analogous  to  that  of  Williamsonia. 

The  following"  is  a  translation  of  what  that  celebrated  author  writes  in 
his  Jurassic  Flora,  vol.  4,  liv.  37,  p.  122  : 

We  have  recently  received  from  our  friend,  Leo  Lesquereax,  another  fossil  organ- 
ism, or  rather  the  hollow  mold  of  that  organism,  discov^ered  in  the  ferruginous 
sandstone  of  the  Dakota  Group,  therefore  of  the  Oenomaniau.  One  perceives  in  the 
specimeu,  after  molding  the  cavity  in  relief,  a  thick,  short  receptacle  shaped  like  an 
ovoidal,  conical  ball,  mostly  naked,  and  marked  on  its  surface  by  scars  of  insertion, 
regularly  placed  in  spiral,  of  a  mass  of  scales,  closely  contiguous,  inserted  at  right 
angles  upon  the  receptacle  and  surrounded  by  a  thick,  spinous  apophysis,  subulate  at 
base,  shorter  and  less  protruding  toward  the  apex  of  the  organism.  These  scales, 
which  answer  evidently  to  sexual  elements,  easily  disengaged  at  maturity,  are  not 
without  analogy,  either  by  themselves  or  by  the  structure  of  the  receptacle  upon 
which  they  were  implanted,  with  the  corresponding  parts  of  the  floral  spadices  of 

'  Nagra  anmiirkningar  oin  Williamsouia,  Carruthers,  Ofvers.  k.  Vet.-Akad.  Fiirh.,  1880,  No,  9. 


88  THE  FLOKA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GEOUP. 

Williamsonia.  If  this  analogy  is  real  we  would  have  here  a  sessile,  naturally  caducous 
receptacle  detached  after  the  anthesis  from  an  involucre  of  which  it  would  have  occu- 
pied the  center.  But  here,  without  better  evidence,  it  is  dififlcult  to  pass  above  simple 
conjecture. 

He  advises  the  piiblicatiou  of  this  fragment  imcler  a  new  generic  name. 
But  indeed  it  -would  be  impossible  to  give  generic  characters  from  such  a 
fragment,  and  its  relation  to  Williamsonia  being  recognized,  it  is  advisable  to 
leave  it  in  that  genus  until  better  specimens  can  afford  light  on  the  subject. 

It  is  essentially  from  the  presence  of  this  organism  in  the  Cretaceous 
that  Saporta  objects  to  its  reference  to  Williamsonia,  which  he  considers  as 
a  true  Jurassic  genus.  But  we  have  alread)^  a  representative  of  another 
genus,  Encephalartos,  which  shows,  by  its  presence  in  the  Flora  of  the 
Dakota  Group,  the  same  peculiar  distribution  as  that  of  Williamsonia. 
Moreover,  to  do  this,  considering  the  likeness  of  our  fragment  to  the  fine 
specimen  of  W.  cretacea  Heer  (Fl.  Foss.  Arct,  vol.  6,  2  Abth.,  p.  59,  PI. 
xn,  Fig.  1 ;  PI.  XIII,  Fig.  9),  would  force  the  elimination  of  this  last  species 
from  the  genus.  I  am  even  disposed  to  recognize  marked  degrees  of  affinity 
between  the  fragments  figured  from  the  Dakota  Group  and  some  of  the 
splendid  figures  given  by  the  author  of  the  Flore  Jurassique,  as  for  example 
Figs.  1  and  3,  PI.  ccxl,  the  fu'st  representing  a  convex  tuberculose  capitu- 
lum  like  the  one  seen  concave  by  impression  in  our  Fig.  9 ;  the  second  a 
pedicellate  capitulum  like  the  pediceled  base  of  our  Fig.  9a.  The  same 
analogy  is  remarked  in  comparing  the  fragments  from  Kansas  with  the 
figures  given  by  Nathorst  (loc.  cit.,  PI.  vii,  Figs  1  and  3),  which  show,  by 
Testoration,  an  open  capitulum  with  its  mode  and  point  of  attachment  as 
represented  in  Figs.  9,  9a. 

Round  or  reniform  in  outline,  4.5"°'  broad,  3*"°  in  vertical  diameter, 
narrowed  at  the  base  and  borne  upon  a  cylindi-ical  scaly  branch  or  pedicel 
1""  in  diameter.  The  scales  upon  the  branches  are  short,  triangular,  about 
l*""  long  from  their  enlarged  point  of  attachment.  Those  of  the  cone,  of 
which  the  internal  structure  only  is  seen,  are  closely  imbricated,  apparently 
linear,  flat,  thickish,  placed  behind  seeds  or  bearing  pods  which  are  falcate, 
linear,  14'^°'  long,  1.5""°  in  diameter,  transversely  undulate  at  the  surface,  as 
in  some  small  seeds. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  The  specimen  is  still  in  the  hands 
of  the  Marquis  Saporta. 


DESCEIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  89 

Order  PROTEACEtE. 
Tribe  EMBOTHRIE^E. 
LoMATiA  Saportanea  Lesq. 

Hayden's  Ann.  Eept.,  1874,  p.  346;  Cret.  and  Tert.  Fl.,  p.  51,  PI.  in,  Fig.  8. 
Todea  ?  Saportanea  Lesq.,  Cret.  Fl.,  p.  48,  PI.  xxix,  Pigs.  1-4. 

Correction  to  be  made  to  the  descrijDtion  of  this  species  as  given  in  Cret. 
and  Tert.  FL,  p.  51 : 

Leaves  compound;  leaflets  opposite,  more  or  less  distant  (not  always 
connate),  sometimes  narrowed  to  the  base  and  sessile  or  decurrent  by  a  sub- 
base  along  the  branches  by  a  narrow  margin.  The  rachis  of  thie  pinnae  is 
roiind  and  comparatively  narrow,  abruptly  cut  at  the  base  of  the  upper  pair 
of  leaflets,  or  sometimes  eidarged  above  them  and  terminating  in  a  simple, 
lanceolate,  short,  and  narrow  pinnule,  which  is  thus  terminal  and  has  the 
same  character  as  the  lateral  ones.  It  is  the  same  as  that  figured  in  Cret. 
Fl.,  PL  XXIX,  Fig.  4. 

LoMATiA  Saportanea  var.  longifolia  Lesq. 
Cret.  and  Tert.  FL,  p.  52. 

Tribe  PERSOONIE^E. 

Peksoonia  Lesqtjereuxii,  sp.  nov.i 
PI.  XX,  Figs.  10-12. 

Leaves  subcoriaceous,  sessile  or  very  short-pedicellate,  obovate,  obtuse 
or  subemarginate  at  apex,  gradually  attenuated  to  the  base;  secondaries 
alternate,  few,  very  thin,  curved  upward  in  traversing  the  blade  at  an  acute 
angle  of  divergence,  camptodrome. 

The  leaves,  S"""  to  5*""  long,  l.S*""  to  2.5'^'°  broad  in  the  upper  part,  are 
narrowed  to  the  base,  slightly  decuiTent  in  reaching  the  short  petiole  and 
larger  toward  the  rounded  or  subemarginate  apex;  the  secondaries,  three 
or  four  pairs,  are  parallel,  much  curved  upward  in  diverging  from  the  me- 
dian nerve  at  an  angle  of  25°  to  30°. 

'This  species  was  named  " Peraoonia  Heerii,  sp.  nov.,"  by  Prof.  Lesquereux  in  liis  manuscript,  but 
as  this  name  is  preoccupied  by  Persoonia  Heerii  of  Pilar  (Fl.  Foss.  Snsedana,  1883,  p.  72,  PI.  xiii.  Fig. 
16),  it  becomes  necessary  to  change  the  specific  name.  Inasmuch  as  he  had  deemed  this  species  worthy 
of  bearing  the  name  of  the  distinguished  Heer,  a  compliment  that  the  laws  of  nomenclature  will  not 
in  this  case  permit  to  be  carried  out,  it  seems  especially  desirable  that  the  compliment  be  returned  and 
that  it  be  named  for  himself.    I  have,  therefore,  changed  the  name  to  Persoonia  Lesqiiereuxii. — F.  H.  K. 


90  THE  FLORA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

The  species  is  related  to  Persoonia  laur'ma  Heer  (Fl.  Tert.  Helv.,  vol. 
2,  p.  95,  PI.  xcvii,  Figs.  25-28),  represented  as  having  very  obtuse  leaves, 
rounded  or  slightly  emarginate  at  apex  and  rapidly  naiTowed  downward  to 
near  the  base,  continuing  parallel  to  the  median  nerve  before  reaching  it. 
Heer's  Fig.  28  (loc.  cit.)  shows  distinctly  the  peculiarity  of  form  and  also 
the  same  type  of  nervation. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  Nos.  77c,  87,  and  107  of  the 
museum  of  the  University  of  Kansas;  A.  Wellington,  collector. 

Tribe  PROTEE^E. 
Peoteoides  daphnogenoibes  Heer. 

Phyll.  Cr^t.  du  N6br.,  p.  17,  PI.  iv,  Figs.  9,  10;  Lesquereux,  Cret.  Fl.,  p.  85,  PI.  xv, 

Figs.  1,  2. 

Pkoteoides  greville^formis  Heer. 

Phyll.  Cr^t.  dn  N6br.,  p.  17,  PI.  it,  Fig.  11 ;  Lesquereux,  Cret.  Fl.,  p.  86,  PI.  xxyiii, 

Fig.  12. 

Pkoteoides  lancifolius  Heer. 
PI.  XV,  Fig.  5.;  PI.  L,  Fig.  8.      . 

Kreideflora  v.  Quedlinburg,  p.  12,  PI.  ni.  Figs.  5,  6 ;   Lesquereux,  Cret.  and  Tert.  FL, 

p.  50. 

Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  naiTOwed  toward  the  apex  and  base, 
quite  entire,  blunt  at  apex.  In  Cret.  and  Tert.  Fl.  two  specimens  are  de- 
scribed of  this  species.  One  of  the  specimens  figured  here  (PI.  XV,  Fig.  5) 
is  No.  63  of  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology  of  Cambridge,  Massa- 
chusetts; the  other,  No.  76,  is  also  in  that  museum. 

There  is  nothing  to  add  to  Heer's  description.  The  figure  of  the 
species  also  fully  agrees  with  those  of  Heer,  differing  only  by  the  total  ab- 
sence of  secondaries,  none  of  which  can  be  seen  upon  our  specimen.  The 
leaf  is  coriaceous,  narrowed  at  base  and  also  gradually  toward  the  apex,, 
which  is  apparently  blunt  or  somewhat  obtuse,  but  is  broken  in  the  specimen. 

It  has  the  same  facies,  being  widest  at  the  middle,  curved-falciform, 
gradually  narrowed  to  the  base,  7"°'  long,  and  7"""'  broad  at  the  middle. 

Habitat:  Near  Fort  Harker,  Kansas;  Fig.  8,  PI.  L,  is  No.  2778  (col- 
lector's No.  260)  of  the  U.  S.  National  Museum. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  9l 


Order  LAURINEtE. 

Tribe  LITSEACE.^. 

Latjrtjs  pltjtonia  Heer. 

PI.  XIII,  Figs.  5,  6 ;  PI.  XXII,  Fig.  6. 

Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  vol.  6,  2  Abth.,  p.  75 ;  PI.  xix,  Figs.  Id,  2-4 ;  PI.  xx.  Figs.  3a,  4-6 ;  PI. 
xxiY,  Fig.  6b ;  PI.  xxviii.  Figs.  10,  11 ;  PI.  XLii,  Fig.  4b. 

Leaves  subcoriaceous,  lanceolate,  narrowed  both  ways  in  the  same 
degree,  acuminate,  entire ;  primary  nerve  rather  narrow ;  secondaries  nu- 
merous, at  an  acute  angle  of  divergence,  arcuate,  the  intervals  reticulate. 

This  is  Heer's  description  with  which  the  Kansas  specimens  agree  as 
well  as  with  the  figures  of  that  author  (loc.  cit.).  Many  leaves  of  the  same 
character  have  been  seen  in  the  specimens  examined ;  but  though  they  are 
of  the  same  form  and  size,  the  reticulation  is  rarely  distinct.  Even  the  two 
leaves  figured  here  are  less  distinctly  reticulate  than  seen  in  the  di-awing. 
In  Heer's  figures  also  the  reticulation  is  marked  only  upon  one  leaf  (loc. 
cit..  Fig.  6  of  PI.  xx),  and  even  there  it  is  still  obscure,  appearing  in  small, 
polygonal  areoles.  Hence  the  identification  of  fragments  of  leaves  of  this 
species  is  not  always  certain.  The  lateral  nerves  are  generally  more  or  less 
undulate,  especially  in  their  upper  part,  not  as  distinctly  curved  near  the 
borders  as  in  L.  primigenia  Ung-.,  of  which  the  leaves  are  much  alike  and 
from  which  they  differ  by  the  narrow  median  nerve,  the  less  thick  texture, 
the  surface  not  polished,  and  the  basilar  pair  of  secondaries  at  a  more  acute 
angle  of  divergence. 

The  leaf,  PI.  XXII,  Fig.  5,  is  doubtfully  referred  to  this  species. 
The  nervation  is  totally  obsolete,  as  it  is  also  in  most  of  the  figures  of  the 
author,  none  of  which  has  tlie  upper  part  preserved.  The  form  of  the  leaves 
is  identical. 

Habitat :  Kansas,  Minnesota,  etc.  No.  4093,  in  many  specimens  of  the 
collection  of  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe.  Fig.  6  is  from  a  specimen  communicated 
by  Prof  N.  H.  Winchell,  from  Minnesota,  and  figured  on  PI.  ii,  Fig.  [>,  of 
his  Greological  Report,  as  yet  unpublished. 

Laueus  nebbascensis  Lesq. 

Cret.  PI.,  p!  74,  PI.  x,  Fig.  1 ;  PI.,  xxviii.  Fig.  14. 

Persea  nebrascensis  Lesq.,  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc,  vol.  13, 1869,  p.  431,  PI.  xxiii,  Figs. 
9,10. 


92  THE  FLORA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

Latjrus  prote^polia  Lesq. 

Cret.  and  Tert.  PI.,  p.  52,  PI.  in,  Figs.  9,  10 ;  PI.  xvi.  Fig.  6.    Hayden's  Ann.  Rept., 
1874,  p.  342,  PI.  V,  Figs.  1,  2. 

Latjrtjs  Holl^  Heer. 
PI.  XII,  Fig.  8. 

Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  vol.  6,  2  Abth.  p.  76,  PI.  xxxiii.  Fig.  13 ;   PI.  XLiv,  Fig.  5b;   PI.  xlv. 
Fig,  3 ;  vol.  7,  p.  30,  PI.  LXi,  Fig.  3. 

Leaves  coriaceous,  broadly  lanceolate,  entire  ;  primary  nerve  narrow ; 
secondaries  distant,  at  an  acute  angle  of  divergence,  arcuate. 

The  leaf,  which  is  about  12""  long,  is  nearly  4:"'°  broad  in  the  middle, 
and  narrowed  in  an  outside  curve  to  the  base,  declining  to  a  short  petiole 
13°""  long.  Of  the  leaves  of  this  species  Heer  remarks  that  they  are  much 
like  those  of  L.  plutonia  and  L.  Oclini,  but  differ  from  the  first  by  being 
broader,  with  secondaries  more  distant,  and  that  in  L.  Oclini  the  leaves  are 
broadest  below  the  middle.  The  difference  in  the  width  of  the  leaves  of 
L.  HoU(B  and  L.  plutonia  is  still  more  marked  in  the  American  specimens  in 
comparing  the  Kansas  leaf  Avith  those  of  PL  XIII,  Figs.  5  and  6.  The 
secondaries  are  a  little  more  distinctly  marked  on  the  leaf  from  Kansas 
than  upon  those  from  Grreenland.  They  are  indeed  very  distant,  but  sep- 
arated by  very  thin  tertiaries,  which  are  either  totally  obsolete  or  only 
perceivable  near  the  point  of  attachment  to  the  median  nerve,  the  angle  of 
divergence  from  the  midrib  being  about  40°.  The  affinity  of  the  Kansas 
leaf  with  that  of  L.  cretacea  Ett.  (Kreideflora  von  Niederschoena,  PL  ii, 
Fig.  13)  is  distinct.  This  has  the  nervation  better  preserved  than  any  of 
those  of  L.  RoU(B,  showing  strong,  distant  secondaries  separated  by  thinner 
ones.     The  only  appreciable  difference  is  in  the  width  of  the  leaves. 

Habitat :  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  865  of  the  collection  of  the 
museum  of  the  University  of  Kansas.     Collected  by  E.  P.  West. 

Laurus  antecedens,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  XI,  Fig.  3. 

Leaf  membranaceous,  lanceolate,  gradually  tapering  to  the  apex, 
nan-owed  to  the  base,  not  decurrent,  somewhat  curved  to  one  side,  entire, 
irregularly  imdulate;  median  nerve  thick;  secondaries  obhque,  cinwed, 
parallel,  but  of  unequal  thickness  and  distance,  camptodrome. 

The  leaf  is  ll"^"  long,  2.5""  broad  below  the  middle,  slightly  inequi- 
lateral by  the  partial  contraction  of  the  borders  on  one  side,  and  is  not 


DESCEIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  93 

gi-adually  narrowed  to  the  petiole  but  somewhat  roimded  iu  narrowing 
to  it.     Its  precise  relation  is  not  satisfactorily  ascertained. 

It  is,  indeed,  comparable  by  its  form  to  some  varieties  of  L.  primigenia 
Ung.,  and  especially  to  L.'Beussii  Ett.  (Flora  v.  Bilin,  pt.  2,  p.  5,  PI.  xxxi, 
Figs.  5  and  11),  having  also,  by  its  numerous  intermediate  tertiaries,  a 
marked  relation  to  species  of  Salix  and  even  to  Deivalquea  haldemiana  Sap. 
&  Mar.  (Marnes  Heers.  de  Grelinden,  PI.  vii.  Figs.  1,  2).  I  consider  it, 
however,  as  referable  to  a  species  of  Laurus,  comprising  iu  its  characters 
those  of  some  varieties  of  L.  primigenia  Ung.,  resembling  especially  the 
figure  of  this  species  in  Saporta,  Etudes,  vol.  2,  PI.  vii,  Fig.  7. 

Habitat:  Kansas.  No.  4200  of  the  collection  of  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe. 

Laurus  angusta  Heer 
PI.  XVI,  Fig.  7. 

Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  vol.  6,  2  Abth.,  p.  76,  PI.  xx,  Figs,  lb,  7;  PI.  XLiii,  Fig.  Ic;  vol.  7,  p. 

30,  PI.  LVii,  Fig.  lb. 

Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  tapering  to  the  acuminate  apex,  entire;  pri- 
mary nerves  narrow,  secondaries  arcuate,  camptodrome. 

Heer  remarks  on  the  leaves  of  this  species  that  they  are  much  like 
those  of  L.  plutonia,  differing  by  the  smaller  size,  the  nearly  linear  form, 
being  narrower  and  more  acute  at  the  apex^  The  fragment  which  I  refer 
to  this  species  is  of  exactly  the  same  size  and  form  as  that  in  Heer's  PI. 
XLIII,  Fig.  Ic.  It  is  indeed  part  of  a  leaf  quite  as  large  as  those  which  I 
have  figured  of  L.  plutonia,  PI.  XIII,  Figs.  5,  6.  But  it  is  more  linear,  the 
secondaries  are  arched  along  the  borders  and  are  parallel,  not  flexuous, 
more  distinctly  camptodrome.  Other  leaves  figured  by  Heer  are  much 
smaller,  and  some  have  the  nervation  better  preserved,  with  the  areolation 
like  that  of  L.  plutonia. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  709  of  the  museum  of  the 
University  of  Kansas  ;  E.  P.  West,  collector. 

Laukus  (Cakpites)  microcakpa,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  XVI,  Fig.  8. 

Seeds  small,  oblong,  obtuse,  attached  to  a  short  pedicel,  narrowed  at 
base,  enlarged  above  into  a  flat  support  of  the  seed,  marked  like  it  by  five 
points  of  corresponding  vascular  scars.     . 

This  fruit  is  only  half  as  large  as  that  of  L.  macrocarpa,  but  it  has  the 


94  THE  FLORA  OP  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

undoubted  cliaracters  of  a  seed  of  the  Launnecc,  like  those  of  Lauras,  Cin- 
namomum,  Sassafras,  etc.  Its  upper  part,  5"""  long-  and  3.5"""  broad, 
rounded  at  apex,  is  supported  iipon  a  short  pedicel  2"'"'  long,  ^vhicll,  enlarged 
at  its  top,  forms  a  support  to  the  base  of  the  fruit  and  is  marked  like  it  by 
corresponding  vascular  scars.  "The  seed  is  easily  separated  from  the  embed- 
ding matter  and  also  from  its  support. 

It  is  comparable  to  the  seeds  of  G'mnamomnm  jmlipiwrphuni.  (Al.  Braun) 
Heer  (Engelhardt  in  Nova  Acta,  vol.  43,  PI.  xiii.  Fig.  1 1 ;  PI.  xvii,  Figs.  7-11). 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  Coimty,  Kansas.  No.  530  of  the  museum  of  the 
University  of  Kansas.     Collected  by  E.  P.  West. 

LAUKUS  TELIFOEMIS,  Sp.  nOV. 

PI.  L,  Fig.  9. 

Leaf  small,  rigid,  subcoriaceous,  lanceolate-acuminate,  decurring  to  a 
thick,  cm-ved  petiole,  entire;  midi-ib  narrow,  rigid;  secondaries  thin,  very 
distinct,  camptodrome,  incumbent,  quite  near  the  border;  the  lowest  pair 
basilar,  distant  from  the  upper  one  at  a  more  acute  angle  of  divergence  ;  the 
upper  gradually  less  distant  and  more  open ;  areolation  very  small,  puncti- 
form. 

This  fine  leaf  is  of  thick  texture,  6.5'='"  long,  including  the  thick  curved 
petiole,  which  is  over  1.5""  long.  It  is  only  12™"'  broad  at  the  middle, 
whence  it  is  rapidly  narrowed  to  a  sharply  pointed  apex  and  very  gradually 
tapers  to  the  petiole,  decurring  to  it  at  the  base.  It  has  eight  pairs  of  sec- 
ondaries, the  lowest  diverging  from  the  base  of  the  midrib  at  an  angle  of  20° ; 
those  above  gradually  less  distant  from  each  other  under  an  angle  of  diver- 
gence of  30°,  the  uppermost  of  50°. 

The  secondaries  are  thin,  but  passing  tlu'ough  or  cutting  the  epidennis 
of  the  leaf;  all  simple,  following  the  borders  in  festoons.  The  character  of 
the  nervation  is  that  of  various  species  of  Lain-us  of  the  Tertiary,  being 
especially  like  that  of  L.  dermatophjllon  Weber  (Ettingshausen  in  Flora  v. 
Bilin,  pt.  2,  p.  7,  PI.  xxxi,  Fig.  8),  L.  superha  Sap.  (Etudes,  vol.  2,  PI.  vii, 
Fig.  4),  L.  resurgens  Sap.  (ibid.,  Fig.  9),  etc. 

Habitat;  Kansas. 

Laubus  Knowltoni,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  L,  Fig.  4. 

Leaf  large,  linear,  lanceolate,  thick,  coriaceous,  with  smooth  surface; 
midrib  stout;  secondaries  irregular  in  distance,  thick,  divei-ging  about  40° 


DESCEIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  95 

from  the  midrib,  curving  in  passing  toward  the  borders,  camptodrome,  not 
conuiveut. 

The  fragment  is  14°"  long,  3.5°""  broad  at  the  middle,  in  the  broadest  part, 
equally  but  gradually  narrowed  upward  and  downward,  joining  the  base  of 
the  thick  midi'ib  in  decurring  to  it,  apparently  pointed  at  apex. 

Though  the  leaf  has  some  likeness  to  those  of  F'lcus  BertJwudi,  it  evi- 
dently differs,  especially  by  the  great  thickness  of  the  secondaries,  none  of 
them  being  basilar  and  all  in  irregular  position;  yet  it  is  evidently  referable 
to  Laurus,  and  comparable  especially  to  L.  nectandroides  Ett.  (Flora  v.  Bilin, 
pt.  2,  p.  6,  PI.  XXXI,  Figs.  6,  7),  the  leaves  of  which  are  only  smaller. 

Habitat:  Near  Fort  Harker,  Kansas.  No.  2713  of  the  collection  of 
the  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

Laurus  macrocarpa  Lesq. 
Cret.  FL,  p.  74,  PI.  X,  Fig.  2 ;  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  46,  1868,  p.  98. 

Laurophyllum  ellsworthianum  Lesq. 
PI.  XIII,  Fig.  7. 

Quercus  ellsworthiana  ?  Lesq.,  Cret.  FL,  p.  65,  PI.  vi.  Fig.  7 ;  Cret.  and  Tert.  FL,  p.  39. 

Leaves  subcoriaceous,  with  surface  polished,  lanceolate-pointed,  rounded 
and  broadly  cuneiform  to  the  base ;  borders  entire,  undulate ;  median  nerve 
thick,  percurrent;  secondaries  obUque,  camptodrome,  simple  or  forking. 

This  leaf,  which  is  preserved  entire,  is  lO.S"""  long,  2.5"'"  broad  in  the 
middle,  and  has  the  secondaries,  13  or  14  pau-s,  inequi distant  though  parallel, 
either  straight  or  slightly  curved,  at  an  angle  of  divergence  of  40°  to  50°, 
forking  at  or  above  the  middle.  This  character  is  peculiar  and  well  marked 
upon  a  fragment  of  a  leaf  figured  in  my  Cret.  Fl.  as  Q.  ellsivorthiana  Lesq. 
But  the  general  facies  of  the  leaf  as  seen  from  the  specimen  figured  here 
is  rather  that  of  leaves  of  Laurineae.  Its  true  relation  is  therefore  still 
uncertain. 

Habitat:  Pipe  Creek,  Cloud  County,  Kansas.  No.  4096  of  the  collec- 
tion of  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe. 

LlNBERA  VENUSTA,  Sp.  nOV. 

PL  XVI,  Figs.  1,  2. 

Leaves  rather  small,  thin,  membranous,  palmately  triplinerved  from 
the  base  and  trilobate  from  above  the  middle,  rounded  in  narrowing  to  the 
obtusely  cuneate  base ;  borders  entire ;  lobes  short,  erect,  the  median  a 


96  THE  FLORA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

little  longer,  all  blunt  or  apiculate  at  apex,  enlarged  at  the  middle,  narrowed 
to  the  obtuse,  narrow  sinuses  ;  secondaries  numerous,  caraptodrome. 

The  leaves  resemble  those  of  Sassafras  cretaceum  Newb.  They  are 
generally  smaller,  also  more  delicate  in  appearance  and  of  thinner  texture, 
gcru  ^Q  'jcm  long,  4.5*""  broad  in"  the  middle  and  between  the  apices  of  the 
lobes,  entire.  The  divergence  of  the  lateral  primaries  from  the  median 
nerve  is  scarcely  30^.  In  all  their  characters,  form,  size,  texture,  and  nerva- 
tion, these  leaves  closely  resemble  those  of  L.  triloba  Blume,  of  Japan. 
The  most  marked  difference  is  in  the  division  of  the  primaries,  which  are 
basilar  in  the  fossil  leaves,  while  they  are  generally  supra-basilar  in  those 
of  L.  triloba,  the  leaves  of  which  also  have  the  lobes  acuminate ;  but  their 
form  as  well  as  that  of  the  nearly  rounded  sinuses  is  the  same. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  Found  in  numerous  concretion- 
ary specimens,  mostly  of  small  leaves.  Nos.  656  and  657  of  the  museum 
of  the  University  of  Kansas. 

LiNDERA  Masoni,  sp.  nov. 
PL  XVIII,  Figs.  9,  10. 

Leaves  narrowly  cuneate  to  the  decurrent  base,  enlarged,  flabelliform 
above,  palmately  deeply  trilobate;  lobes  entire,  obovate,  rounded  and 
apiculate  at  the  apex,  separated  by  very  narrow,  obtuse  sinuses,  palmately 
trinerved  from  above  the  base ;  primary  nerves  rigid,  though  narrow  ;  sec- 
ondaries short,  alternate,  curved,  camptodrome. 

The  leaves  are  rather  membranous  than  coriaceous,  though  somewhat 
thick,  7""  long,  5"™  to  6""  between  the  points  of  the  lateral  lobes,  narrowed 
by  an  inward  curve  and  decurring  to  the  petiole,  which  is  slender  and  broken 
below  the  base  of  the  leaf ;  the  secondaries  are  short,  mostly  obsolete. 

This  leaf  is  very  similar  to  those  of  the  preceding  species,  dififei'ing  by 
its  larger  size,  the  long  narrowed  and  decurring  base,  the  supra-basilar 
position  of  the  lateral  primaries  and  the  scantiness  of  the  scarcely  distinct 
secondaries.     The  textm-e  of  the  leaf  appears  also  more  dense. 

Habitat:  Four  miles  southwest  of  Brookville,  Kansas.  No.  4135  and 
counterpart  of  the  collection  of  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe. 

LiTSEA   CEETACEA,  Sp.  nOV. 

PI.  XV,  Fig.  2. 

Leaf  coriaceous,  entire,  narrowly  oblong-lanceolate,  gradually  tapering 
upward  to  a  long  acumen,  more  rapidly  narrowed  to  the  base  and  decurring 


DESCEIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  97 

to  the  petiole;  triplinerved;  lateral  primary  nerves  supra  basilar,  emerging 
at  an  acute  angle  of  divergence,  ascending  close  and  parallel  to  the  borders 
and  like  the  secondaries  anastomosing  in  festoons  and  ascending-  high  up 
along  the  borders;  secondaries  alternate,  the  lower  one-sided  from  near  the 
primaries,  the  upper  in  four  pairs,  very  distant,  all  connected  by  strong 
nervilles  at  right  angles  to  the  median  nerve. 

The  only  leaf  I  have  seen  of  this  species  is  the  one  figui'ed.  It  is 
13™  long,  3™  Inroad  below  the  middle,  the  base  and  apex  being  broken. 
The  texture  is  thick,  the  median  nerve  strong,  the  lateral  primaries  and 
secondaries  thin,  and  all  of  the  same  thickness. 

.  Species  comparable  to  L.  expansa  Sap.  &  Mar.  (Revision  Fl.  de  Grelin- 
den,  p.  68,  PI.  xi.  Figs.  1,  2),  and  to  L.  elatinervis  Sap.  &  Mar.  (ibid.,  p.  70, 
PI.  XI,  Fig.  4),  and  also,  but  in  less  degree  of  likeness,  to  L.  lanrinoides 
Hosius  and  v.  d.  Marck  (Fl.  Westfal.  Ki-eide£,  p.  65,  PL  xl.  Fig.  157). 

Habitat:  Ten  miles  northeast  of  Delphos,  Kansas.  No.  4014  of  the 
collection  of  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe. 

LiTSEA  FALCIPOLIA,  Sp.  nov. 

PI.  XI,  Fig.  5. 

Leaves  small,  entire,  coriaceous,  lanceolate-acuminate,  curved  to  one 
side,  granulose  on  the  surface,  triplinerved  from  above  the  base;  median 
nerve  thin,  lateral  primaries  very  oblique,  ascending  high,  nearly  parallel  to 
the  borders,  simple  and  very  thin;  secondaries,  two  pans,  far  distant  from 
the  primaries,  all  simple  and  parallel,  the  lower  opposite,  the  upper  one-sided. 

This  leaf  resembles  somewhat  the  one  described  as  Cinnamomum  Scheuch- 
zeri  Heer  (Lesquereux,  Cret.  Fl.,  p.  83,  PI.  xxx.  Fig.  2),  differing,  how- 
ever, greatly  by  its  falcate  form  and  its  very  thin,  simple  nerves,  not  only 
from  the  last  species  but  from  all  those  attributed  to  the  genus  Cinnamomum. 
The  nervation  has  more  analogy  to  that  of  the  li\-ing  L.  ffkmca  Siebold  of 
Japan,  though  the  affinity  is  not  complete.  But  the  leaves  from  the  Dakota 
Group  rarely  show  a  perfect  accordance  of  characters  with  those  of  the 
present  time.  It  is  especially  the  case  with  the  Laiuinese,  to  which  a  num- 
ber of  leaves  from  the  Dakota  Group  are  referable,  but  whose  generic  rela- 
tion remains  as  yet  unsettled. 

Habitat:  Ten  miles  northeast  of  Delphos,  Kansas.     No.  4205  of  the 
collection  of  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe. 
MON  xyii 7 


98  THE  FLOE  A  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

Daphnophyllum  ANGUsTiFOL,nj]vr,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  XXXVI,  Fig.  8. 

Leaves  coriaceous,  entire,  long  and  narrowly  lanceolate,  gradually  taper- 
ing upAvard  to  a  long,  acuminate  point,  more  rapidly  downward  to  the  thick 
median  nerve;  secondaries  at  an  acute  angle  of  divergence,  close,  parallel, 
equidistant,  camptodrome. 

The  gemis  Daphnophyllum  has  been  admitted  by  Heer  for  the  descrip- 
tion of  some  leaves  with  camptodrome  secondaries  distributed  somewhat 
like  those  of  species  of  Ficus  and  Laurus. 

This  leaf  is  referred  to  this  genus  on  account  of  its  great  affinity  in 
form,  size,  and  punctulate  surface  to  leaves  of  some  species  of  Laurus,  being 
especially  similar  to  those  of  L.  primigenia  Ung.,  var.  cretacea  Lesq.  (PI.  XIII, 
Fig.  4),  and  others  of  the  Tertiary  of  Europe,  while  at  the  same  time,  by 
the  closeness  of  the  simple  camptodrome  secondaries,  it  has  a  degree  of 
likeness  to  species  of  Ficus,  as  F.  muUinervis  Heer,  of  the  Tertiary  of  Europe, 
and  F.  atavina  Heer,  of  the  Cretaceous  of  Greenland.  It  is  12""  long,  2.5"'" 
broad  at  the  middle,  long-acuminate,  and  tapering  also  to  the  base  (broken 
above  the  point  of  union  to  the  petiole)  ;  the  secondaries,  very  numerous, 
3™"  to  3.5""  distant,  diverge  at  angle  of  30°  and  curve  slightly  in  passing 
toward  the  borders,  following  them  in  successive  simple  bows.  The  surface 
is  rugose  or  punctulate,  irregularly  marked  by  small  dots  like  the  impres- 
sion of  basilar  points  of  hairs. 

The  leaf  is  comparable  to  that  of  Ficus  degener  Ung.,  as  figured  in 
Watelet  (PI  Foss.  du  Bassin  de  Paris,  PI.  xlii,  Figs.  3-5).  linger  describes 
liis  species  in  Fl.  von  Sotzka,  p.  165,  PI.  xiii.  Figs.  1-7,  as  having  the  leaves 
broadly  lanceolate,  obtuse,  narrowed  to  a  short,  thick  petiole,  dentate,  crenu- 
late;  primary  nerve  strong;  secondaries  indiscernible.  As  described  by 
Watelet,  the  leaves  are  linear-lanceolate,  entire;  the  secondaries  close, 
numerous,  camptodrome,  and  crossed  at  right  angles  by  distant  nervilles. 
One  of  the  leaves  is  punctulate  and  the  areolation,  or  rather  the  secondary 
nervation,  is  not  distinct.  Our  leaf  well  agrees  with  this  last  description, 
but  certainly  not  with  that  of  Unger,  though  Watelet  sees  no  difference 
between  his  leaves  and  those  described  by  Unger. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  97  of  the  museum  of  the 
University  of  Kansas ;  A.  Wellington,  collector. 


DESCRIPTION  OP  SPECIEb.  99 

Daphnophyllum  dakotense,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  LI,  Figs.  1-4;  PI.  LII,  Fig.  1. 

Leaves  entire,  subcoriaceous,  lanceolate,  broader  at  the  middle,  grad- 
ually tapering  upward  to  a  long  acumen  >  more  rapidly  to  the  base  or  to  a 
short  petiole;  nervation  camptodrome;  midrib  narrow ;  lower  secondaries 
opposite,  very  oblique,  curved  in  passing  toward  the  borders,  which  they 
follow  in  simple  festoons. 

The  leaves,  which  are  about  8°""  long,  and  nearly  2™  broad  at  the 
middle,  have  only  eight  pairs  of  secondaries,  distinctly  marked  upon  all 
the  specimens  except  one.  The  lowest  are  opposite,  passing  toward  the 
borders  at  an  angle  of  30°.  They  have  the  same  form  and  the  same  type 
of  nervation  as  the  leaves  of  Daphne  protogcBci  Ett.  (Flora  von  Bilin,  pt.  2, 
p.  13,  PI.  XXXIV,  Figs.  1-3).  The  resemblance  to  this  last  figure  is  espe- 
cially remarkable.  No.  1153  is  evidently  the  same  species  and  has  a  similar 
kind  of  nervation.  Nos.  1160  and  1176  are  variable  forms  of  the  same 
species. 

Habitat:  Probably  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  Nos.  1222a  and  1224a 
of  the  collection  of  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe.  Fig.  1,  PI.  LI,  is  No.  2807;  Fig.  2, 
PI.  LII,  and  Fig.  1,  PI.  LXIV  are  No.  2808  of  the  collection  of  the  National 
Museum. 

Sassafras  subintbgrifolium  Lesq. 
PL  XIV,  Fig  2. 

Cret.  Fl.,  p.  82,  PI.  il,  Fig.  5. 

Leaf  subcoriaceous,  ovate,  acute,  nan-owed  to  the  petiole,  short,  ol)- 
tusely  lobed  on  one  side,  entire  on  the  other,  triplinerved  from  above  the  base 
and  at  a  distance  from  the  secondaries,  which  are  in  three  or  four  pairs, 
alternate,  parallel,  camptodrome,  at  an  acute  angle  of  divergence ;  nervilles 
distinct,  curved  in  the  middle,  at  right  angles  to  the  midrib  and  the  second- 
aries. 

The  leaf  is  6.5*""  long,  3..5''"  broad,  nan'owed  and  slightly  decm'rent  to 
a  slender  petiole.  The  median  nerve  is  narrow  but  ligid,  quite  distinctly 
marked,  as  well  as  the  secondaries.  Comparing  this  leaf  to  the  half  lobate 
ones  of  S.  officinale  L.,  the  similarity  of  characters  is  easily  observed.  The 
basil  nerves  are  alternate;  one  of  them,  slightly  stronger,  emerges  on  one 
side,  forming  a  lobe  and  thus  craspedodrome,  while  on  the  other  side  all 
the  nerves  are  camptodi'ome  and  the  borders  remain  entire.  With  the  mod- 
ification of  one  of  the  primary  nerves  the  nervation  is  of  the  same  char- 


IQO  .  THE  FLOIiA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GEOUP. 

acter  as  that  of  S.  cretaceum  Newb.,  var.  oUiisum  Lesq.,  and  var.  acutilohum 
Lesq.  (Cret.  FL,  PL  xiii,  Fig.  1,  and  PI.  xiv,  Fig.  2).  The  only  difference 
between  these  fossil  leaves  of  Sassafras  and  those  of  the  living  S.  officinale 
is,  that  in  the  fii'st  the  lower  secondary  nerves  pass  toward  the  sinuses 
and  curve  at  a  short  distance  below  the  borders  while  in  ^S*.  officinale  the 
nerves  reach  the  borders  and  there  diverge  on  both  sides,  forming  an 
inflated  margin  at  the  base  of  the  sinuses  as  in  the  leaves  refeiTed  to  Lin- 
dera  (PI.  XVI,  Figs.  1,  2).  The  specimen  described  .above  is  far  better 
characterized  than  that  figm'ed  in  Cret.  Fl.  (loc.  cit). 

Habitat:  Ten  miles  northeast  of  Delphos,  Kansas.  No.  4020  of  the 
collection  of  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe. 

SASSAJi'RAS  ?  PKIMOKDIALE,  Sp.  DOV. 

PL  XVI,  Fig.  10. 

Leaves  of  thin  texture,  palmately  trilobate,  narrowed  to  the  base  and 
decurring  to  the  petiole,  lobes  lanceolate,  blunt-pointed,  the  lateral  short, 
half  open,  the  median  comparatively  very  long. 

The  small  leaf,  about  4.5"°*  long,  3""  broad  between  the  apices  of  the 
lateral  lobes,  whose  divergence  from  the  median  nerve  is  60°,  looks  like  a 
dwarfed  leaf  of  Sassafras  by  its  borders  narrowed,  decurring  to  the  base,  and 
joining  the  petiole  at  a  distance  from  the  point  of  union  of  the  secondaries. 
The  latter  are  effaced  in  the  lateral  lobes;  a  few  of  them,  observable  in  the 
median  one,  are  thin,  curved  in  passing  towards  the  borders,  camptodrome. 
The  middle  lobe  is  gradually  narrowed  upward,  is  at  least  three  times  as 
■  long  as  the  lateral  ones,  and  is  separated  from  them  by  obtuse  sinuses. 

Though  the  leaf  is  fragmentary,  it  is  apparently  related  to  S.  acutilohum 
Lesq.  and  S.  Mudgei  Lesq.  (Cret.  FL,  PL  xiv.  Figs.  3,  4,  and  especially  PL 
XXX,  Fig.  7).  The  relation  is  not  very  closely  marked,  there  being  a  great 
difference  not  merely  in  the  size  but  in  the  substance  of  the  leaves. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  525  of  the  museum  of  the 
University  of  Kansas.    Collected  by  E.  P.  West. 

Sassafras  Mudgei  Lesq. 
Cret.  Fl.,  PL  xiv,  Figs.  3,  4;  PL  xxx,  Fig.  7. 

Sassapeas  acutilobum  Lesq. 
Cret.  FL,  p.  79,  PI.  xiv,  Figs,  1,  2 ;  Cret,  and  Tert.  FL,  p.  56,  PL  v.  Figs.  1-5. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  .  101 

SASSAFEAS  (ARALIOPSIS)  DISSECTtIM  LeSQ.' 
PI.  XIV,  Fig.  1, 
Oret.  and  Tert.  PI.,  p.  57. 

Leaves  coriaceous,  very  large,  flabeiliform,  palmately  five-lobed,  nar- 
rowed by  an  inward  curve  and  decurring  to  the  petiole ;  lobes  obtuse, 
deeply  undulate  or  obtusely  dentate  ;  primary  nerves  trifid,  supra-basilar ; 
the  lateral  forking  near  their  base,  the  divisions  branched  on  both  sides; 
secondaries  curving  along  the  borders  or  entering  the  teeth;  nervilles  strong, 
at  right  angles  to  the  nerves,  continuous,  more  generally  simple,  areolation 
small,  polygonal. 

These  leaves  are  very  large,  the  one  figured  measuring  22"°'  in  length, 
without  the  petiole,  which  is  T"""  long  and  20""  to  24"°"  between  the  apices 
of  the  lateral  lobes.  They  have  a  great  degree  of  affinity  to  those  of 
S.  (^AraUopsis)  mirabile  Lesq.,  and  also  of  Platanus  primoiva  Lesq.,  differing 
from  both,  however,  by  the  subdivision  of  the  lateral  nerves,  the  five-lobate 
form  of  the  leaves,  the  obtuse  teeth  of  the  lobes,  the  nervation,  etc.  They 
are  like  an  intermediate  link  between  those  two  genera,  being  more  closely 
related  to  Araliopsis  than  to  Platanus,  however. 

Habitat:  A  number  of  leaves  of  the  same  character  but  somewhat 
variable  in  size  have  been  obtained  by  Charles  H.  Sternberg,  3  and  7  miles 
south  of  Fort  Harker,  Kansas,  at  a  locality  remarkable  for  their  abundance. 
No.  117,  etc.,  of  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology  of  Cambridge,  Massa- 
chusetts. 

Sassafras  (Araliopsis)  cretaceitm  Newb.,  var.  aEossEDENTATUM  Lesq.  n.  var, 

PI.  LI,  Fig.  5. 

This  leaf  differs  in  nothing  from  the  normal  form  except  by  its  large 
size,  with  its  borders  deeply  dentate.  It  is  evident  that  the  sharply  acute 
teeth  constitute  a  variety  indicated  already  by  the  short  teeth  sometimes 
seen  in  the  normal  form  of  the  species  and  can  not  be  separated  on  that 
account. 

'  Prof.  Lesquereux  wrote  of  this  species  shortly  liefore  his  death,  as  follows :  ' '  Sassafras  (Araliopsis) 
dissectum  Lesq.,  is  clearly  like  Aspidiophyllum  trilobatum  Lesq.,  hut  positively  differs  by  the  lateral  lobes 
being  entire,  not  lobate  nor  dentate,  and  the  coarse  (distinctly  so)  nervation  and  .areolacion  in  the  part 
of  the  surface  of  the  leaves,  generally  very  large,  is  smooth;  in  Aspbidiophyllum  it  is,  per  contra, 
rugose,  by  the  deeply  marked  areolation." — F.  H.  K. 


102 .  THE  FLORA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

Sassafuas  (Abaliopsis)  papillosum,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  VI,  Fig.  7. 

Leaves  large,  palmately  trilobate;  lateral  nerves  diverging,  somewhat 
arched  downward;  borders  acutely  dentate  all  around,  teetli  entered  In"  the 
secondaries  and  their  branches,  sharply  pointed,  papillose  at  apex;  primar}- 
nerves  tln-ee,  very  thick ;  secondaries  obliqiie,  parallel,  more  or  less  branching. 

The  fragment  figured  is  the  only  part  known  of  this  beautiful  leaf, 
which  measured  at  least  22™'  between  the  extremities  of  the  lateral  lobes 
and  al)out  20"'"  in  length  without  the  petiole.  The  teeth  are  not  large,  but 
all  about  equal,  turned  outside,  separated  by  shallow,  half-round  sinuses, 
each  beai-ing  at  the  apex  a  round  black  pulverulent  point  like  a  small  flat- 
tened fleshy  knot.  The  primary  and  secondary  nerves  are  very  thick;  the 
lateral  lobes  and  the  secondaries  are  at  an  angle  of  divergence  of  40°  to  45° 
and  the  areas  are  traversed  by  strong,  flexuous  nervilles,  simple  or  forking 
and  at  right  angles  to  the  nerves. 

Though  the  general  aspect  of  the  fragment  is  like  that  of  a  leaf  of 
Platanus,  it  has  a  more  evident  relation  to  *S'.  (Araliopsis)  mirabile  Lesq., 
from  which  it  differs  merely  by  the  enlarged  lateral  lobes,  the  acutely  den- 
tate borders  and  the  papillose  teeth.  Like  the  preceding  species  this  has  a 
marked  degree  of  affinity  to  Platanus  prinmva  Lesq.,  and  its  varieties. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  19  of  the  museum  of  the 
University  of  Kansas.     Collected  by  A.  Wellington. 

Sassafras  (Abaliopsis)  cbetaceum  Newb. 

Later  Ext.  FL,  p.  14,  Illustr.  Cret.  and  Tert.  PI.,  PI.  Vi,  Figs.  1-4,  fragment  of  leaves; 
Lesquereux,  Cret.  Fl.,  p.  80,  PI.  xi,  Figs.  1,  2 ;  PI.  xil.  Fig.  2. 

Sassafras  (Abaliopsis)  oretaceum  Newb.,  var.  obtusum  Lesq. 

Cret.  Fl.,  p.  80,  PI.  xii.  Fig.  3 ;  PI.  xiii.  Fig.  1. 

Sassafras  (Araliopsis)  mirabile  Lesq. 

Cret.  Fl.,  p.  80,  PI.  xii,  Fig.  1. 

Platanus  latiloba  Newb.,  Later  Ext.  Fl.,  p.  23,  Illustr.,  Cret.  and  Tert.  PI.,  PI.  ii,  Fig.  4. 

Sassafras  (Araliopsis)  recurvatum  Lesq. 

Cret.  and  Tert.  Fl.,  p.  57. 

Platanus  reourvata  Lesq.,  Cret.  Fl.,  p.  71,  PI.  x,  Figs.  3-5. 


DESCEIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  103 

Sassafras  (Aealiopsis)  platanoides  Lesq. 
Cret.  and  Tert.  Fl.,  p.  58,  PL  vii,  Fig.  1. 

Tribe    PERSEACE^E. 

Peksea  Schimperi,  sp.  nov. 
PL  XVI,  Fig.  5. 

Leaves  coriaceous,  oval-oblong,  nan-owed  and  contracted  above  to  a 
bliint-pointed  apex,  narrowed  in  the  same  degree,  but  in  an  outside  curve 
and  broadly  cuneiform  to  the  base ;  primary  nerve  thick ;  secondaries 
inequidistant,  the  lowest  thin,  close  to  the  borders,  following  them  in  anas- 
tomosing with  those  above ;  the  others  thick,  all  at  an  acute  angle  of  30° 
camptodi-ome. 

The  leaf,  of  which  the  petiole  is  destroyed,  is  12""  long  and  6™  broad; 
the  secondaries,  of  which  there  are  seven  pairs,  are  variable  in  distance, 
slightly  curved  in  traversing  the  blade,  following  the  borders  at  a  distance, 
anastomosing  by  branchlets  in  areoles ;  the  areolation  is  small  pmactiform. 

The  form  of  the  leaf  is  comparable  to  that  of  P.  speciosa  Heer,^  which 
is  a  leaf  somewhat  larger,  with  the  secondaries  less  distant  and  less  grad- 
ually curving  along  the  borders.  The  character  of  nervation  and  areola- 
tion is  that  of  P.  Braunii  Heer,^  a  type  also  recognized  in  the  Lower  Eocene 
flora  of  Gelinden  in  P.  ixdfEomorpha  Sap.  &  Mar.,  and  which  of  course  it 
is  not  surprising  to  find  already  represented  in  the  Cenomanian  of  this  con- 
tinent, where  so  many  original  types  of  more  recent  plants  make  their 
appearance. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  781  of  the  museum  of  the 
University  of  Kansas ;  E.  P.  West,  collector. 

Peesea  Havana,  sp.  nov. 
PL  XVI,  Fig.  6. 

Leaf  large,  coriaceous,  oval,  contracted  below  the  pointed  apex,  grad- 
ually narrowed  and  decumng  to  the  petiole;  secondaries  opposite,  eqiii- 
distant,  parallel,  anastomosing  by  nervilles  into  large,  simple  areoles. 

The  leaf  is  nearly  of  the  same  size  and  form  as  that  of  the  preceding 
species,  from  which  it  evidently  differs  by  the  still  thicker  texture,  the  pol- 
ished surface,  the  longer,  prolonged  base  joining  the  petiole  by  a  declining 

'Ettingshausen  in  Foss.  FL,  Bilin,  pt.-2,  p.  9,  PI.  xxxii,  Fig.  16. 
«F1.  Tert.  Helv.,  voU  2,  p.  80,  PI.  Lxxxix,  Figs.  9,  HI. 


104  THE  FLORA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

curve,  aud  by  the  equidistant,  parallel,  opposite  secondaries,  the  lowest  pair 
of  which  are  supra-basilar.  These  differences  are  marked  enough  to  author- 
ize a  separation  of  species. 

By  comparison  with  plants  of  our  epoch  the  leaves  of  P.  Schimperi 
Lesq.  show  affinity  of  character  with  those  of  Laiirus  canariensis  Willd.,  var. 
latifolia,  while  the  leaves  of  P.  Hayana  Lesq.  are  more  like  those  of  var. 
angustifoUa  Lesq.  of  the  same  species. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  858  of  the  museiim  of  the 
University  of  Kansas.     Collected  by  E_  P.  West. 

Peesea  Leconteana  Lesq. 
PL  XI,  Fig.  2. 

Cret.  FL,  p.  75,  PI.  xxviii,  Fig.  1. 

Leaves  large,  oblong-ovate,  lanceolate,  pointed;  borders  entire ;  nerva- 
tion pimiate;  lower  secondaries  at  a  more  acute  angle  of  divergence,  the 
others  distant,  curving  quite  near  the  borders  and  following  them;  ner-salles 
thin. 

The  leaf  figured  in  Cret.  Fl.  (loc.  cit.)  is  more  complete  than  this 
fragment;  but  this  shows  the  nervation  more  distinctly,  especially  the  more 
acute  angle  of  divergence  of  the  lower  pair  of  secondaries.  As  the  leaves 
of  P.  Leconteana  Lesq.  and  of  Magnolia  tenuifoUa  Lesq.  (Cret.  FL,  p.  92, 
PI.  XXI,  Fig.  1)  have  nearly  the  same  form  and  the  same  size,  the  fragment 
here  figured  is  valuable  in  showing  the  difference  in  the  character  of  the 
nervation. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  68  of  the  museum  of  the 
University  of  Kansas;  A.  Wellington,  collector. 

Peesea  Sternbeegii  Lesq. 
Cret.  FL,  p.  76,  PL  Vii,  Fig.  1. 

OrNNAMOMXJM  ScHEUCHZEEi  Heer. 
PL  XI,  Pig.  4. 

FL  Tert.  Helv.,  voL  2,  p.  85,  PL  xci,  Figs.  4-22 ;  Lesquereux,  Cret.  FL,  p.  83,  PL  xxx, 

Figs.  2,  3. 

Leaf  coriaceous,  entire,  elliptical,  blunt  at  apex,  narrowed  from  the 
middle  downward,  ti'iplinerved  from  near  the  base;  median  nerve  thick; 
lateral  primaries  nearl)'  parallel  to  the  liorders,  branching  outside;  second- 


DESCRIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  105 

aries  one  or  two  pairs,  at  an  open  angle  of  divergence,  short,  at  a  great 
distance  from  the  base  of  the  lateral  primaries. 

Though  the  position  of  the  lateral  primary  nerves  at  the  base  of  the 
leaves  seems  diiferent  from  what  is  observed  in  the  common  forms  of  this 
species,  the  same  anomaly  is  nevertheless  seen  in  many  of  the  leaves  described 
by  authors,  as  in  Uuger's  Flora  of  Radoboj,  PI.  i,  Figs.  6,  8,  9,  etc. 

These  leaves  have  the  same  characters  as  those  described  in  Cret.  Fl. 
(loc.  cit.),  and  the  remark  made  there  is  also  applicable  to  this  leaf. 

Habitat:  Seven  miles  northeast  of  Glascoe,  Kansas.  No.  428a  of  the 
Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology  of  Cambridge,  Massachusetts. 

CiNNAMOMXJM  Heeri  Lesq. 
PI.  XV,  Fig.  1. 

Cret.  Fl.,  p.  84,  PI.  xxviii,  Fig.  11;  Trans.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc,  vol.  13,  p.  431,  PI.  xxin, 
Fig.  12;  Cret.  and  Tert.  Fl.,  p.  54. 

Leaves  thick,  coriaceous,  entire,  ovate,  taper  pointed,  rounded  to  a 
short  petiole ;  lateral  primary  nerves  supra-basilar,  ascending  in  cur\ang  to 
above  the  middle  of  the  leaves ;  ramose  outside. 

The  description  of  this  species  and  the  remarks  upon  its  characters  in 
Cret.  and  Tert.  Fl.  (loc.  cit.)  are  complete  as  far  as  the  species  is  known  at 
the  present  time.  But  the  figure  giveii  herewith  has  to  be  substituted  for 
that  in  the  Cret.  FL,  PI.  xxviii,  Fig.  11,  Avhich  had  been  made  from  a 
specimen  deformed  by  handwork. 

Habitat:  Two  and  one-half  miles  from  Glascoe,  Kansas.  No.  523  of 
the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology,  Cambridge,  Massachusetts. 

CiNNAMOMUM  ELLIPSOIDEUM  Sap.  &  Mar. 
PI.  LI,  Figs.  8,  9. 

This  species  is  described  as  follows  by  the  authors  (Revision  de  la 
Flore  Heersienne  de  Gelinden,  p.  61,  PI.  ix,  Figs.  7-9).  "  Leaves  petiolate, 
ovate-lanceolate,  shortly  obtusely  attenuate,  triplinerved ;  lateral  nerves 
slightly  supra-basilar,  curved,  with  few  outside  branches  and  few  secondaries 
emerging  from  the  midrib  at  a  distance  from  the  primaries,  anastomosing  in 
the  upper  part  with  them;  tertiary  nerves  transversely  flexuous,  passing  to 
a  slightly  marked  areolation." 

Except  for  the  character  of  the  areolation,  copied  from  the  description 
of  the  above  authors,  the  species  is  satisfactorily  represented  Ijy  tAvo  speci- 


106  THE  FLORA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

mensj  now  in  the  collection  of  the  U.  S.  National  Museum.  Tlie  character 
most  important  to  separate  this  species  from  some  forms  of  C.  polymor2ilmin 
(Al.  Br.)  Heer  and  C.  Selieuclizeri  Heer,  is  the  position  of  the  primary  lateral 
nerves,  which  are  quite  near  the  base  of  the  leaf.  I  have  already  described 
two  leaves  of  this  kind  in  Cret.  Fl.,  PI.  xxx,  Figs.  2  and  3,  the  first  being 
comparable  to  Fig.  8  of  Saporta  and  Marion  (loc.  cit.),  being  still  narrower, 
with  primarv  lateral  nerves  at  a  greater  distance  from  the  base  of  the  leaf, 
not  less  than  8°""  (3°""  in  the  leaf  of  the  French  authors),  and  still  narrowei", 
the  widest  part  in  this  last  leaf  being  18"""  Avhile  it  is  25°""  in  the  leaf  figured 
in  the  Flora  of  Gelinden.  The  character  of  the  two  leaves  figured  here 
agrees  well  with  those  of  the  leaves  (Figs.  7  and  9)  of  Saporta  and  Marion  as 
Avell  as  that  of  the  fragmentary  leaf  of  the  Cret.  FL,  PL  xxx,  Fig.  3.  Even 
in  this  one  the  primarr  lateral  nerves  are  really  basilar,  and  tlnis  it  is 
evident  that,  admitting  the  characters  as  specific,  three  of  our  leaves  repre- 
sent C.  eUipsoidemn  Sap.  &  Mar. 

Admitting  the  identity  of  the  leaves  from  Kansas  with  those  from 
France,  or  considering  them  all  of  the  same  species,  the  difi^erence  mentioned 
above  has  to  be  piit  aside,  and  thus  my  remark  on  the  leaves  of  Ciimamo- 
mum  referable  to  C.  Sclieuchzeri  Heer  remains  valid  at  least  for  Fig.  2  of 
the  Cret.  Fl.  Heer  has  recognized,  in  the  Upper  Cretaceous  of  Patoot,  and 
described^  C.  dlipsoideum  in  a  fragmentary  leaf  which  he  refers  to  the  species 
from  the  basilar  position  of  the  lateral  primaries.  It  has  the  same  character 
as  that  of  Fig.  8  of  our  plate. 

Habitat:  Near  Fort  Harker,  liansas.  No.  2712  of  the  collection  of 
the  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

ClKNAMOMTJM  MABIONI,  Sp.  nOV. 

PI.  LI,  Figs.  6,  7. 

Leaves  naiTOwly  elliptical,  shai-ply  acute,  rounded  at  base  in  naiTowing 
to  the  petiole,  entire,  subcoriaceous;  midrib  narrow,  lateral  pi-imaries  two 
pairs,  one  from  the  base,  ascending  in  following  the  borders  to  below  the 
middle  of  the  leaf,  the  other  supra-basilar,  joining  the  midrib  about  1"" 
above  the  lower,  but  parallel,  ciu-ving  at  a  distance  from  the  borders,  tending 
to  the  apex  but  efikced  and  disappearing  at  a  short  distance  below. 

By  their  textiu'e,  form,  and  nervation  these  two  leaves  are  very  much 
alike,  are  of  simple  nervation,  and  appear  referable  to  Cinnamommn.  Their 
texture,  if  not  very  thick,  is   solid  and  their  surface  smooth.     I  am,  how- 

'  Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  vol.  7,  p.  31,  PI.  LXl,  Fig.  2. 


DESCEIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  107 

ever,  unable  to  find  a  published  fossil  species  of  the  genus  with  two  pairs 
of  parallel  simple  lateral  nerves  at  a  distance  from  each  other  without 
trace  of  secondaries.  Some  living  species  of  Cinnamomum  have,  however, 
the  same  character  and  present  in  the  primary  nervation  of  some  of  their 
leaves  a  distribution  of  the  primary  nerves  like  that  of  the  leaves  fignired; 
C.  campliora  and  C.  Zei/Ianicimi,  for  instance.  These  peculiar  characters 
are  a  variation  of  the  normal  form. 

Leaves  of  Thibaudia  liave  parallel  lateral  nerves  which  ascend  to  the 
apex,  but  they  are  differently  disposed. 

Habitat:  Near  Fort  Harker,  Kansas.  No.  2695  of  the  collection  of  the 
U.  S.  National  Museum. 

OlNNAMOMUM  SEZANNENSE   Watelet. 

PI.  XII,  Figs.  6,  7. 

Daphnogene  sezannensis  (Wat.)  Sap.  &  Mar.,  PI.  de  Sezanne,  p.  369,  PL  viii,  Fig.  5 
(fragment) ;  Sap.  &  Mar.,  Veg.  Marnes  Heers.  de  Gelinden,  p,  47,  PI.  vi.  Figs.  5,  6; 
Cinnamomum  sesannense  Sap.  &  Mar.,  Revis.  FI.  Gelinden,  p.  60,  PI.  ix,  Figs.  2-6. 
Heer,  Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  vol.  6,  2  Abth.,  p.  77,  PI.  xix.  Fig.  8;  PI.  xxxm.  Figs.  11, 12. 
vol.  7,  p.  30,  PI.  LXi,  Fig.  la. 

Leaves  subcoriaceous,  narrowed  to  the  petiole  from  an  obtuse  base, 
lanceolate  above,  acute  or  narrowed  into  a  long  acumen,,  entire,  triple  nerved; 
lateral  nerves  supra-basilar,  ascending  parallel  to  the  borders,  short  branched 
on  the  outside,  anastomosing  above  with  the  secondaries;  nervilles  numer- 
ous, flexuous,  transversely  decurrent. 

The  above  description  is  that  of  Saporta  (Re^dsion  of  the  Gelinden 
Flora,  loc.  cit.).  It  is  somewhat  modified  from  that  in  Flore  de  Suzanne  and 
also  from  that  in  the  first  volume  of  the  Flora  of  Gelinden.  The  leaves 
which  represent  the  species  are  mostly  in  fragments.  Tliat  in  the  Flora  of 
Suzanne,  like  our  Fig.  6,  has  the  upper  and  lower  parts  destroyed.  It  is 
much  narrower,  apparently  longer,  the  lateral  secondaries  being  shorter, 
less  parallel  to  the  borders  than  in  our  Fig.  7.  Both  figures  of  the  Flora 
of  Gelinden  are  also  fragmentary,  fully  agreeing  in  form,  size,  and  nervation 
with  Fig.  6  of  our  plate;  those  of  the  Re^^sion  are  smaller,  one  only  (Fig 
6)  being  preserved  entire.  It  is  a  small  leaf  with  a  prolonged  acumen.  The 
figures  given  by  Heer  (Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  loc.  cit.)  are  also  all  of  fragmentary 
leaves,  those  of  PL  xxxiii.  Fig.  11,  and  PI.  lxi.  Fig.  la,  being  of  better 
preserved  leaves,  much  narrower  than  those  of  the  Dakota  Group,  with  the 
lateral  nerves  straight,  resembling  altogether  tlie  figure  in  the  Flora  of 
Se'zanne.     From  a  comparison  of  all  the  forms  represented  it  appears  that 


108  THE  FLORA  OP  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

both  the  leaves  figui-ed  here  are  essentially  broader  than  any  of  those  figured 
by  authors,  Init  not  ditfering  in  a  marked  degree  from  the  characters  described 
by  Saporta.     They  merely  represent  a  large  form  of  the  species. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  Nos.  167  and  679  of  the  collec- 
tion of  the  University  of  Kansas.  Collected  by  A.  Wellington  and  E.  P. 
West. 

Oeeodaphne  cretacea  Lesq. 

Cret.  FL,  p.  84,  PI.  xxx,  Fig.  5;  Cret.  aud  Tert.  FL,  p.  55. 

Order   MONIMIACE^. 

Tribe    ATHEROSPERME>E. 

Laiieelia  peim^va,  sp.  uov. 
PI.  XX,  Fig.  8. 

Leaf  thick,  coriaceous,  with  surface  polished,  rhomboidal,  entire  and 
cuneiform  from  the  middle  downward,  undulatel}'  obtusely  dentate  above; 
penninerved;  primary  nerve  thick;  secondaries  mixed,  camptodrome  or 
craspedodi-ome;  intermediate  tertiaries  as  long  as  the  secondaries,  diversely 
forking  and  anastomosing  obliquely  or  at  right  angles  by  nervilles. 

The  leaf,  which  is  beautifully  preserved,  is  7.5™  long,  4.5''"'  broad  in 
its  widest  part  below  the  middle,  and  has  a  peculiar  mixed  nervation  some- 
what difficult  to  describe.  The  secondaries,  at  an  angle  of  divergence  of 
40°,  are  mostly  craspedodi-ome;  but  the  upper  ones  evidently  curve  in  bows 
quite  near  the  borders,  where  they  anastomose  with  somewhat  thinner 
tertiaries,  which,  like  the  secondaries,  and  intermediate  to  them,  either  join 
the  borders  or  branch  and  anastomose  in  curves  with  the  secondaries,  which 
are  moreover  coimected  to  them  by  short  nervilles  at  right  angles.  The 
secondaries  are  only  sHghtly  thicker  than  the  tertiaries  and  their  branches. 
The  borders  are  finely,  deeply  undulate  or  obtusely  dentate  up  to  the  apex, 
entire  from  below  the  middle  to  the  base  ;  the  petiole  is  broken. 

The  affinity  of  this  leaf  with  the  genus  Laurelia  is  indicated  in  fossil 
plants  by  L.  recliviva  Ung.  (Sylloge,  pt.  3,  p.  71,  PI.  xxiv.  Figs.  4-9),  and 
by  a  number  of  living  species.  Six  leaves  of  the  genus  are  represented  by 
self-impression  in  Ettingshausen's  Neuholl.,  Char,  der  Eoc.  Eu.,  Figs.  126, 
131, 138-140,  pp.  88-90.  L.  aromatica  Poir.  (L.  sempervirens  TuL),  of  Chili, 
is  in  the  form,  size,  and  the  thick  texture  of  its  leaves,  as  well  as  in  the  type 
of  nervation,  remarkably  similar  to  the  fossil  species. 


DBSCEIPTION  OF  SPEdlES.  109 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  57  of  the  museum  of  the 
University  of  Kansas  ;  A.  Wellington,  collector. 

Order   ARISTOLOCHIE^. 

Aristolochites  dentata  Heer. 

Phyll.  Cret.  du  Nebr.,  p.  18,  PL  ii,  Pigs.  1,  2 ;   Lesquereux,  Cret.  Fl.,  p.  87.  PI.  xxx, 

Fig.  6. 

Apoctnophyllum  soedidum,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  LXIV,  Fig.  11. 

Leaf  subcoriaceous,  lanceolate,  equally  narrowed  upward,  acuminately 
and  downward  to  the  enlarged  median  nerve,  which  is  gradually  thinner 
above  and  scarcely  visible  toward  the  apex;  borders  entire;  secondaries 
oblique,  camptodrome. 

The  surface  of  the  leaf  is  mostly  covered  with  iron  or  yellowish  crust, 
and  few  of  the  secondaries  are  distinct ;  they  are  at  an  acute  angle  of  diver- 
gence, camptodi'ome. 

The  leaf  is  comparable  to  those  figured  and  described  as  A.  lanceolatum 
Ung.,  and  is  described  by  Weber  in  his  Tertiarfl.  Niederrh.  Braunkohlen- 
form.,  p.  74,  PI.  iv.  Fig.  1. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  1187  of  the  collection  of 
Mr.  R  D.  Lacoe. 

Order  EBENACE^. 

DiosPYEOs  PEiM^vA  Heer. 
PI.  XX,  Figs.  1-3. 

Phyll.  Cret.  du  Nebr.,  p.  19,  PI.  i.  Figs.  6,  7;  Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  vol.  6,  2  Abth.,  p.  80,  PI. 
xviii.  Fig.  1 ;  vol.  7,  p.  31,  PI.  LXi,  Fig.  5a,  b,  c;  Newberry,  Later  Ext.  Fl.,  p.  S, 
Illustr.  Cret.  and  Tert.  PL,  PL  in.  Fig.  8;  Lesquereux,  Cret.  aud  Tert.  FL,  p.  59. 

Leaves  of  medium  size,  subcoriaceous,  oblong,  oval,  entire,  narrowed 
or  rounded  downward,  and  declined  to  the  petiole  at  the  very  base.  The 
median  nerve  is  thick,  secondaries  parallel,  equidistant,  connected  bv  strong 
nervilles  at  right  angles,  camptodrome,  and  following  the  borders  in  repeated 
bows. 

These  leaves  clearly  represent  Heer's  species,  especially  as  figured  in 
Phyll.  Cret.  du  Ndbr.,  PI.  i,  Fig.  6.     In  the  specimens  ligured  in  Fl.  Foss. 


110  THE  FLORA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

Arct.  (loc.  cit.)  the  secondaries  are  sometimes  separated  ])y  shorter,  undulate 
tertiaries  which  are  not  observable  in  those  of  Kansas.  The  leaves  are 
variable,  according  to  age.  Fig.  3  of  our  plate  represents  a.  very  young 
one.  The  median  nerve  is  strong  and  continues  downward  to  a  thick  petiole 
more  than  2"""  long,  preserved  in  Fig.  2. 

All  the  specimens  figured  and  a  number  of  others  come  from  the  same 
locality.  The  species  is  locally  abundant  in  the  Cenomanian  of  the  United 
States,  and  Heer  reports  it  from  Greenland  and  also  from  Patoot,  a  some- 
what higher  stage  of  the  Cretaceous,  where  it  is  found  with  Platanus  affinis 
Ijesq.,  P.  Newberry  ana  Heer,  Bex  borealis  Heer,  Laurus  plutonia  Heer,  etc. ; 
all  species  also  found  in  the  Dakota  Group. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  Nos.  64,  65,  and  72  of  the  museum 
of  the  University  of  Kansas.     Collected  by  A.  Wellington. 

DiOSPYBOS  APICULATA,  Sp.  nOV. 

PI.  XIV,  Fig.  3. 

Leaf  small,  coriaceous,  entire,  elliptical,  narrowed  in  the  same  degree 
upward  to  an  apiculate  apex,  downward  to  a  short  petiole;  nervation  thick 
and  deep,  camptodrome. 

The  leaf  has  the  characters  of  Biospyros  primcBva  Heer,  as  figured  in 
Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  vol.  7,  PI.  lxi.  Fig.  5,  but  differs  especially  in  its  smaller  size, 
the  apiculate  point  and  the  more  distant,  opposite  secondaries.  It  is  3.5""" 
long,  including  the  short  petiole,  which  is  only  2°""  long,  and  is  17"""  broad 
in  the  middle. 

The  nervation  is  quite  distinctly  marked;  the  secondaries,  of  which 
there  are  six  pairs,  are  subopposite,  while  even  the  smallest  leaf  of  D.prinKBva 
has  ten  pairs  of  secondaries.  The  nervilles  are  strong,  flexuous,  divided 
in  the  middle,  anastomosing  at  right  angles  and  thus  forming  large  square 
or  polygonal  areoles;  the  rigid  median  nerve  is  prolonged  into  a  short, 
apiculate  point. 

Habitat:  Ten  miles  northeast  of  Delphos,  Kansas.  No.  4016  of  the 
collection  of  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe. 

DiosPYROS  AMBiGUA  Lesq. 

Cret.  and  Tert.  Fl.,  p.  60. 

D.  anceps  Lesq.,  Cret.  Fl.,  p.  89,  PI.  Vi,  Fig.  6. 


DESGRIPTIOiSr  OF  SPECIES.  HI 

DiOSPYROS  PSEUDOANCEPS  Lesq. 

PI.  XXII,  Fij?.  1. 

Report  of  the  Geological  State  Survey  of  Minnesota,  by  Prof.  N.  H.  Winchell,  unpub- 
lished. 

Leaf  coi'iaceous,  elliptical-oval,  obtusely  cuneiform  to  the  base;  borders 
entire;  median  nerve  strong;  secondaries  few,  curved  in  traversing  the 
lamina;  ner^^lles  irregular  in  direction,  except  as  the  branches  of  the  second- 
aries, anastomosing  in  festoons  along  the  borders. 

The  leaf,  which  is  4""  broad,  is  apparently  7  to  S"""  long,  the  upper  part 
being  destroyed.  Comparing  it  to  D.  ance^xs  Heer  (Fl.  Tert.  Helv.,  vol.  3, 
p.  12,  PI.  cii.  Fig.  17),  the  affinity  of  the  characters  is  really  striking.  In 
the  American  specimen  the  base  of  the  leaf  is  only  slightly  less  rounded; 
the  lateral  nerves  are  as  irregular  in  distance;  those  of  the  lower  pair 
closely  follow- the  borders  in  a  continuous  series  of  bows  formed  by  anasto- 
mosis from  a  sup)erior  nerve  to  a  marginal  inferior  veinlet  or  to  ujDper  sec- 
ondaries; the  thin  nervilles,  variable  in  distance,  are  either  at  right  angles 
to  the  secondaries  and  obsolete  or  pass  from  the  median  nerve  to  join  the 
secondaries  at  a  distance  or  in  irregular  or  abnormal  direction.  As  the  leaf 
is  fragmentary  the  comparison  of  the  characters  of  the  nervation  can  not  be 
followed  in  the  upper  part;  but  as  in  Heer's  Fig.  17,  one  sees  near  the  line 
of  fracture  of  the  leaf  two  pairs  of  opposite  secondaries  ascending  and 
curving  towards  the  borders  under  the  same  angle  of  divergence. 

Habitat:  North  side  of  the  Big  Cottonwood  Eiver,  near  New  Ulm, 
Minnesota.  No.  5372  of  the  collection  of  Prof  N.  H.  Winchell,  who  allowed 
the  reproduction  of  this  fine  species  here.  A  specimen  more  recently  com- 
municated, Ellsworth  County,  Kansas  (No.  776  of  the  museum  of  tha 
University  of  Kansas;  E.  P.  West,  collector),  shows  still  more  distinctly  its 
remarkable  relation  to  D.  anceps. 

DiosPYROs  Steenstrupi?  Heer. 
PI  XVI,  Fig.  9. 

Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  vol.  7,  p.  32,  PI.  lxiv,  Fig.  1. 

.  Leaves  elliptical-ovate,  acute  or  constricted  below  the  apex  and  acu- 
minate, attenuated  to  the  base,  entire;  secondaries  curved  in  traversing  the 
blade,  branching,  camptodrome  and  areolate  along  the  borders. 

The  species  is  represented  by  two  fragmentary  leaves  upon  the  same 
specimen.  The  leaves  are  about  of  the  same  size  and  form  as  those  figured 
by  Heer  (loc.  cit.)  from  Patoot,     The  secondaries  are  either  distant  as  in  Fl. 


112  THE  FLORA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

Foss.  Arct.  (loc.  cit.)  Fig.  la,  or  less  distant,  more  divided,  and  more  strongly 
impressed  as  in  Fig.  lb  of  the  same  plate.  They  are,  however,  figured  tlun- 
ner  and  more  flexuous  in  Heer's  species  than  in  the  leaves  from  Kansas,  of 
which  the  lower  part  is  broken,  but  which  are  evidently  narrowed  and 
cuneiform  to  the  base.  They  are  also  comparable  to  Goppert's  BJiammis 
snbsiiiHafKS  (Palaeontogr.,  vol.  2,  1852,  PI.  vi,  Fig.  Id),  at  least  by  the  form 
and  nervation  of  the  leaves;  the  borders,  however,  being  entire,  not  sinuous, 
and  the  secoiadanes  more  divided. 

Habitat:  Kansas.  Nos.  P  and  Q  of  the  museum  of  the  University  of 
Kajisas. 

DiOSPTEOS  ROTUNDIFOLIA   Lesq. 

PI.  XVII,  Figs.  8-11. 

Cret,  Fl.,  p.  89,  PL  xxx,  Fig.  1. 

Leaves  of  various  size,  subcoriaceons,  entire,  round  or  broadly  oval, 
obtuse,  declining  at  the  base  to  the  petiole  ;  nervation  camptodrome. 

The  leaves  of  this  species,  recently  found  in  great  numbers,  are 
extremely  variable  in  size,  from  1.5""'  to  7""  long,  and  from  l""'  to  7''"'  broad 
in  the  middle.  Some  of  the  leaves  are  as  broad  as  they  are  long;  but  the 
greatest  number  are  oval  and  much  longer  than  broad. 

The  primary  nerves  are  rigid;  the  secondaries,  six  to  seven  pairs, 
■  oblique,  at  a  broad  angle  of  divergence  of  50°  to  60°,  arched  in  traversing 
the  blade  and  simply  areolate  along  the  borders  by  anastomosing  curves, 
mostly  simple  or  branching  near  the  borders.  Though  the  surface  of  the 
leaves  is  quite  smooth  and  the  nerves  very  distinct,  the  ultimate  areolation 
is  not  discernible;  in  these  specimens  the  areas  only  are  seen  traversed  by 
thin,  simple  nervilles,  slightly  oblique  to  the  secondaries.  The  details  of 
areolation  have  been  observed  and  figured  upon  the  fragment  in  Cret.  Fl. 
(loc.  cit.)  Fig.  1,  which  appears  to  be  referable  to  the  same  species,  though 
the  leaf  is  a  little  larger  and  quite  round. 

Besides  the  affinities  of  these  leaves  as  indicated  in  the  Cret.  Fl,  they 
■•.an  also  be  compared  to  species  of  Populus,  especially  to  P.  hjperhorea  and 
''.  Stygia  HeCr,  described  above;  also  to  the  living  Coccoloha  imndata,  of 
vhich  a  leaf  is  represented  by  impression  in  Ettingshausen's  Bilin  Flora, 
pt.  1,  PI.  XXIV,  Fig.  1;  and  Coccoloha  floridana  Meisner,  the  leaves  of  which, 
like  those  of  the  Dakota  Group,  are  very  variable  in  form  and  size. 

Habitat:  Kansas.  Abundantly  found  in  nodules  of  Ellsworth  County. 
Nos.  402,  436,  570,  572,  etc.,  of  the  museum  of  the  University  of  Kansas. 
Collected  by  E.  P.  West. 


DESCEIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  113 

DiOSPYROS  1    CELASTKOIDES,  Sp.  IIOV. 

PI,  XX,  Fig.  7. 

Leaves  large,  subcoviaceous,  obloug-lauceolate,  narrowed  to  a  thick, 
short,  inflated  petiole  and  decurring  to  it  at  the  base;  borders  quite  entire; 
median  nerve  thick;  secondaries  numerous,  oblique,  thin,  flexuous,  with 
short,  oblique  branches  on  the  under  side,  forking  near  the  borders ;  nerva- 
vation  dictyodrome. 

The  fragment  figured,  which  consists  of  the  lower  half  of  a  leaf  7"" 
long  and  4*""  broad  below  the  middle,  is  somewhat  inequilateral,  being  2""  on 
one  side  and  1.5""  on  the  other,  thus  resembling  by  its  outline  Sapindus  Mor- 
risoni  Lesq.  (Cret.  and  Tert.  FL,  PI.  xvi.  Figs.  1,  2),  whose  nervation  is  of 
a  far  different  type.  The  secondaries,  at  an  angle  of  divergence  of  40*^, 
are  thin  in  comparison  to  the  thick  median  nerve,  flexuous,  emitting  on  the 
lower  side  short  oblique  branches,  without  connection  between  themselves 
or  with  upper  or  lower  secondaries,  but  entering  the  borders  by  some  of 
their  ultimate  divisions. 

The  same  type  of  nervation  is  exhibited  by  some  species  of  Celasti-inse, 
as  Celastrophylliim  helgicum  Sap.  &  Mar.,^  C.  Benedeni  Sap.  &  Mar.,^  two 
species  with  dentate  leaves ;  but  also  and  more  distinctly  by  Dospyros  pal- 
(Eogma  Ett.,^  a  leaf  larger  than  that  from  Kansas  but  of  the  same  form,  and 
D.  primcBva  Heer,  as  figured  in  Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  vol.  6,  2  Abth.,  PI.  xviii.  Fig. 
11.     The  petiole,  as  seen  in  Fig.  7,  is  short,  1.5*""  long,  inflated  at  the  base. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  83  of  the  collection  of  the 
museum  of  the  University  of  Kansas;  A.  Wellington,  collector. 

Order  SAPOTACEJE. 
Tribe  BUMELIE^E. 

BUMELIA?   RHOMBOIDEA,  sp.  noV. 

PI.  LI,  Fig.  10. 

Leaf  rhomboidal  in  outline,  entire,  narrowed  from  the  middle  down- 
ward to  a  short  petiole,  upward  in  the  same  degree  to  an  obtuse  apex;  ner- 
vation pinnate;  secondaries  oblique,  camptodrome. 

The  leaf  is  small,  4™  long,  and  2"'"  broad  in  the  middle;  the  seconda- 
ries obscure,  of  three  pairs  only,  opposite,  parallel,  equidistant,  observed 

»  Flore  do  Gelinden,  R(5vis.,  PI.  xui,  Fig.  4.  -  Ibid.,  PI.  xiv,  Fig.  2. 

'  Flora  V.  Bilin,  pt.2,  p.  45,  PI.  xxxviii,  Fig.  32. 
MON  XVII 8 


1 14  THE  FLOKA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

ill  the  lower  part  of  the  leaf.     Tliey  are  scarcely  5"™  distant  and  run  straight 
toward  the  borders  at  an  angle  of  divergence  of  45°  from  the  midrib. 

By  form  and  size,  and  also  by  the  secondary  nervation,  as  far  as  can 
be  observed,  this  leaf  is  comparable  to  B.  Oreadiim  Ung.,  as  figured  in  0. 
Weber,  Tertiai-fi.  Niederrh.  Braunkohlenform.,  PI.  iv,  Fig.  4b. 
Habitat:  Kansas. 

Sapotacites,  sp.? 
PI.  LXV,  Fig.  3. 

Fragment  of  a  membranous  oval  or  elliptical  leaf,  romid  emarginate 
at  apex,  gradually  narrowed  toward  the  base  (destroyed);  midrib  narrow; 
secondaries  curved  in  passing  toward  the  borders,  at  a  very  acute  angle  of 
divergence,  parallel. 

The  exact  form  of  the  leaf  is  not  ascertainable;  the  areolation  also  is 
obscm-e;  the  divergence  of  the  secondaries,  of  which  there  are  four  to  five 
pairs,  is  only  25°  to  30°. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  1189  of  the  collection  of 
Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe. 

Order   MYRSINE^. 

Tribe   EUMYRSINEyE. 

Myrsine  crassa,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  LII,  Figs.  2,  3. 

Leaves  coriaceous,  thickish,  lanceolate,  rounded  in  narrowing  to  the 
base,  entire,  perminerved;  mickib  narrow;  secondaries  thin,  niimerous, 
oblique,  parallel,  or  cm-ved  and  branching  in  or  above  the  middle,  mixed, 
camptodrome;  areolation  very  compact,  irregular. 

The  areolation  of  these  leaves,  though  copied  as  exactly  as  possible,  is 
not  distinct.  It  is  comparable  to  that  of  some  species  of  Myrsine,  as  M. 
melanophlea  R.  Br.^  or  M.  Urvillei  DC.,^  and  to  M.  horealis  Heer,^  which 
represents  a  leaf  much  smaller,  with  an  areolation  less  compact  than  that 
of  the  leaves  from  Kansas.  A  number  of  fragments  are  figured  by  Heer 
(loc.  cit.),  but  all  are  smaller  and  more  different  in  appearance  from  those 
from  Kansas.     One  is  9"="  long,  3.5""  to  4"'"  broad  at  the  middle;  the  other, 

'  Ettingshausen,  Blatt-Skelete  der  Dikotyledonen,  p.  85,  Fig.  51. 

2Ett.,  ibid.,  p.  84,  PI.  xxxi.  Fig.  4. 

3F1.  Fobs.  Arct.,  vol,  6,  2  Abth.,  p.  81,  PI.  xxiv,  Fig.  7b. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  115 

which  is  narrowly  lanceolate,  is  5"'"  long,  1™  broad,  and  has  the  secondaries 
a  little  more  oblique,  and  altogether  the  nervation  is  less  distinct  and  more 
mixed.  Though  closely  allied,  the  leaves  from  Kansas  differ  in  form  as 
well  as  in  size,  as  they  are  evidently  ovate-lanceolate.  The  smaller  of  the 
leaves  has  the  secondaries  less  distant,  while  those  of  Fig.  3  have  them  less 
regular  and  modified  by  ramification  at  the  middle.  The  angle  of  diver- 
gence of  the  secondaries  is  about  the  same. 

Habitat:  Near  Fort  Harker,  Kansas.  No.  2777  of  the  U.  S.  National 
Museum  collection. 

Mtesinites?  Gaudini  Lesq. 
PI.  LII,  Fig.  4. 

Leat  subcoriaceous,  with  polished  surface,  entire,  oblanceolate  or 
obovate-elongated,  gradually  enlarged  from  the  base  upward,  obtuse,  short 
petioled;  midrib  narrow;  secondaries  oblique,  curved,  camptodrome,  and 
incumbent  along  the  borders. 

A  small  leaf,  5.5°'"  long,  2.5""  broad  in  the  upper  part;  it  has  eight  pairs 
of  secondaries  at  an  angle  of  divergence  of  40°.  The  leaf  is  comparable 
to  Myrsine  grandis  Ung.,^  by  the  form  of  the  leaf  and  the  character  of  the 
nervation.  The  midrib,  however,  is  narrower  in  the  leaf  from  Kansas,  which 
has  the  petiole  destroyed. 

Habitat:  Kansas. 

Order  ERICACE^. 

Tribe  ANDROMEDE^E, 

Andeomeda  Paelatorii  Heer. 
PI.  XIX,  Fig.  1;   PI.  LII,  Fig.  6. 

Phyll.  Cret.  du  Nebr.,  p.  IS,  PI.  i.  Fig.  .5;  Fl.  Foss.  Arct,,  vol.  3,  No.  2,  p.  112,  PL  xxxii, 
Figs.  1, 2;  vol.  6,  2  Abth.,  p.  79,  PI.  xxi,  Figs,  lb,  11 ;  PI.  XLii,  Pig.  4c;  Lesque- 
reux,  Cret.  Fl.,  p.  88,  PI.  xxiii,  Figs.  6,  7;  PI.  xxviii.  Fig.  15. 

The  leaf  shown  in  Fig.  1  is  larger  than  any  of  those  figured  by  Heer ; 
but  it  has  the  same  characters  as  those  represented  in  Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  vol. 
3,  PI.  XXXII,  Figs.  1,  2.  It  is  introduced  here  on  account  of  the  superposi- 
tion upon  its  base  of  an  undeterminable  small  fragment  of  a  leaf,  apparently 
referable  to  Myrica. 

'  Flora  von  Kumi,  PI.  xi,  Fig.  37, 


1  16  THE  FLORA  OF  TEE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

The  other  leaf  of  A .  Parlatoni  Heer  has  the  same  character  as  that 
figured  in  Cret.  FL,  PI.  xxiii,  Fig.  7,  a  peculiar  form  which  Heer  recognized 
as  referable  to  this  species  which  is  really  very  variable.  It  differs  from  the 
more  common  form  by  the  more  obtuse  apex  aud  the  large  size  of  the  leaf 
at  the  middle. 

Habitat:  Kansas.     Common. 

Andkomeda  Pablatobii  Heer,  var.  LONGIFOLIA,  n.  var. 
PI.  LXIV,  Pig.  19. 

May  be  a  different  species.  The  leaves  are  much  longer,  10""'  to  14"°' 
long,  2"°  to  S""  Inroad,  lanceolate,  long  acuminate.  The  texture  is  thick, 
coriaceous ;  the  nervation  the  same  as  in  the  normal  form  of  A.  Parlatorii, 
as  I  have  figured  it  in  my  Cret.  Fl.  (loc.  cit.).  There  are  numerous  speci- 
mens, some  of  them  c)f  the  normal  size. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  662  of  the  collection  of  Mr 
R.  D.  Lacoe. 

Andeomeda  tenuinervis,  sp.  uov.' 
PL  XXXVIII,  Fig.  7. 

It  has  the  short,  enlarged  petiole  of  A.  Parlatorii,  but  the  secondaries 
are  very  thin,  scarcely  visible,  parallel,  equidistant,  immersed  in  the  thick 
parenchyma;  leaf  thick,  coriaceous,  covered  with  a  parasite,  probably  a  new 
species  of  Placidium. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  1177  of  the  collection  of  Mr. 
R  D.  Lacoe. 

Andeomeda  Ppafpiana  Heer. 
PI.  XVIII,  Figs.  7,  8 ;  PI.  LII,  Fig.  7. 

Heer,  PI.  Foss.  Arct.,  vol.  6,  2  Abth.,  p.  79,  PI.  xxv,  Fig.  6;  PI.  xxxviii,  Figs.  5-7; 

PI.  XLiv,  Fig.  12. 

Leaves  membranous  or  subcoriaceous,  linear-lanceolate,  gradually  nar- 
rowed to  the  petiole,  tapering  upward  to  a  long  acumen,  entire;  median 
nerve  naiTOw,  little  enlarged  near  the  base;  secondaries  very  thin,  partly 
obsolete,  more  or  less  distant,  parallel  and  generally  opposite,  curved  up 
towards  the  borders  and  turned  down  in  reaching  the  median  nerve. 

The  leaves  appear  very  long",  at  least  in  comparison  to  their  width, 
none  of  them  being  entire.     The  best  preserved  one  is  14.5""  long  and  2"'° 

'  This  species  was  first  referred  to  A,  Parlatorii,  but  was  later  regarded  as  a  new  species. — F.  H.  K. 


DESCSIPTIOH  OP  SPECIES.  117 

broad  at  the  middle;  the  lateral  nerves  join  the  median  nerve  at  an  acute 
angle  of  20°  to  25°. 

The  identification  of  the  two  leaves  figm-ed  here  with  Heer's  species  is 
conclusive,  although  none  of  the  figures  given  by  Heer  are  complete,  all 
]-epresenting  leaves  broken  at  the  middle.  The  nervation,  form,  and  size 
of  the  leaves  as  given  by  Heer  (loc.  cit.,  PL  xxxvm,  Fig.  5),  is  exactly 
similar  to  that  of  our  leaves.  Heer  describes  the  leaves  as  linear,  but  their 
facies  could  not  be  judged  from  the  fragments  which  he  had  for  examina- 
tion. 

This  is  the  finest  and  best  preserved  specimen  of  A.  Pfaffiana  Heer  which 
I  have  seen  as  yet.     It  has  all  the  characters  of  the  species  as  described. 

Habitat:  Ten  miles  northeast  of  Delphos,  Kansas.  Nos.  4201  and  4202 
of  the  collection  of  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe. 

Andromeda  Snowh,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  XVII,  Fig.  16. 

Leaves  small,  coriaceous,  entire,  regularly  lanceolate,  broader  at  the 
middle,  tapering  upward  at  the  acute  apex  and  in  the  same  degree  down- 
ward to  the  base;  primary  nerve  stout;  secondaries  parallel,  equidistant, 
olilique,  45°  of  divergence,  camptodrome. 

The  leaf,  which  is  4.5""  long  and  1.5""  broad  at  the  middle,  is  allied  in 
form  to  A.  protogma  Uug-.,  a  species  commonly  represented  in  the  Miocene 
of  Europe;  but  it  is  still  more  intimately  related  to  A  affinis  Lesq.,^  a  species 
also  known  by  a  single  leaf,  which  differs  by  its  punctulate  areolation,  and 
the  narrower,  longer,  acuminate  form.  In  A.  Snoivii  the  secondaries,  though 
thicker  from  the  middle  of  the  base,  as  in  A.  affinis,  ascend  higher,  curve  in 
more  distinct  bows,  forming  by  anastomosis  a  double  series  of  festooning- 
areoles.  The  apex  of  the  leaf  is  not  acuminate,  but  rather  blunt-pointed, 
and  the  lower  pair  of  secondaries  are  close  to  the  borders  and  follow  them 
at  a  more  acute  angle  of  divergeiice  than  that  of  the  others  above  it. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  495  of  the  museum  of  the 
University  of  Kansas.     Collected  by  E.  P.  West. 

Andromeda  cretacea,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  XVII,  Figs.  17,  18;  PI.  XXIV,  Fig.  5. 

Leaf  small,  membranous,  narrowly  lanceolate,  acuminate,  tapering  to 
the  base,  entire;   median  nerve  straig-ht;    secondaries,  nearly  equidistant 

'Cret.  aud  Tert.  F].,  p.  60,  PI.  il,  Fig.  5. 


118  THE  FLORA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

and  parallel,  much  curved  iu  coming  near  the  borders,  Avhich  they  follow  in 
simple  arches;  intervals  reticulate  by  thin  nervilles. 

The  specimens  are  mere  fragments  of  leaves  Avith  the  apex  destroyed. 
The  form  of  the  leaves  and  the  nervation  refer  them  evidently  to  some 
species  of  Ericace;^,  being  especially  in  close  relation  to  A.  vaccinifolia  Ung.,' 
for  the  size  and  form  of  the  leaf  (Fig.  5),  and  to  A.  protofjaa  Ung.,  as  figured 
(loc.  cit,  PI.  CI,  Fig.  26d).  The  affinity  to  this  last  species,  even  by  the 
form  of  the  leaf,  is  really  very  close,  the  difference  being  merely  in  the  less 
enlarged  middle  part  of  the  Cretaceoiis  leaves.  In  Figs.  17  and  18  of  oiu- 
Plate  XYII  the  leaves  are  smaller,  the  secondaries  are  more  distant,  at  a 
more  acute  angle  of  divergence,  and  form  longer  bows  nearer  to  the  borders. 
The  fragiuents  may  represent  a  different  species.  But  still  more  striking- 
variations  in  the  angle  of  divergence  of  the  secondaries,  their  distance  and 
their  relative  position  along  the  border  are  often  to  be  observed  in  leaves 
of  the  same  species  of  Andromeda. 

Habitat :  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  Nos.  548a  and  689  of  the  museum 
of  the  University  of  Kansas;  E.  P.  West,  collector.  No.  4060,  from  ten 
miles  northeast  of  Delphos,  Kansas,  is  of  the  collection  of  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe. 

Andromeda  affinis  Lesq. 
PI.  XXXVIII,  Fig.  11. 

Cret.  and  Tert.  Fl.,  p.  60,  PI.  ii,  Fig.  5. 

A  leaf  more  fragmentary  than  that  in  Cret.  and  Tert.  Fl.  (loc.  cit.),  but 
with  the  same  characters. 

ANDEOMEDA   LINIFOLIA,  Sp.  DOV. 

PI.  LII,  Fig.  5. 

Leaf  small,  coriaceous,  rigid,  equally  and  gradiially  narrowed  upward 
to  a  long  acumen,  and  decm-ring  downward  to  a  short,  slender  petiole ;  mid- 
rib narrow;  secondaries  obsolete,  oblique,  opposite  or  alternate,  somewhat 
curved  and  camptodrome. 

The  leaf  is  slender,  6"°'  long,  broken  near  the  apex,  scarcely  l*""  broad 
below  the  middle,  gradually  narrowed  upward  and  downward,  apparently 
rigid  and  solid;  surface  polished;  secondaries  parallel. 

None  of  the  fossil  species  of  this  genus  have  leaves  so  rigid,  so  slender, 
and  so  gradually  and  equally  tapering  both  ways,  or  so  exactly  lanceolate- 
acuminate.     In  its  general  form  and  size  the  leaf  is  comparable  to  that  of 

1  Heer  iu  Fl.  Tert.  Helv.,  vol.  3,  p.  7,  PI.  ci,  Fig.  25. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  119 

Heer,^  described  as  A.  revoluta  Al.  Braun,  diflferiug  especially  by  the  grad- 
ually narrowing  prolongation  upward  to  a  long  acumen,  and  downward  to 
a  thin  or  very  narrow,  distinct  petiole.  It  is  also  comparable  to  A.  suhpro- 
to(](Ea  Sap.  (Etudes,  vol.  1,  p.  227,  PI.  viii,  Fig.  9). 

Habitat :  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  1210  of  the  museum  of  the 
University  of  Kansas.     Collected  by  E.  P.  West. 

Ahdeomeda  Wakdiana,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  LXIV,  Fig.  17. 

Leaf  of  thin  texture,  narrowly  elliptical,  blunt  at  apex,  narrowed  at 
the  base  to  a  short  petiole,  and  entire;  median  nerve  narrow;  secondaries 
thin,  oblique,  camptodrome. 

This  species  is  similar  in  the  form  and  size  of  the  leaves  to  A.  vaccini- 
folia  Ung.,  as  figured  by  Heer  in  his  Fl.  Tert.  Helv.,  vol.  3,  PI.  ci,  Fig.  25a. 
The  secondaries  are  only  at  a  more  acute  angle  of  divergence  in  the  Amer- 
ican species.  The  leaf  is  4.5""  long,  17""°  broad  at  the  middle,  the  petiole 
7°"°  long,  and  the  angle  of  divergence  of  the  secondaries  nearly  40°. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  Coimty,  Kansas.  No.  304  of  the  collection  of  Mr. 
R.  D.  Lacoe. 

Order  CAPRIFOLIACEiE. 

Tribe  SAMBUCE.^ 

Viburnum  in^quilaterale,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  XXI,  Figs.  2,  3. 

Leaves  large,  subcoriaceous,  enlarged  and  rounded  upward  from  below 
the  middle  and  dentate,  more  or  less  rapidly  narrowed  to  the  broadly  cune- 
ate,  entire  base,  irregularly  three  to  five  palmately  nerved  from  a  little 
above  the  basal  border;  primary  and  secondary  nerves  oblique,  nearly 
equidistant,  the  lower  much  branching  outside,  all  craspedodrome. 

The  leaves  are  enlarged  in  the  middle  and  vary  in  size  from  6*"°  to  8"" 
broad,  being  about  1"""  broader  than  long.  The  divisions  or  teeth  of  the 
borders  con-espond  to  those  of  the  nerves,  each  of  these  entering  one  of 
the  teeth,  which  are  short,  at  right  angles  to  the  borders,  separated  by 
shallow  sinuses  of  the  same  type  as  those  often  remarked  upon  the  leaves 
of  the  Dakota  Group  in  species  of  Grrewiopsis,  Platanus,  Betulites,  Aralia, 

1  Fl.  Tert.  Helv.  iii,  PI.  ci,  Fig.  24. 


120  THE  FLORA  OP  THE  DAKOTA  GKOTJP 

etc.  The  primary  nerves,  two  or  three,  rather  ahernate  than  opposite, 
are  mostly  equidistant  with  the  secondaries  and  with  the  same  angle  of 
divergence  (30°  to  40°),  much  branching  outside,  the  few  lower  branches 
only  not  corresponding  to  teeth,  being  camptodronie. 

The  species  has  a  degree  of  affinity  to  V.  Schmidtiamim  Heer\  from 
which  it  differs  by  the  leaves  being  cuneiform,  not  rounded  at  the  base,  the 
nervation  subpalmately  trifid,  with  lateral  nerves  somewhat  more  distant. 
Tlie  ai-eolation  and  the  form  of  the  leaves  are  the  same. 

Habitat:  Ten  miles  northeast  of  Delphos,  Kansas.  No.  4192  of  the 
collection  of  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe. 

Viburnum  grewiopsideum,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  XXI,  Fig.  4. 

Similar  to  the  preceding  species;  a  single  leaf,  differing  by  smaller  size, 
thinner  texture  and  equilateral  form.  The  secondaries  are  less  distant,  more 
branched,  the  nervilles  connivent  at  an  angle  near  the  borders,  with  branches 
passing  at  right  angles  from  the  angular  point  of  union  to  the  borders  as  in 
leaves  of  Grewiopsis.  The  teeth  are  shorter,  less  marked,  separated  by  flat 
sinuses.  This  and  the  preceding  species  are  typical  of  F.  lantanoides  and 
V.  ellipticuin  of  our  present  flora. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  834  of  the  museum  of  the 
University  of  Kansas;  E.  P.  West,  collector. 

Viburnum  robustum,  sp.  uov. 
PI.  XX,  Figs.  4-6. 

Leaves  coriaceous,  polished  on  the  surface,  entire,  oblong,  oval  or 
ovate,  narrowed  downward,  slightly  decm-rent  at  the  very  base  to  a  long, 
thick  petiole,  penninerved;  median  nerve  thick,  secondaries  strong,  carap- 
todrome  to  brachydi'ome. 

These  fine  leaves,  which  are  8""  to  10""  long  and  5""°  to  6™  broad  at 
the  middle,  with  a  thick  petiole  2.5"™  to  3"™  long,  have  a  nervation  com- 
parable to  that  of  the  leaves  of  Popiihis  mutahiUs  Heer,  which  they  also 
resemble  by  their  thick  texture.  The  secondaries,  diverging  at  an  angle  of 
30°  to  50°  from  the  median  nerve,  fork  at  a  distance  from  the  borders,  then- 
divisions  anastomosing  in  curves  forming  a  double  row  of  marginal  areoles. 
This  type  of  nervation  is  still  very  marked  in  some  living  species  of 
Vibui'num,  as  in  V.  nudum  L.,  V.  Lentago  L.,  and  its  numerous  varieties,  and 

'Flor.i  of  Saclialin,  Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  vol.  5,  pt.  ,!,  p.  43,  PI.  xi,  Figs.  4-8. 


DESCRIPTION  OP  SPECIES.  121 

in  some  fossil  species,  such  as  V.  Strangei  Mass\,  whose  leaves  are  also 
coriaceous,  strongly  nerved  but  of  diverse  form;  also  in  V.  rugosum  Pers. 
(pUocenicimi)  Sap.  &  Mar.^ 

The  long,  thick  petiole  of  these  Cretaceous  leaves  does  not  contradict 
their  reference  to  Viburnum,  for  V.  lantanoides  Mx.  has  leaves  with  a  very 
thick  petiole,  sometimes  as  long  as  4"",  and  V.  nudum  L.,  which  shows  the 
same  type  of  nervation  and  has  leaves  with  petioles  2""  to  2.5'^™  long;  and 
these,  winged  as  they  are,  would  appear,  if  they  were  seen  compressed  in 
the  fossil  state,  still  thicker  than  those  figured  here. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  Nos.  12,  58,  and  59  of  the  museum 
of  the  University  of  Kansas;  A.  Wellington,  collector. 

ViBUENUM  ELLSWOKTHIANUM,  sp.  nOV. 
PI.  XXI,  Fig.  6. 

A  single  incomplete  leaf,  resembling  in  form,  size,  and  texture  the  speci- 
men (Fig.  4)  of  the  preceding  species.  It  differs  from  it  by  a  stronger  ner- 
vation, the  secondaries  at  unequal  distance,  simply  camptodrome,  curving 
quite  near  the  borders,  less  ramose,  the  nervilles  close,  nearly  at  right 
angles  along  the  median  nerve. 

Though  far  different  in  appearance,  the  leaf  may  be  a  variety  of  V. 
robustum. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  4  of  the  museum  of  the 
University  of  Kansas.     Collected  by  A.  Wellington. 

VrBTjENUM  Lesqxjeeeuxii,^  sp.  nov. 

■  Very  variable  in  a  diversity  of  characters  which  it  is  almost  impossible 
to  characterize  or  consider  as  specific. 

Leaves  round  or  broadly  ovate,  obtuse,  pointed  or  longer,  lanceolate 
above,  round,  cordate,  subtruncate  or  slightly  narrowed  and  cuneate  at  the 

'Massalongo-Scarabelli,  Fl.  Foss.  Senigall.,  p.  280,  Pis.  x,  xi,  Fig.  4. 

^Recherches  sur  les  Veg4t.  Foss.  de  Meximieux,  in  Arch,  du  Mus.  d'Hist.  Nat.  de  Lyon,  vol.  1,  p. 
262,  PI.  XXXI,  Figs.  1-3. 

"This  in  Prof.  Lesquereux's  manuscript  is  called  "Viburnun)  datcotense,  sp.  nov.,"  but  that  name  is 
preoccupied  by  the  plant  more  appropriately  so  named  by  himself  from  the  Bad  Lands  of  Dakota  in 
his  Cretaceous  and  Tertiary  Flora,  p.  231,  PI.  XLVi  A,  Fig.  9.  While  it  seems  a  pity  to  disturb  the 
name  given  by  himself  to  so  important  a  species,  it  is,  under  the  circumstances,  a  necessity.  It  should 
not,  however,  bo  regarded  as  an  unmixed  evil,  since  it  affords  an  opportunity  to  add  one  more  honor 
to  a  name  which  is  appended  to  very  few  species,  considering  the  great  number  created  by  him  who 
bore  it.— L.  F.  W. 


122  THE  PLOKA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

base,  more  or  less  distinctly  and  acutely  dentate,  penninerved.  Midrib 
thick;  secondaries,  six  to  ten  pairs,  according  to  the  size  of  the  leaf,  oblique, 
parallel,  equidistant,  straight  in  passing  to  the  borders,  the  lower  pairs 
ramose,  with  sometimes  underneath  a  thin  basilar  simple  or  marginal  pair 
of  nerves  close  to  the  borders. 

As  i  have  done  for  the  leaves  described  as  Betulites,  I  refer  most  of 
these  to  one  species,  with  some  variation  indicated  by  an  additional  name. 

All  the  leaves  have  the  areas  traversed  by  distinct,  simple  nervilles, 
more  or  less  curved  at  the  middle,  about  at  right  angles  to  the  secondaries ; 
the  nervilles  become  often  nearest  to  the  borders,  angularly  plicate  in  the 
middle  and  there  joined  to  a  vertical  branch  tending  to  the  borders.  The 
petiole  of  these  leaves  is  strong,  straight,  nearly  5""  to  6""  long,  inflated  and 
curved  at  the  base  as  in  Betulites;  the  dentation  of  the  borders  is  varied, 
the  teeth  being  sometimes  sharp  and  distinct,  sometimes  scarcely  marked. 

The  leaves  considered  as  essential  varieties  are  figured  as  follows: 

Viburnum  Lesqueeeuxii  var.  commune,  n.  var. 
PI.  LIIl,  Fig.  2, 

This  is  the  form  the  more  generally  observed.  Leaves  small,  truncate 
or  subcordate  at  base;  basilar  nervilles  very  thin,  quite  near  the  borders,  and 
simple;  teeth  of  the  borders  distinct. 

ViBUKNUM  Lesqueeeuxii  var.  eotundifolium,  n.  var. 
PI.  LII,  Fig.  8. 

Leaves  nearly  round ;  teeth  regular,  small,  base  broadly  cuneiform ; 
secondaries  oblique  ;  marginal  none. 

Viburnum  Lesqueeeuxii  var.  coedifolium,  n.  var. 
PI.  LII,  Fig.  9. 

Leaves  larger,  more  or  less  deeply  cordiform  at  base,  obtusely  pointed 
at  apex,  distinctly  dentate;  lowest  secondaries  nearly  at  right  angles,  none 
simple  and  marginal. 

ViBUENUM  Lesqueeeuxii  var.  longifolium,  n.  var. 
PI.  LIII,  Fig.  1. 

Leaves  large,  cordate  at  base,  long,  tapering  upwards  to  the  obtusely 
pointed  apex;  lower  secondaries  arched  l^ackward  in  passing  to  the  borders, 


DESCRIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  123 

the  basilar  submarginal.     It  is  an  enlarged  form  of  var.  3,  with  very  fine, 

large  leaves. 

No.  2701  of  the  U.  S.  National  Museum  collection,  from  near  Fort 

Harker,  Kansas. 

Viburnum  Lesqueeeuxii  var.  latius,  n.  var. 
PI.  LIl,  Fig.  10. 

Leaves  enlarged,  both  sides  obtuse  at  apex;  coarsely  dentate;  lower 
secondaries  open  with  a  pair  of  thin  basilar  veinlets  underneath. 

It  is  apparently  a  small  leaf  of  the  same  variety,  only  differing  by  the 
absence  of  marginal  nerves. 

Viburnum  Lesqueeeuxii  var.  lanceolatum,  n.  var. 
ri.  LIII,  Fig.  3. 

Leaves  round,  cuneiform  at  base,  of  small  size,  lanceolate  pointed, 
lower  secondaries,  of  which  there  are  two  pairs,  nearly  at  right  angles, 
simple,  marginal;  the  borders  distinctly  dentate. 

No.  2  7  01 J  of  the  U.  S.  National  Museum  collection. 

Viburnum?  Lesqueeeuxii  var.  tenuifolium,  n.  var. 
PI.  LXIV,  Fig.  13. 

Uncertainly  referred  to  Viburnum.  From  the  other  forms  of  V.  Les- 
quereuxii  the  leaf  differs  by  its  thin  texture,  its  oblong-ovate  shape,  the  thin, 
less  deeply  marked  nervation  and  the  nearly  entire  borders,  the  teeth  being 
very  small,  like  those  of  BetuUfes  Westii,  var.  subintegrifolitis  Lesq.  In  gen- 
eral characters  it  is  remarkably  similar  to  the  figure  of  Gorijlopsis  muUiflora, 
given  by  Saporta  in  the  text  to  his  Flora  of  Sezanne  (p.  394).  It  differs  by 
its  broad  diameter,  the  more  open  secondaries,  and  the  direction  of  the 
small  border  teeth.     I  rather  think  the  leaf  referable  to  the  Hamamelideaj. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  1186  of  the  collection  of 
Mr.  R  D.  Lacoe. 

Viburnum  sphenophyllum,  sp.  nov." 
PI.  LIII,  Fig.  4. 

Leaves  long  and  narrowed,  broadly  cuneiform  at  base,  tapering  to 
the  pointed  apex;  distinctly,  equally  dentate  on  the  borders;  longer  and 

'This  species  was  named  "Viburnum  cuneatum,  n.  sp.,"  by  Prof.  Lesquereux,  but  this  name  is  pre- 
occupied by  the  Viburnum  cuneatum  of  Newberry  (Foss.  PI.  from  West  N.  A.,  Pioc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  vol.  .5, 
p.  511).  It  w;is  therefore  necessary  to  change  the  name,  and  I  have  called  It  Viburnum  apheno- 
phyUum.—F.  H.  K. 


124  THE  FLORA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GRUUP. 

comparatively  narrower ;  secondaries  parallel  and  all  ramose  ;•  none  simple 
and  basilar;  teeth  sharply  pointed,  distinct,  mostly  equal;  surface  of  the 
leaves  smooth. 

It  is  probably  a  variety  of  V.  LesquercuxU,  but  it  has  a  peculiar 
aspect,  being  equally  and  distinctly  dentate,  with  secondaries  parallel,  all 
ramose,  the  nervilles  more  distinct.  All  these  forms  and  many  others  were 
found  at  the  same  localities;  none,  however,  are  identical  or  were  found  at 
the  same  place  with  the  leaves  described  as  Betulites. 

ViBURNITES   CRASSUS,  Sp.  DOV.' 

PI.  XLV,  Figs.  1,  2,  3,  4. 

Leaves  very  thick,  coriaceous,  round  in  outline,  subcordate  ov  siib- 
truncate  and  entire  at  base,  denticulate  above,  triplinerved;  nerves  thick; 
lateral  primaries  open,  branching  outside  with  one,  rarely  two,  pairs  of  lower 
basilar  simple  veinlets  which  are  thin  and  at  right  angles ;  secondaries,  four 
to  five  pairs,  equidistant  aud  parallel,  craspedodrome  with  their  divisions; 
angle  of  divergence  45^  to  50°. 

These  leaves  vary  in  size  from  6°"  to  10'^"  in  both  vertical  and  trans- 
verse directions.  The  borders  are  denticulate,  more  distinct,  and  with  more 
distant  teeth,  but  the  kind  of  border  division  or  dentation  is  of  the  same 
character,  the  small  teeth  being  at  right  angles  to  the  borders,  as  formed  by 
the  more  or  less  strong  projection  of  the  nerves  and  of  their  branches,  and 
separated  by  shallow  sinuses.  The  texture  of  the  leaves  is  thick  and  the 
areolation  coarse  and  deeply  marked,  especially  in  Fig.  4,  a  fi-agment  which 
may  perhaps  represent  a  different  species,  its  areolation  being  evidently  in 
smaller  meshes  than  in  the  two  other  leaves.  Fig.  3  has  only  one  basilar 
veinlet  on  one  side,  while  Fig.  4  has  the  lateral  primaries  emerging  from  the 
base  of  the  lower  secondaries  and  a  pair  of  basilar  veinlets.  This  difference, 
as  well  as  the  nearly  entire  borders  of  the  leaf,  renders  its  reference  to  this 
species  somewhat  uncertain. 

Habitat:  Ten  miles  northeast  of  Delphos,  Kansas.  Nos.  4163,  4167, 
4168  of  the  collection  of  Mr.^  R  D.  Lacoe.  No.  839,  Fig.  4,  of  the  museum 
of  the  University  of  Kansas.     Collected  by  E.  P.  West. 

'This  species  was  first  entered  in  the  manuscript  and  described  under  the  name  of  Protophyllum 
trassum  by  Prof.  Lesquerenx,  but  in  pencil  the  name  was  changed  to  Phyllites.  In  a  still  later  note 
he  said:  '•  Omit  Protophyllum  crassum  of  PI.  XLV,  which  is  a  Viburnites.  Protophyllum  crassum  true  is 
a  new  species  described  from  Lacoe's  specimen,  No.  1171." 

Protophijllum  crassum  "true"  is  figured  from  Lacoe's  specimen,  No.  1171,  on  PI.  LXXVII,  Fig.  4, 
and  also  described  from  the  manuscript  description  of  the  specimens  furnished  Mr.  Lacoe  by  Prof. 
Lesquerenx. — F.  H.  K. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  125 

VlBXTHNITES   MASONI,  Sp.  UOV, 

PI.  XLV,  Fig.  5. 

Leaves  coriaceous,  round',  subcordate  at  the  entire  base,  obtusely  short- 
dentate,  subtripahnately  nerved;  median  nerve  strong;  primary  lateral 
nerve  supra-basilar,  opposite  and  oblique  like  the  secondaries,  which  are 
equidistant  and  parallel  to  it;  basilar  primaries  two  p*irs  at  right  angles, 
the  upper  branching  on  the  lower  side,  anastomosing  in  bows  with  the  lower 
one,  quite  thin  and  marginal;  secondaries  compound-craspedodrome,  branch- 
ing and  anastomosing  toward  the  borders  in  oblique  subdivisions,  and 
uervilles  forming  rows  of  angular  meshes. 

This  leaf  differs  from  Protophyllum  by  the  characters  of  the  areolation 
and  the  subdivisions  of  the  secondaries  toward  the  borders  of  the  leaves, 
where  they  branch  first  obhquely,  and  by  the  anastomosis  of  branchlets 
in  oblique  and  even  rectangular  directions  ultimately  enter  the  teeth  by 
nervilles,  as  in  species  of  Grewiopsis.  The  leaf  is  9''"  broad  and  about 
7.5"""  long,  the  petiole  being  broken  near  the  base  of  the  leaf. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  52  of  the  museum  of  the 
University  of  Kansas.     Collected  by  A.  Wellington. 

Order   CORNACE^.    ' 

CoRNUS  PRECOX,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  XXIII,  Fig.  5. 

Leaves  polished  on  the  surface  but  not  thick,  elliptical,  tapering  upward 
to  a  lono-  acumen;  narrowed  in  an  outward  curve  to  the  base  and  decurring 
to  a  short  petiole,  entire;  median  nerve  rigid;  secondaries  inequidistant  and 
parallel,  at  an  acute  angle  of  divergence,  much  curved  in  traversing  the 
blade,  simple  or  forking  above  the  iniddle. 

One  leaf  only  of  this  kind  has  been  found.  It  is  S"""  long,  3.5"^  broad 
at  the  middle,  somewhat  undulate,  with  seven  jjairs  of  secondaries  at  an 
aiio-le  of  divergence  of  40°,  those  of  the  three  lower  and  of  the  upper  pair 
opposite  those  of  the  middle  alternate,  either  simple  or  forking  in  parallel 
branches,  which  with  the  same  degree  of  curve  pass  towards  the  borders 
and  follow  them  quite  near  in  long  bows. 

This  fine  leaf,  remarkable  for  the  forking  of  the  secondaries,  has  a  dis- 
thict  afanity  with  that  described  as  C.  Bucliii  Heer\  being  of  the  same  form, 

1  EttiDgshauseu,  Fl.  Foss.  v.  Sagor,  pt.  2,  p.  22,  PI.  xiv.  Fig.  31, 


126  THE  FLORA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

tliough  somewhat  smaller,  with  the  same  peculiar  divisions  of  the  seconda- 
ries. It,  however,  diflFers  from  the  leaves  described  by  Heev  under  the  same 
name,^  as  well  as  from  those  in  Ettingshausen's  Flora  v.  Bilin,'  the  second- 
aries of  all  these  leaves  being  simple  and  less  curved.  It  has  a  distinct 
affinity  to  C.  Forschammeri  Heer,^  of  Atane  (Cenomanian),  described  also 
in  this  volume  from  specimens  obtained  at  a  higher  stage  of  the  Cretaceous. 
Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  32  of  the  museum  of  the 
University  of  Kansas;  A.  Wellington,  collector. 

COENUS  PLATYPHYLLOIDES,  Sp.  UOV. 

PI.  LXIV,  Fig.  15. 

Leaves  small,  tliickish,  subcoriaceous  or  membranous,  oval,  narrowly 
obtuse  and  narrowed  to  the  base,  entire;  median  nerve  thick;  secondaries 
seven  pairs,  very  oblique,  slightly  curved  in  traversing  the  lamina,  parallel, 
subopposite  and  subequidistant. 

The  leaf,  which  is  4*^"'  long  and  2'™  broad,  has  the  secondaries  diverg- 
ing from  the  midrib  at  an  angle  of  30°  and  somewhat  cm-ved  in  passing 
toward  the  borders,  the  upper  pair  acrodi-ome.  The  form,  size,  and  mode 
of  nervation  of  the  leaf,  as  well  as  the  texture,  are  so  remarkably  similar  to 
the  small  leaf  of  C.  platyphyUa  Sap.*  that  it  might  be  considered  as  identical. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  594  of  the  collection  of  Mr. 
E.  D.  Lacoe. 

Nyssa  Snowiana,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  LII,  Fig.  11. 

Leaves  comparatively  small,  ovate,  abmptly  contracted  to  a  short 
acmnen,  cuneate  to  the  short,  thick  petiole  and  slightly  decurring  to  it  at 
the  base,  peuninerved;  midrib  strong,  percurrent,  secondaries  parallel,  sub- 
equidistant,  camptodrome,  cm-ving  in  traversing  the  blade,  branching  in  the 
upper  part,  following  quite  near  the  borders  in  simple  areoles. 

The  leaf,  which  is  5"™  long  and  3™  broad  at  the  middle,  is  entii'e,  and 
has  a  petiole  l"""  long;  the  secondaries,  of  which  there  are  eight  or  nine  on 
each  side,  are  very  distinctly  curved  in  passing  toward  the  borders,  which 
they  follow  in  single  bows.  It  is  similar  in  its  facies  and  character  to  N. 
europcea  Ung.,*  being  only  smaller.     A  small  fruit,  striate  lengthwise.  No. 

iFl.  Tert.  Helv.,  vol.  :5,  p.  26,  PI.  CV.Figs.  6-9.        <F1.  Foss.  Suzanne,  p-  391,  PI.  xi,  Fig.  9. 
^Pt.  3,  p.  4,  pi.  XL,  Fig.  32.  ^Sylloge,  pt.  3,  p.  73,  PI.  xxiii.  Fig.  19. 

3F1.  Foss.  Arct.,  vol.  6,  2  Abth.,  p.  85,  PI.  XL.iv,  Fig.  13. 


DESCEIPTIOi^r  OF  SPECIES.  127 

1250  of  the  Snow  collection,  Is  comparable  in  size,  form,  etc.,  to  Nyssidium 
gronnlandicum  Heer  (Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  vol.  3,  pt.  3,  PL  ii.  Fig.  18). 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  935  of  the  collection  of  the 
University  of  Kansas;  E.  P.  West,  collector. 

Order  ARALIACE^. 

Tribe  HEDERE^E. 

Hedera  cretacea,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  XVIII,  Fig.  1. 

Leaves  subcoriaceons,  broadly  rhomboidal  in  outline,  obtusely  trilo- 
bate, subcordiform  at  base;  borders  undulate  between  the  lobes,  entire 
downward,  nervation  palmately  five  divided  from  the  base;  lower  primary 
nerves  simple,  short  and  thin,  the  upper  thick,  passing  up  to  the  point  of 
the  lobes,  branching  on  the  lower  side  and  forking;  secondaries  four  pairs, 
opposite,  short,  equidistant,  and  parallel  with  the  upper  primaries. 

The  only  leaf  seen  of  this  species  is  7""  long,  8.5""  broad  between  the 
points  of  the  lobes,  which  are  short  and  obtuse.  The  lower  secondaries  are 
thick,  forking  at  the  apex  and  becoming  effaced  before  reaching  the  borders, 
being,  however,  apparently  camptodrome  like  the  branches  of  the  primaries. 

The  species  has  points  of  relation  first  with  the  living  H.  Helix  L.,  by 
its  form,  being,  however,  less  deeply  cordiform  at  the  base,  and  by  its  nerva- 
tion, which  is  five-nerved  from  the  base  in  the  living  species,  which  has  also 
four  pairs  of  opposite  secondaries,  all  dividing  before  reaching  the  borders. 
Of  fossil  species  this  leaf  is  related  to  H.  Strozzii  Gaud.,^  of  the  Miocene; 
to  H.  auriculata  Heer,^  with,  however,  a  mai'ked  difference  in  some  of  the 
characters. 

Habitat:  Ten  miles  northeast  of  Delphos,  Kansas.  No.  4029  of  the 
collection  of  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe. 

Hedera  miorophylla,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  XVIII,  Figs.  2,  3. 

Leaves  broadly  rhomboidal,  obscurely  trilobate,  palmately  trinerved 
from  the  base,  obtuse  and  obtusely  undulate-lobate  above;  secondaries  two 

'Gandin  et  Strozzi,  Coiitrib.,  pt.  1,  Feuilles  tie  la  Toscane,  p.  37,  PI,  xii.  Figs,  1-3. 
=  F1.  Fos8.  Alask.,  p.  36,  PI.  ix,  Fig.  6. 


128  THE  FLORA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

pairs,  opposite  and  equidistant,  craspedodrome,  branches  of  the  lateral 
pi-iniaries  camptodrome. 

The  leaves  on  which  the  species  is  based  have  nearly  the  same  char- 
acters as  the  large  leaf  (Fig.  1,)  appearing  really  as  a  diminutive  form  of  the 
same  species.  As  seen  by  the  figures,  the  difference  in  size  is  very  great; 
but  it  is  quite  as  marked  between  Figs.  3  and  2  as  between  this  and  Fig.  1 . 
Essential  diiferences  are  seen  in  the  thickness  of  the  lateral  primar}^  nerves 
and  in  the  texture  of  the  leaves,  which  is  much  thicker  in  Fig.  1  than  in 
Figs  2  and  3,  and  in  the  emarginate  apex  of  these  two  last-mentioned  leaves. 
In  spite  oi"  these  differences  the  value  of  this  last  species  may  remain 
doubtful,  for  Figs.  2  and  3  closely  imitate  the  nervation  of  Fig.  1,  as  both 
of  these  leaves  have  a  thin  lateral  nerve  on  one  side,  while  that  of  Fig.  1 
has  two,  a  ditference  caused  by  the  reduced  size  of  the  leaves. 

Habitat:  Ten  miles  northeast  of  Delphos,  Kansas.  Nos.  4026  (Fig.  2) 
and  4053a  (Fig.  3)  of  the  collection  of  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe. 

Hedeka  platanoidea  Lesq. 

Gret.  andTert.  FL,  p.  65,  PI.  lu,  Figs.  5,  6 ;  Hayden's  Ana.  Rept.,  1874,  p.  351,  PI.  iii, 

Fig.  3. 

Leaves  coriaceous,  subreniform,  broader  than  long,  rounded  or  obtusely 
lobate  at  apex;  abruptly  narrowed  or  obliquely  subtruucate  at  base;  three 
nerved  fi'om  a  short  distance  above  the  base;  lateral  primaries  cui-ving, 
nearly  parallel  to  the  borders,  anastomosing  by  thick  branches  and  nervilles 
with  marginal  veinlets  underneath;  secondaries  few,  flexuous,  irregularly 
branched,  curving  along  the  borders  and  anastomosing  above,  entering  the 
teeth  directly  or  by  short  veinlets,  or  slightly  marked  deuticulations  of  the 
borders. 

The  reference  of  the  fragments  figured  here  to  the  species  described  in 
Cret.  and  Tert.  Fl.  (loc.  cit.)  is  authorized  by  the  identity  of  the  nervation 
which,  though  extremely  mixed  and  variable,  is  easily  recognized. 

Habitat:  Ten  miles  northeast  of  Delphos,  Kansas.  Nos.  4174  (Fig.  4) 
and  4021  (Fig.  5)  of  the  collection  of  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe. 


DESCKIPTiON  OF  SPECIES.  129 

Hbdera  obbiculata  (Heer)  Lesq. 
PI.  XVII,  Figs.  12-14. 

Chondro2)hyllum  orbiculatum  Heer,  Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  vol.  3,  pt.  2,  p.  115,  PI.  xxxi,  Fig.  3c. 
Eeconstructed  PI.  xxxii.  Fig.  13. 

Leaves  coriaceous,  nearly  round  or  reniform,  entire  or  subemarginate 
at  apex;  secondaries  numerous,  the  three  lower  pairs  nearly  joined  at  their 
base,  much  branching,  camptodrome;  areolation  in  large,  quadi-angular  or 
polygonal  meshes  formed  by  the  iiTegular  subdivision  of  the  nervilles. 

The  leaves  vary  from  2..5™  to  5*""  in  length,  being  nearly  as  broad, 
sometimes  even  more  enlarged  horizontally  and  subemarginate  at  apex,  as 
in  Fig.  12.  Heer  had  only  fragments  of  these  leaves  for  reconstruction 
and  none  of  the  fragments  give  a  representation  of  the  apex.  One  of  our 
leaves  (Fig.  14)  appears  constricted  and  lobed  at  apex.  This,  however, 
may  be  a  mere  casual  deformation,  though  the  borders  of  the  sinuses  are 
jiartly  distinct.  This  last  form  is  like  a  transition  between  this  and  the  fol- 
lowing species.  The  petiole  is  fi-om  6°""  to  17""  long  and  a  little  enlarged 
at  the  point  of  attachment.  This  species  is  closely  related  to  H.  parvula 
Ward  and  H.  minima  Ward  (Types  of  the  Laramie  Flora,  p.  57,  PL  xxvi, 
Figs.  4  and  5.) 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  Nos.  756,  783,  and  816  of  the 
museum  of  the  University  of  Kansas;  E.  P.  West,  collector. 

Hbdera  ovalis  Lesq. 
PI.  XVII,  Fig.  15. 

Cret.  Fl.,  p.  91,  PI.  xxv,  Fig.  3;  PI.  xxvi.  Fig.  4. 

Chondrophylliim  Nordenskioldi  f  Heer,  Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  vol.  3,  pt.  2,  p.  114,  PL  xxxii, 
Figs.  11,  12;  PI.  XXX,  Fig.  4b. 

Leaves  coriaceous,  entire,  oval,  obtuse,  narrowed  to  the  petiole,  penni- 
uerved;  median  nerve  stout;  secondaries  alternate,  irregular  in  distance, 
closer  towards  the  base,  much  branched,  camptodrome;  areolation  in  large 
polygonal  or  quadi-angular  meshes. 

This  leaf  has  the  same  characters  of  nervation,  also  the  same  form  and 
size,  as  that  figured  in  Cret.  FL,  PL  xxv  (loc.  cit).  As  the  details  of  nerva- 
tion are  extremely  well  preserved  and  distinct,  it  has  been  possible  to  repre- 
sent it  more  exactly.  It  can  not  be  positively  asserted  that  the  leaf  is 
referable  to  Heer's  Cliondroplujlliim  Nordenskioldi  (loc.  cit.),  whieli  is  merely 
represented  in  fragments.     The  leaf  reconstructed  by  Heer  (loc.  cit.,  PL 

HON  XVII 9 


130  THE  FLOKA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

XXXII,  Fig.  12)  differs  by  its  smaller  size,  the  secondaries  being  less  numer- 
ous, at  a  more  acute  angle  of  divergence  with  few  branches,  and  a  different 
general  aspect.  The  reference,  however,  of  all  these  leaves  to  Hedera  is 
authorized  by  their  affinity  to  species  of  the  genus ;  in  nervation,  to  H.  Helix 
L.,  in  the  form  of  the  leaves  and  characters  of  the  secondary  nervation  and 
areolation  to  H.  cimeifolia  from  Cuba,  and  especially  to  H.  Gaudichaudi  Gray, 
of  the  Spanish  Islands. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  Coiihty,  Kansas.  No.  824  of  the  collection  of  the 
museum  of  the  University  of  Kansas.     Collected  by  E.  P.  West. 

Hedera  decukrens,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  XVIII,  Fig.  6. 

Leaves  subcoriaceous,  small,  subcordate,  oblong-ovate,  obtuse,  entire, 
declining  at  base  and  decui'ring  along  the  short  petiole;  nervation  trifid  from 
the  top  of  the  petiole;  lateral  primaries  much  branching;  the  secondaries  at  a 
great  distance  above  the  primaries,  consisting'  of  three  parallel  pairs,  arched 
and  forking  near  the  borders,  subcraspedodi'ome,  vanishing  in  reaching  the 
borders. 

The  leaf  is  SS""""  long  and  as  broad  above  the  rounded  base;  the  pri- 
mary and  secondary  nerves  at  the  same  angle  of  divergence  of  45°;  the 
lower  pair  of  secondaries  three  times  as  distant  from  the  primaries  as  from 
the  upper  secondaries  above,  leaving  between  them  a  wide  space  of  17""" 
without  nerves,  except  a  short,  thin  one,  marked  on  one  side  only  in  the 
middle  of  the  space. 

The  species  is  comparable  to  H.  platanoidea  Lesq.  (Cret.  and  Tert.  Fl., 
p.  65,  PI.  II,  Figs.  5,  6),  and  is  still  more  closely  related  in  form  and  nerva- 
tion to  H.  aurkidafa  Heer  (Fl.  Foss.  Alask.,  p.  36,  PI.  ix.  Fig.  6),  from  which 
it  differs  especially  by  the  absence  of  a  basilar  marginal  nerve  and  in  the 
nervation  being  less  distinctly  camptodrome.  This  leaf  is  also  comparable 
to  that  of  Myrsine  antiqua  Ung.  (Syll.,  pt.  3,  p.  20,  PI.  vii.  Fig.  7),  the  fonii 
of  the  leaf  with  the  winged  petiole  being  the  same,  but  the  nerves  of  our 
species  are  more  curved  and  distinctly  camptodi'ome. 

The  decun-ent  base  of  the  petiole  is  not  seen  in  any  of  the  species 
above  quoted. 

Habitat:  Ten  miles  northeast  of  Delphos,  Kansas.  No.  4031  of  the 
collection  of  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  131 

Tribe  ARALIE^E. 
Abalia  fokmosa  Heer. 

Fl.  V.  Moletein,  p.  18,  PI.  viii,  Fig,  3 ;  Lesquereux,  Cret.  and  Tert.  Fl.,  p.  60,  PI.  xi, 

Pigs.  3,  4. 

Aralia  Sapoktanea  Lesq. 

Cret.  and  Tert.  FL,  p.  61,  PI.  viii,  Figs.  1,  2;  PI.  ix,  Figs.  1,  2.     Haydea's  Auu.  Eept., 
1874,  p.  350,  PI.  I,  Pigs.  2,  2a. 

Aealia  Saportanba  Lesq,,  var.  defokmata,  u.  var. 
PI.  XXIII,  Figs,  1,  2. 

Leaves  small,  palmately  five  lobate,  lobes  deformed,  narrow,  mostly 
entire. 

In  Fig.  1  the  median  nerve  is  partly  abortive  or  reduced  to  half  its 
length  and  width;  while  the  lateral  ones  are  nearly  entire  and  equal.  In 
Fig.  2  the  lateral  lobes  are  short,  obtuse  on  one  side  of  the  leaf,  longer  and 
dentate  on  the  other,  and  with  secondaries  obsolete.  Comparing  these  leaves 
to  those  of  the  normal  forms  (loc.  cit),  one  sees  easily  that  the  differences 
in  the  characters  of  these  leaves  is  the  result  of  casual  deformation. 

Habitat :  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  Museum  of  the  University  of 
Kansas. 

Akalia  Wellingtoi^iana,  sp.  nov, 
PI.  XXI,  Fig.  1;  PI.  XXII,  Figs.  2,  3, 

Leaves  large,  coriaceous,  palmately  three  or  five  lobed,  narrowed  in  an 
inward  curve  to  a  prolonged  base,  decurring  to  the  petiole;  lobes  long, 
oblong-lanceolate,  abruptly  pointed,  sharply  equally  dentate  from  above  the 
base,  the  teeth  turned  outside  or  slightly  upward,  separated  by  shallow 
sinuses;  primary  nerves  broad  and  flat;  secondaries  more  or  less  oblique, 
slightly  curving  or  nearly  straight  in  passing  to  the  borders,  entering  the 
teeth,  craspedodi-ome,  mostly  simple ;  areolation  distinctly  reticulate,  in 
irregularly  quadrate  or  polygonal  meshes. 

The  leaves,  which  are  IS""  to  16""  long,  excluding  the  petiole,  vary  of 
course  in  width  according  to  the  number  of  lobes  and  their  divergence  from 
the  median  nerve,  which  in  most  of  the  specimens  that  I  have  seen  averages 
35°.  The  lobes  are  a  little  broader  in  the  middle,  slightly  narrowing  to 
the  sinuses,  7""  to  10""  long,  and  from  2"'"  to  3™  broad  at  the  middle.    The 


132  THE  FLOKA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GliOUP. 

separate  lobe  (PI.  XXII,  Fig.  5)  has  the  teeth  much  larger,  more  tm-iied 
upward,  appearing  also  of  a  tliicker  texture. 

The  species  is  so  remarkably  similar  to  ^-1.  Saportanea  Lesq.-^  that  at 
first  sight  it  appears  identical.  It  differs,  however,  by  the  coriaceous  texture 
of  the  leaves,  the  reticulate  areolatioii,  the  larger  teeth,  the  more  or  less  up- 
wardly turned  secondaries,  which  are  not  curved  or  camptodi'ome,  but  run 
straight  to  the  teeth  and  enter  them;  the  base  of  the  leaf  is  longer,  decur- 
rent,  and  the  lobes  more  abruptly  or  obtusely  pointed. 

Habitat:  Carneiro,  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  Nos.  14,  14a,  b,  c,  of 
the  museum  of  the  University  of  Kansas.  Collected  by  Mr.  A.  Wellington, 
to  whom  this  fine  species  is  dedicated. 

Akalia  Towneki  Lesq. 
PI.  XXIII,  Pigs.  3,  4;  PI.  XXXI,  Fig.  1. 

Hayden's  Ann.  Eept.,  1874,  p.  349,  PI.  it,  Fig.  1 ;  Cret.  and  Tert.  Fl.,  p.  62,  PI.  vi,  Fig.  4. 

As  yet  the  species  is  known  only  by  fragmentary  specimens  which  do 
not  sufficiently  exhibit  the  essential  characters.  What  is  known  of  it  and 
observed  upon  the  fragments  figiu-ed  (one  representing  a  small  leaf,  the 
other  a  large  one,  quite  as  large  if  not  larger  than  that  figured  in  Cret.  and 
Tert.  FL,  loc.  cit.;  the  third,  PI.  XXXI,  of  middle  size)  is  that  the  leaves  are 
subcoriaceous,  polished  on  the  surface,  irregularly  palmately  five  lobed 
from  below  the  middle,  narro^^dy  cuueate  to  the  base;  the  lobes  entire,  lan- 
ceolate obtuse;  the  primary  lateral  nerves  forking  at  a  distance  above  the 
base  and  the  secondaries  open,  variable  in  distance,  very  much  curved  in 
passing  toward  the  borders,  camptodrome,  with  nervilles  rarely  distinct  and 
at  right  angles  to  the  nerves.  The  lateral  primaries  evidently  join  the 
median  nerve  as  supra-basilar. 

Fig.  3  represents  a  fragment  of  a  small  leaf,  probably  referable  to  this 
species.  It  seems  to  have  a  degree  of  relation  to  the  Tertiary  leaf,  also 
fragmentary,  of  A.  Tsclmlymensis  Heer  (Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p.  42, 
PI.  XIII,  Fig.  lb). 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  73  of  the  musexxm  of  the 
University  of  Kansas;  A.  Wellington,  collector. 

'Cret.  and  Tert.  FI.,  p.  61,  PI.  viii,  Figs.  1,  2;  PI.  ix,  Figs.  1,  2. 


DESOEIPTIOX  OF  SPECIES.  133 

Aralia  Masoni,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  XV,  Fig.  4. 

Leaf  stilDcoriaceous,  palmately  3  to  5  lobed;  lobes  oblong-lanceolate 
acute  or  acuminate,  entire,  long  and  narrow;  primary  nerve  rigid,  stout, 
percui-rent;  secondaries  numerous,  parallel,  oblique,  and  curved. 

The  species  is  represented  by  a  fragment,  two  lobes,  finely  preserved, 
showing  part  of  an  apparently  pahnately  five-divided  leaf  The  lobes  are 
7""  to  9*"°  long,  2""  broad  in  the  middle  or  less,  and  are  gradually  narrowed 
from  the  middle  downward  to  narrow  obtuse  sinuses  and  upward  to  the 
apex  (l3roken),  which  is  either  acute  or  acuminate.  The  lateral  nerves  are 
close,  3""  to  4"™  distant,  oblique,  at  an  angle  of  divergence  of  50°,  some- 
■".vhat  curved  in  passing  toward  the  borders. 

As  far  as  can  be  seen  from  the  fragment  the  species  is  closely  related 
by  nervation  and  also  by  length  and  width  of  the  lobes  to  A.  angustiloha 
Lesq.,'  a  species  from  the  Upper  Miocene  of  the  auriferous  gravels  of  Cal- 
ifornia. By  the  shape  of  the  lobes,  their  close  disposition  and  narrow 
sinuses,  the  species  is  comparable  to  A.  Jorgenseni  Heer,^  from  Unartok, 
Greenland  where  it  is  associated  with  Laurus  primigenia  Ung.,  Viburnum 
marginatum  Lesq.,  etc.  Heer's  species  is  represented  by  a  trilobate  leaf 
only,  and  the  secondary  nervation  is  totally  obsolete.  Hence,  though  the 
form,  size,  and  relative  position  of  the  lobes  are  really  the  same  as  in  the 
fragment  figured  here,  it  is  not  possible  to  identify  the  species. 

Habitat:  Ten  miles  northeast  of  Delphos,  Kansas.  No.  4063  of  the 
collection  of  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe. 

Aralia  subemaeginata  Lesq. 
PI.  XV,  Fig.  3. 

Cret.  and  Tert.  Fl.,  p.  63. 

Leaf  large,  coriaceous,  palmately  five-lobate ;  lobes  short,  rounded  and 
emarginate  at  apex ;  primary  nerves  in  three  pairs,  supra-basilar,  the  lateral 
ones  forking  at  a  short  distance  from  their  base;  secondaries  camptodrome, 
distant,  much  curved  in  passing  toward  the  borders,  which  they  follow  more 
or  less  distantly,  anastomosing  in  arches. 

This  fine  leaf,  which  measures  17""  horizontally  and  9*""  vertically,  is 
palmately  five  lobate,  with  the  lateral  primary  nerves  alternate  at  base, 

'  Mem.  of  the  Museum  of  Comp.  Zool.,  vol.  G,  pt.  2,  PI.  v,  Figs.  4,  5. 
^Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  vol.  7,  p.  116,  PI.  ci,  Fig.  1. 


134  THE  FLOEA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

forking-  a  little  aliove  it.  Tlie  lobes  are  emarginate  at  apex,  entire,  short 
and  separated  by  narrow,  obtuse  sinuses;  the  median  nerve,  which  is  con- 
tinued from  the  petiole,  is  3"""  thick,  the  lateral  about  half  as  strong.  Tlie 
secondaries  are  thick  at  base,  much  curved  in  passing  to  the  borders  and 
branch  and  anastomose  near  them,  either  with  branches  of  those  above  or 
with  long,  continuous  ner^^lles  at  right  angles  to  the  primaries;  the  areoles 
formed  by  subdivisions  at  right  angles  of  the  nervilles  are  nearly  square, 
somewhat  large. 

This  leaf  is  as  yet  without  recognized  affinity,  except  with  the  leaves 
described  in  my  Cret.  FL,  p.  56,  PI.  ii.  Figs.  1-3;  PI.  xxiv.  Fig.  2;  PI.  xxix. 
Fig-.  8,  as  Liquidambar  integrifolium ;  and  especially  with  the  small  fragment 
referred  to  Sassafras  crefaceum  NeAvb.,  var.  obtusifoVmm  Lesq.  (loc.  cit.),  PI. 
xxix.  Fig.  9.  From  these  leaves,  however,  it  differs  greatly  in  tlie  nervation, 
the  primaries  being  supra-basilar  and  the  secondaries  distinctly  campto- 
drome,  as  in  certain  species  of  Aralia. 

Habitat:  Three  miles  south-southeast  of  Fort  Harker,  Kansas.  No. 
810  of  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology  of  Cambridge,  Massachusetts. 

Aralia  grcenlandica  Heer. 
PI.  LIV,  Figs.  1-3. 

Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  vol.  6,  2  Abth.,  p.  84,  PI.  xxxvm,  Fig.  3;  PI.  xxxix,  Fig.  1;  PI.  xLvi, 

Figs.  16, 17. 

Leaves  generally  large,  coriaceous,  with  smooth  surface,  five  nerved 
from  the  top  of  the  petiole,  generally  a  little  above  the  basil  borders  of  the 
leaves,  trilobate;  base  truncate  and  rounded,  declining  to  the  petiole; 
lobes  equal,  obtuse  or  apiculate,  entire  or  sometimes  short  obtusely  lobate; 
even  In-oadly  emarginate  at  apex,  separated  by  half  round,  broad  sinuses. 

The  leaves  vary  from  7"""  to  12*""  in  diameter  between  the  apices  of  the 
lateral  lobes,  and  from  G*""  to  lO"""  in  length  from  the  top  of  the  petiole  to 
the  apex  of  the  median  lobe;  the  lateral  nerves  diverge  from  the  top  of  the 
petiole,  the  lowest  thinner,  simple  or  ramose  underneath,  and  curve  along 
the  entire  borders  or  enter  a  short  obtuse  lobe;  the  upper  ones  are  ramose 
on  both  sides,  have  their  branches  camptodrome,  and  are  much  curved  in 
following  the  borders. 

There  is  some  difference  in  the  characters  of  the  leaves  referable  to 
this  species  as  compared  to  those  figured  by  Heer  in  Fl.  Foss.  Arct.  (loc. 
cit.).  The  form,  size,  and  texture  are  alike,  but  in  Heer's  figure  the  primary 
nerves  are  only  three  in  PI.  xxxvm,  Fig.  3,  the  lateral  supra-basilar,  the 


DESCRIPTION  OP  SPECIES.  135 

lobes  entire,  while  in  PI.  xxxix,  Fig.  1,  the  nerves  are  five  and  the  lobes 
narrower,  the  lateral  trilobate  along  the  base.  This  indicates  a  disposition 
of  the  leaves  to  become  casually  lobate.  In  Heer  (loc.  cit.),  PI.  xxxix. 
Fig.  3  is  referred  to  Platanus  recurvafa  Lesq.  It  is  a  trilobate  leaf,  five 
nerved,  with  the  lobes  entire,  which  really  appears  to  be  referable  to  Aralia 
groenlandica. 

Fig.  3  has  some  real  analogy  with  my  figure  of  A.  emarginata  of  our 
PL  XV,  Fig.  4,  which  is  referable  as  a  variety  perhaps  of  what  I  have  form- 
erly considered  as  Liqiddambar  inteyrifolium.  It  is,  in  fact,  different,  espe- 
cially in  the  presence  in  this  variety  of  two  or  even  three  pairs  of  basilar 
nerves  parallel  to  each  other.  But  there  is,  nevertheless,  a  distinct  affinity 
showing  it  to  be  a  continuation  of  the  same  type  under  a  form  somewhat 
different. 

Habitat:  Near  Fort  Harker,  Kansas.     Fig.  2,  PI.  LXVI,  is  No.  2741  of  the 
U.  S.  National  Museum. 

Aralia  berbebidifolia,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  XVI,  Fig.  11. 

A  small  coriaceous  leaf  or  leaflet,  palmately  five-lobed  from  the  middle; 
lobes  oblong,  rounded  at  apex  to  an  abrupt  sharply  cuspidate  point,  sepa- 
rated by  obtuse  sinuses ;  primary  nerves  three,  from  above  the  base,  lateral 
forking. 

No  traces  of  secondaries  or  areolation  are  observable  upon  the  surface 
of  this  small  leaf,  which  is  oidy  2.5"""  long,  2""  broad  between  the  apices  of 
the  lateral  lobes.  The  middle  one  is  15°""  long  above  the  sinus,  5"™  broad, 
the  lateral  gradually  smaller. 

I  do  not  know  of  any  fossil  species  to  which  this  one  can  be  compared. 
Its  five-palmate  division  refers  it  to  the  genus  Aralia,  howevei',  of  whicli 
many  species  are  described  from  the  Dakota  Grrouj).  By  its  hard,  coriaceous 
texture  and  the  form  of  its  sharply  cuspidate  lobes,  it  may  be  compared  to 
species  of  Berberis,  such  as  B .' trifoliolata  of  Texas,  whose  leaflets,  though 
generally  trilobed,  are  sometimes  five  lobed  and  cuneate  at  the  base.  The 
genus  Berberis  is  represented  in  the  Miocene  flora  of  Europe  by  five  species, 
two  of  them  of  doubtful  affinity,  the  others  with  linear  leaflets  without 
relation  to  this  fossil  leaf  from  Kansas. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  527  of  the  collection  of  the 
University  of  Kansas;  E.  P.  West,  collector. 


136  THE  FLORA  OP  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

Aralia  qxjinquepartita  Lesq. 
Cret.  FI.,  p.  90,  PL  xv,  Fig-.  6. 

Aralia  tenuinervis  Lesq. 
Cret.  and  Tert.  Fl.,  p.  C3,  PI.  vir,  Fig.  4. 

Aralia  radiata  Lesq. 
Oret.  and  Tert.  FL,  p.  64,  PL  vii,  Figs.  2,  3. 

Aralia  concreta  Lesq. 

Hayden's  Ann.  Eept.,  1874,  p.  349,  PL  iv.  Figs.  2,  3,  4;  Cret.  and  Tert.  FL,  p.  64,  PL 

IX,  Figs.  3-5. 

Order  MYRTACE^. 
Tribe  MYRTEyE. 

Mtrtophyllum  Warderi,  sp.  nov. 
PL  LIII,  Fig.  10. 

A  fragmentary  leaf,  subcoriaceous,  witli  borders  entire,  gradually  nar- 
rowing towards  the  base,  there  joining  the  base  of  the  midrib,  enlarged 
into  abroad,  short  petiole  or  decurringto  it;  secondaries  oblique,  proximate, 
joined  at  apex  to  a  marginal  nerve  following  to  the  borders  and  undulate, 
separated  by  simple,  parallel  tertiaries. 

Of  this  species  there  is  only  the  fragment  figured.  It  is  part  of  a  leaf 
enlarging  gradually  upward  from  a  short,  thick  petiole;  like  a  regular  blade 
Ijroken  8''™  from  the  base,  where  it  is  enlarged  to  2"™.  The  secondaries  are 
oblique  and  straight,  diverging  30°  from  the  midi'ib,  and  are  joined  near 
the  borders  to  a  marginal  nerve  and  generally  separated  by  a  single  tertiary 
which  is  parallel,  shorter  and  not  connected  with  the  marginal  nerve.  The 
nervation  of  the  leaf  is  therefore  comparable  to  that  of  some  species  of 
Eueal}^5tus  of  New  Holland;  E.  florihiuida' Endl.  and  E.  acervida  Sieb.  are 
both  represented  in  Ettingshausen's  Blattskelete  der  Dicotyledonen,  p.  203. 
MyrtophyUum  puldirum  Saporta  (Monde  des  Plantes,  p.  356,  Fig.  113),  has 
leaves  much  like  those  of  this  Cretaceous  species.  Saporta  compares  its 
leaves  to  those  of  M.  Geinitzi  Heer  (Kreideflora  von  Moletein,  p.  22,  PL 
xr,  Figs.  2,  3). 

Habitat:  Near  Fort  Harker,  Kansas.  No.  2754  of  the  U.  S.  National 
Museum. 


DESOfJIPTION  OP  SPECIES.  137 

Eugenia  peimjeva,  sp.  nov* 
PI.  LlII,  Figs.  5-9. 

Leaves  small,  coriaceous,  elliptical-lanceolate,  obtuse,  gradually  nar- 
rowed to  short  narrow  petiole;  midi-ib  narrow;  secondai*ies  very  oblique, 
thin,  the  lower  pair  opposite,  a  short  distance  above  the  base,  ascending 
nearly  parallel  to  the  borders;  those  above  alternate,  more  curved  in  pass- 
ing toward  the  borders,  simple,  camptodrome. 

The  leaves  are  referable  to  this  genus  by  all  their  characters  and  are 
comparable  to  those  of  U.  hdringiana  Ung.  (Fl.  von  Sotzka,  p.  52,  PI.  xxxv, 
Fig.  19).  They  vary  from  4.5"""  to  8°'"  in  length,  including  a  short  petiole 
6"""  to  8°""  long;  the  divergence  of  the  secondaries  is  20°  to  SO"^'  from  tlie 
midrib. 

The  leaf  shown  in  Fig.  9  is  larger,  has  a  broader  flat  midrib,  and  the 
secondaries  are  more  open.  It  may  be  a  different  species,  though  I  pro- 
visionally named  it  var.  valida.  It  is  more  closely  related  to  J?.  Jiarhif/iann 
Ung.  as  figured  by  Heer  in  Fl.  Tert.  Helv.,  vol.  3,  PI.  cliv.  Fig.  13. 

Habitat:  Probably  all  near  Fort  Harker,  Kansas.  Figs.  6,  7,  8,  are 
all  numbered  2693  in  the  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

Tribe    LEPTOSPERME^^. 

BuCALYPTtrS  DAKOTENSIS,  Sp.  nov. 
PI.  XXXVn,  Figs.  14-19. 

Leaves  coriaceous,  linear,  or  gradually  narrowed  from  an  obtuse  apex 
to  the  base,  decurring  iiito  a  short,  alate  petiole;  borders  recurved,  median 
nerve  strong;  secondaries  thin,  oblique,  proximate,  parallel,  camptodrome. 

The  species  is  represented  b}'  numerous  fragments  of  very  tliick  leaves, 
about  1""  broad  and  at  least  8""  long;  the  borders  are  sometimes  strongly 
recurved  as  in  Fig.  1.5;  sometimes  flat  as  in  Fig.  19,  and  judging  from 
the  fragment  (Fig.  14)  the  leaves  are  obtuse  at  apex.  The  median  nerve 
is  thick,  especially  so  on  the  lower  sin^face,  as  in  Fig.  19,  where  tlie  flat- 
tened borders  are  seen  decurring  along  the  median  nerve  at  base  and 
thus  bordering  the  short,  margined  petiole.  The  secondaries,  which  are 
gmui  ^Q  ^ram  jjgtant  at  the  base,  traverse  the  blade  at  an  angle  of  divergence 
of  30°  to  40°,  and,  curving  close  to  the  borders,  form  by  their  crossing 
simple,  incumbent  bows,  like  a  marginal  nerve,  distinctly  seen  onlv  on  the 
lower  side  of  the  leaves  or  of  the  fragments. 

The  species  is  intimately  related  to  E.  Geinitsi  Heer,  described  below, 


138  THE  FLORA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

the  leaves  of  which  are  generallv  much  hirger.  Heer  considers  his  species 
as  the  equivalent  of  MijitopJii/lh(i)i  {Eucalyptus)  Geinihi  of  the  Kreiclefl.  v. 
Moletein,  p.  22,  PI.  xi,  Figs.  3,  4,  represented  by  two  leaves  not  any  larger, 
2.5*"  long,  and  tapering  to  an  acumen,  with  the  base  not  decurrent,  but 
narrowed  to  a  short,  naked  petiole.  These  material  differences  prevent  the 
identification  of  the  Kansas  leaves  with  tliose  of  Moletein  and  Greenland, 
though  the  relation  is  very  close. 

E.  dakotensis  is  also  comparable  to  JE.  angusfa  Velenovsk}',^  Init  differs 
by  the  base  of  the  leaves  decurring  and  apparently  obtuse. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  Connt}^  Kansas.  Nos.  53,  108,  674,  685,  710  of 
the  museum  of  the  University  of  Kansas;  A.  Wellington  and  E.  P.  West, 
collectors. 

EtrcALYPTTJS  Geinitzi  Heer. 
PI.  XXXVII,  Fig.  20. 

Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  vol.  6,  2  Abtb.,  p.  93,  PL  xis,  Fig.  Ic;  PL  XLV,  Figs.  4-9,  fruits;  PL 
XLTi,  Figs.  12c,  d,  13. 

Leaves  coriaceous,  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate;  nan-owed  to  the 
apex  and  to  the  base;  median  nerve  stout;  secondaries  at  an  acute  angle  of 
divergence,  confluent  with  the  marginal  nerve. 

There  is  only  a  fragment  of  a  leaf,  which,  however,  distinctly  repre- 
sents Heer's  species,  especially  as  figured  on  PI.  xix.  Fig.  Ic,  for  the  size 
of  the  leaves,  the  direction  of  the  secondaries  and  their  confluence  with  a 
marginal  nerve,  and  on  PI.  xlvi,  Fig.  12c,  for  the  areolation  in  large 
meshes  fonxied  by  undulate  nervilles  cut  at  right  angles  hj  tliin,  interme- 
diate tertiaries. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  Count}',  Kansas.  No.  775  of  the  museum  of  the 
University  of  Kansas;  E.  P.  West,  collector. 

Callistemophyllum  Heeeii  Ett. 
PL  XXXVIII,  Fig.  8. 

Kreiclefl.  v.  Niederschoena,  p,  27,  PL  lii,  Fig.  13. 

Leaves  small,  coriaceous,  entire,  linear-lanceolate,  acute  at  base,  nar- 
rowed to  the  apex;  primary  nerve  strong;  secondaries  very  thin  and  close, 
at  an  acute  angle  of  divergence. 

The  above  is  the  description  as  given  by  Heer.  The  leaf  from  Kansas 
has  exactly  the  same  form  as  that  from  Niederschoena,  being  somewhat 

'Flora  der  bfihmischen  Kreideformation,  pt.  4,  p.  3,  PI.  iii,  Figs.  2-12. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  139 

twisted  or  inclined  to  one  side,  witliout  trace  of  nervation,  only  slightly 
broader  at  the  middle.  I  believe,  therefore,  that  both  these  leaves  repre- 
sent the  same  species,  though  their  true  generic  relation  remains  uncertain. 
The  thickness,  the  form,  and  the  size  of  these  leaves  seeiiito  refer  them  to 
the  Myrtacese.  As  no  trace  of  tlie  secondary  nerves  are  marked  upon  the 
figure  of  the  leaf  by  Ettingshausen  (loc.  cit.),  it  is  probable  that  the  nerva- 
tion is  described  by  the  author  of  C.  m-elale-ucatforme  Ett.  of  Hilring,  which 
he  compares  to  his  species. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  702  of  the  museum  of  the 
University  of  Kansas;  E.  P.  West,  collector. 

Order  HAMAMELIDE^. 

Hamamelites  tenuinervis  Lesq. 

Cret.  and  Tert.  Fl.,  p.  70. 

Hamamelites  qttadrangularis  Lesq. 

Haydeu's  Ann.  Rept.,  1874,  p.  355 ;  Cret.  and  Tert.  Fl.,  p.  70. 
Alnites  quadrangularis  Lesq.,  Cret.  Fl.,  p.  62,  PI.  iv,  Fig.  1. 

Hamamelites  kansaseanus  Lesq. 

Hayden's  Ann.  Rept,  1874,  p.  355,  PI.  vii.  Fig.  4;  Cret.  and  Tert.  FL,  p.  70,  PI.  iv, 

Fig.  5. 
Almis  Kamaseana  Lesq.,  Cret.  PI.,  p.  62,  PL  xxx.  Fig.  8. 

A  larger  leaf  than  that  figured  under  this  name  in  the  Cret.  and 
Tert.  FL,  PI.  iv,  Fig.  .5.  The  form  of  the  leaf  and  characters  of  nervation 
are  the  same.  But  it  is  doubtful  if  these  two  leaves,  though  the  base  is 
rounded  and  connivent  under  the  midrib,  can  be  referred  to  the  Hamame- 
lidese.  Species  of  Quercus,  such  as  Q.  laM^sima,  Hosius  Paleontogr.  vol,  17, 
PI.  XIII,  Fig.  11,  and  Q,  ivestfalica  Hosius,  &  v.  d.  Marck,  Westfal.  Kreideflora, 
PI.  XXIX,  have  some  analogous  characters. 

Hamamelites  quercipoliiis  Lesq. 
Cret.  and  Tert.  FL,  p.  7L 

Hamamelites?  cordatus  Lesq. 
Cret.  and  Tert.  FL,  p.  71,  PL  iv.  Fig.  3. 


140  THE  FLOEA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

PARROTIA  ?   WiNCHELLI,  Sp.  DOV. 

PI.  XXIX,  Figs.  5,  6. 

Leaves  coriaceous,  of  rough,  undulate  surface,  rliomboidal,  acute, 
broadly  wedgeforni  at  base,  long-petioled,  entire,  penuinerved  or  subtripli- 
nerved;  primary  and  secondary  nerves  thin,  rigid,  craspedodrome,  simple  or 
with  few  branches. 

The  leaves,  of  which  there  are  two  of  the  same  form,  vary  from  7""  to 
8*"°  in  length,  and  from  5™  to  6.5™  in  width,  the  petiole,  which  is  preserved 
in  the  largest  of  them,  measuring  5.5"'",  though  still  apparently  broken  at 
base.  The  secondaries,  of  which  there  are  four  to  six  pairs,  are  parallel, 
the  lowest  supra-basilar,  equidistant,  diverging  from  the  median  nerve  at  an 
angle  of  40°,  thin,  straight  in  passing  to  the  borders;  the  two  lowest  pairs 
only  with  a  few  branches;  nervilles  mostly  simple,  at  right  angles  to  the 
secondaries. 

The  relation  of  these  leaves  is  not  positively  ascertained.  The  chai*- 
acter  of  their  nervation  relates  them  to  the  genus  Parrotia,  by  a  degree  of 
affinity  with  P.pristina  Ett.  (Flora  v.  Bilin  pt.  2,  PL  xxxix.  Fig.  23  and  pt.  3, 
p.  4,  PI.  XL,  Figs.  24,  25).  But  according  to  the  description  of  the  species 
by  the  German  author  the  leaves  are  cordate-ovate,  undidate,  or  sinuate, 
obtuse,  truncate,  emarginate  at  base,  characters  far  diJffereut  from  those  of 
the  Kansas  leaves. 

Habitat:  Minnesota;  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  102  of  the 
museum  of  the  University  of  Kansas.     Collected  by  A.  Wellington. 

Parrotia  grandidentata,  sp.  uov. 
PI.  XXXIX,  Figs.  2-4. 

Leaves  subcoriaceous,  not  very  thick,  petioled,  rliomboidal  in  outline, 
rounded  in  narrowing  to  the  base  and  entire  to  the  middle,  subtruncate  or 
naiTowed  to  the  apex ;  deeply,  obtusely  dentate-lobed  above ;  median  nerve 
strong;  "secondaries  opposite,  consisting  of  three  to  four  pairs,  curved  in 
ascending  upward  and  each  entering  one  of  the  teeth,  craspedodrome, 
simple,  the  lower  supra-basilar;  ner\alles  simple,  somewhat  flexuous, 
parallel,  at  right  angles  to  the  nerves. 

The  leaves  are  from  7'™  to  10""  long  and  from  (3.5""*  to  10™'  broad 
between  the  apices  of  the  lateral  lobes.  They  are  ovate  from  the  base  to 
the  middle,  and  there  deeply  dentate  in  narrowing  to  the  apex ;  each  of  the 
secondaries,  which  are  simple,  parallel  and  arched  in  the  same  degree,  enter- 


BBSCEIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  141 

ing  one  of  the  teeth.  The  uervilles,  mostly  obsolete,  are  seen  especially  at 
their  point  of  union  to  the  secondaries. 

I  do  not  lind  any  other  relation  with  these  leaves  than  with  the  genus 
Parrotia.  P-pristina  Ett.,'  has  a  marked  degree  of  analogy  with  these  leaves 
and  with  those  of  the  preceding  species.  A  distant  affinity  is  also  remarked 
with  the  leaves  figured  on  PI.  XXXIV,  Figs.  4,  7,  8,  described  as  Acerites. 

Habitat:  Pipe  Creek,  Cloud  County,  Kansas.  Nos.  4078c  and  4081 
of  the  collection  of  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe. 

Parkotia  Canfieldi,  sp.  nov.2 
PI.  XXX,  Fig.  6. 

Leaves  coriaceous,  entire,  long-petioled,  rhomboidal-ovate,  palmately 
trinerved  from  near  the  base;  primary  and  secondary  nerves  thick,  craspe- 
dodrome;  secondaries  four  pairs;  nervilles  deeply  marked,  simple  or  fork- 
ing at  the  middle. 

This  is  a  beautiful  leaf,  preserved  entire,  7.5''"  long,  6™  broad  in  the 
middle,  with  a  petiole  nearly  2""  long.  The  texture  of  the  leaf  is  thick,  its 
surface  sliining.  Its  apex  is  rather  obtuse  and  slightly  emarginate  hj  the 
pressure  of  the  excurrent  strong  midrib.  The  secondaries  are  nearly  as 
strong  as  the  primaries  and  pass  like  these  straight  to  the  borders,  being 
mostly  simple  or  without  branches,  the  branches  only  of  the  lateral 
primaries  being  camptodrome. 

The  leaf  is,  in  its  aspect,  like  those  of  some  species  of  Populus,  a  genus 
from  which  it  differs  evidently  by  the  few  secondaries,  which  are  straight, 
parallel  to  the  primaries,  not  ciu'ved  at  all  in  traversing  the  blade,  not  ramose 
and  distinctly  craspedodrome.  It  seems  at  first  related  essentially  to  Par- 
rotia, being  comparable  to  P.  pristina  Ett.,^  the  leaves  of  which  are  undu- 
late-dentate and  the  nervation  less  distinctly  palmately  ternate.  But  its 
affinity  is  more  marked  with  species  of  Hedera,  like  Hedera  platanoidea 
Lesq.,*  the  leaves  of  which,  also  of  coriaceous  texture,  merely  differ  by 
their  truncate  base,  the  supra-basilar  disposition  of  the  lateral  primaries, 
the  secondaries  being  thin  and  ramose. 

Habitat:  Kansas.  No.  7  of  the  museum  of  the  University  of  Kansas. 
Collected  by  Mr.  S.  N.  Canfield,  for  whom  it  is  named. 

1  Flora  V.  Biliu,  pt.  3,  p.  4,  PI.  xxxix,  Fig.  23;  PI.  XL,  Figs.  24,  25. 

2  This  species  was  first  described  under  Hedera,  but  in  a  subsequent  note  was  changed  to  Parrotia. 
Tlie  remarks  on  its  affinities,  which  were  made  while  it  was  retained  under  Hedera,  are  here  repro~ 
duced  in  their  original  form. — F.  H.  K.. 

3  Flora  V.  Bilin,  pt.  3,  p.  4,  PI.  xxxix.  Fig.  23;  PI.  xx,  Figs.  24,  25. 
^Cret,  and  Tert.  Fl.,  p.  65,  PI.  lii.  Figs.  5,  6. 


142  THE  FLORA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GKOUP. 

Order  ROSACEiE. 

Tribe  POME^E. 

Ckat^gus  laurenciana,  sp.  IIOV. 
PI.  XXXVIII,  Fig.  1. 

Leaves  large,  obovate,  rounded  at  apex,  attenuate  at  base  into  a  broadly 
margined  petiole ;  simply  dentate ;  primary  nerve  narrow ;  upper  seconda- 
ries very  oblique,  ramose,  the  lower  gradually  more  open,  nearly  at  right 
angles,  simple  and  curved  up  in  the  wing  of  the  petiole. 

A  beautitul  leaf  of  somewhat  thin  (not  coriaceous)  texture,  12.5"'"  long 
including  the  long  decurring  base,  T""  broad  in  the  upper  part.  The  middle 
secondaries,  at  an  angle  of  20°  to  30°  of  divergence,  are  much  branched 
outside  in  parallel,  simple  or  ramose  tertiaries;  the  lower  are  simple,  grad- 
ually more  open  and  less  distant,  becoming  camptodrome  in  the  wing  of  the 
petiole  where  they  follow  the  borders  in  ai-eoles.  The  teeth  are  blunt,  short, 
simple,  slightly  turned  upward  and  separated  by  shallow  sinuses. 

This  species  has,  in  the  fossil  plants,  an  intimate  relation  with  C.  antiqua 
Heer,^  from  which  it  differs  in  the  borders,  the  nearly  round  upper  part  of 
the  leaf,  the  broad,  prolonged,  decurrent  base  nerved  in  its  whole  length,  the 
shorter,  more  distant  teeth,  etc.  It  may  be  compared  also  to  C.  aria  L.  var. 
PeroUana  Gaud.^  Its  nearest  affinity  is,  however,  with  the  leaves  of  some 
varieties  of  the  living  North  American  C.  tomentosa  L.,  which  have  a  mar- 
gined petiole,  with  the  bordering  lamina  quite  as  large  as  in  the  Cretaceous 
species  and  nerved  in  its  whole  length. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  750  of  the  museum  of  the 
University  of  Kansas;  E.  P.  West,  collector. 

Cbatjegus  tenuinekvis,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  LIV,  Figs.  5-7. 

Leaves  oblong-ovate,  dentate  all  around,  once  lobate  at  base,  narrowed 
into  a  long  petiole;  midrib  thin;  lateral  primaries  slightly  curved  back, 
branching  on  both  sides,  prolonged  to  the  apex  of  the  lobes;  secondaries 
simple  or  ramose,  about  equidistant,  oblique,  straight  and  parallel,  ending 
in  the  large  teeth. 

This  species  is  closely  allied  to  the  preceding,  especially  differing  by 
its  thinner  texture,  the  dentate  borders,  and  in  being  only  one,  lobed  at  base. 

1  Fl.  Fobs.  Arct.,  vol.  1,  p.  125,  PI.  I,  Figs.  1,  2. 

2(jaudin  et  Strozzi,  Contrib.,  pt.  4,  p.  26,  PI,  vil,  Figs.  5,  6. 


DESCKIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  143 

Fig.  5,  which  is  a  form  of  the  same,  is  comparable  to  CratcBfjus  atavina  Heer,^ 
of  the  Patoot  Flora,  which  merely  diifers  by  the  obtuse  teeth.  I  have  seen 
in  the  herbarium  some  young  shoots  of  C.  spathulata  Michx.,  with  their 
stipules,  joined  by  their  sides  when  dried  and  compressed;  these  stipules 
looked  like  a  round  appendage,  superposed  upon  the  base  by  oblanceolate 
leaves,  passing  above  them  and  presenting,  if  not  the  same  form  (the  leaves, 
being  oblanceolate),  at  least  an  appearance  of  about  the  same  character  as 
this  leaf 

Habitat:  Near  Fort  Barker,  Kansas.  No.  2699  of  the  U.  S.  National 
Museum. 

Crat^gus  Lacobi,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  LXIV,  Fig.  14. 

Leaves  small,  oval,  apparently  obtusely  pointed,  cuneate  from  below 
the  middle  to  the  base,  with  borders  irregularly  dentate  above  it;  median 
nerve  strong,  secondaries  at  an  acute  angle  of  divergence,  thick,  parallel, 
mostly  simple,  craspedodrome. 

There  are  two  leaves  of  about  the  same  size  and  form,  4.5"™  long,  3''™ 
broad  at  the  middle,  and  of  strong,  rigid  texture,  but  not  coriaceous,  with 
eight  pairs  of  thick,  straight,  or  rigid  secondaries,  which  are  mostly  simple, 
reaching  the  borders  and  entering  the  irregular  teeth,  Avhicli  are  long-  pointed 
or  short,  slightly  prominent,  and  diverging  from  the  midrib  at  an  angle  of 
25°.  By  their  form,  size,  and  character  of  nervation  they  are  greatly  like 
some  of  the  leaves  of  C.  tomentosa,  being  irregiilarly  cut  on  the  borders, 
with  close,  simple,  parallel,  and  equidistant  secondaries. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  572  of  the  collection  of  Mr. 
R.  D.  Lacoe,  for  whom  the  species  is  named. 

Crat^gus  acbroides,  sp.  nov, 
PI.  LIV,  Fig.  8 ;  PI.  LV,  Fig.  1. 

Leaves  of  medium  size,  coriaceous,  ovate,  simply  or  pinnately  lobed; 
lobes  entire;  midrib  narrow;  secondaries  mostly  opposite,  the  lower  pair 
slightly  supra-basilar;  open,  curved  back;  those  above  parallel,  more  or  less 
ramose,  craspedodrome,  their  branches  camptodrome. 

There  are  only  three  fragmentary  leaves  of  this  species  whose  affinity 
with  the  preceding  species  is  evident.  They  are  somewhat  like  leaves  of 
Acer,  but  their  nervation  is  peculiar,  the  lower  secondaries  being  parallel, 

'  Fl.  Fobs.  Arct.,  vol.  7,  p.  43,  PI.  lxiv,  Fig.  11. 


144  THE  FLORA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GEOUP. 

arclied  downward,  braiicliiug  on  both  sides,  and  reaching  the  apices  of  short, 
obtuse,  entire  lobes. 

As  points  of  relation  to  the  species  I  may  quote  C.  palcBOcantha  Sap.,^ 
a  very  small  leaf  or  fragment  of  a  leaf,  with  the  same  characters  of  form 
and  nervation,  and  especially  some  varieties  of  C.  oxi/acantha  Ij.,  which, 
however,  has  generally  the  lowest  pair  of  secondaries  emerging  at  a  greater 
distance  above  the  base. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  Nos.  1190  and  1191  of  the  col- 
lection of  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe. 

Pyrus?  oretaoea  Newb. 
Later  Ext.  FL,  p.  12;  Illustr.  Cret.  and  Tert.  PI.,  PI.  ii.  Fig.  7. 

Tribe   PRUNEvE. 

Prunus  cretacea  Lesq. 

Cret.  FL,  p.  Ill,  PI.  xxiii.  Figs.  8,  9. 

Prunus  (Amygdalus)  ?  anteoedens,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  LV,  Fig.  4. 

Leaves  petioled,  more  or  less  broadly  lanceolate,  narrowed  to  the  apex 
and  to  the  base,  entire ;  midrib  of  medium  size ;  secondaries  curved,  oblique, 
camptoth-ome ;  nervilles  and  areolation  obsolete ;  nut  oblong,  pointed  at  the 
upper  end,  truncate  at  base  and  there  marked  by  a  few  strong,  vertical 
strise,  flattened  on  one  side  along  the  border,  rounded  at  the  other. 

All  that  is  observable  of  this  peculiar  plant  is  distinctly  shown  upon 
the  figure.  One  of  the  leaves  is  broader  than  the  other  but  evidently 
belongs  to  the  same  plant;  the  secondaries  are  at  an  angle  of  divergence  of 
35°  from  the  midrib,  parallel,  equidistant,  slightly  cm-ved  in  passing  toward 
the  borders,  effaced  before  reaching  them,  camptodrome.  The  fruit,  which 
is  convex  on  the  surface  and  flattened  on  one  side,  is  there  bordered  by  a 
transversely  striate  band,  truncate,  rounded  and  marked  by  a  few  depressed 
lines  at  the  other,  and  pointed  at  apex,  and  is  a  little  more  than  3°""  long, 
and  1.5""  broad  at  the  middle. 

The  fragment,  comprising  fruit  and  leaves  as  figured,  seems  referable 
to  the  section  Amygdalus,  of  which  a  number  of  species  have  been  published 
from  the  Tertiary.     In  the  characters  of  the  leaves,  the   size,  form,  and 

ifitudeB,  vol.  1,  pt.  2,  p.  98,  PI.  xi,  Fig.  4. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  SPEOIES.  145 

nervation,  it  is  very  similar  to  A.  pereger  Ung.,  as  figui-ed  in  the  Flora  von 
Sotzka  (p.  54,  PI.  XXXIV,  Figs.  10-16),  or  as  it  is  figured  in  Liidwig's  Foss. 
Pfl.  Rhein.-Wett.  Tertiar-Form.  (p.  143,  PI.  lix.  Figs.  3,  4),  where  the  leaves 
are  represented  as  entire.  In  this  connection  Schimper  remarks  that  the 
leaves  appear  rather  to  be  those  of  Sapindus,  especially  on  account  of  their 
entire  borders.  The  leaves  of  Prunus  (Amygdalus)  are  as  often  entire  as 
serrate.  I  find  no  reason  to  refer  this  fine  species  to  any  unknown  genus. 
Habitat:  Kansas. 

Order  LEGUMINOS^. 

Suborder  G^ESALPINIE..E. 

Tribe  AMHERSTIE^E. 

Hymen^a  dakotana,  sp.  nov. 
PL  LV,  Figs.  2,  3;  PI.  LVI,  Figs.  1,  2;  PI.  LXII,  Fig.  2. 

Leaves  compound,  of  two,  very  rarely  three,  elliptical  or  oblong  lance- 
olate, entire  leaflets,  joined  lower  than  the  base  of  the  pinnules  and  there 
obliquely  parted;  midrib  narrow;  secondaries  oblique,  parallel,  curved  in 
traversing  the  blade,  camptodrome. 

The  species  has  numerous  representatives,  generally  single  detached 
leaflets,  sometimes  borne  upon  a  short  petiole,  joined  together,  or  very  rarely 
three,  at  a  distance  of  1"™  to  2""  below  the  basal  borders  and  passing  toward 
a  stronger,  common  petiole.  Three  of  the  specimens,  the  best  preserved 
ones,  have  been  figured,  as  also  a  single  one  with  three  pairs  of  leaves. 
The  pinnules  vary  greatly  in  size  and  the  more  or  less  acute  base,  some 
being  more  rounded  in  joining  the  petiole.  The  divergence  of  the  second- 
aries, of  which  there  are-  seven  to  eight  pairs,  is  also  slightly  variable, 
being  more  or  less  open  and  variable  in  distance,  even  in  the  same  leaves, 
generally  diverging  40°  to  50°  from  the  midrib. 

One  leaf  of  this  genus,  H.prirnigenia,  is  figured  by  Saporta  in  his  Monde 
des  Plantes  (p.  199,  Fig.  2).  The  leaflets  are  joined  nearer  their  base  and 
thus  less  distant;  the  same  species  figured  and  described  by  Velenovsky^ 
has  the  leaflets  still  larger  than  those  of  the  Dakota  Group  specimens,  but 
with  a  shorter  petiole,  though  longer  than  they  are  figured  by  Saporta,  with 
secondaries  less  numerous  and  more  distant.  The  diff"erence  may  not  be 
specific.     The  leaves  figured  by  Velenovsky  are  slightly  crenate,  while  they 

iFl.  bohm.  Kreideform.,  pt.  3,  PI.  v,  Fig.  4;  PI.  vi,  Figs.  2-4, 
MON  XVII 10 


146  THE  FLOEA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GEOUP. 

are  perfectly  entire  in  our  species.  Saporta  remarks  that  this  genus  of  the 
CfesalpiuieiB  is  still  represented  in  the  flora  of  the  Mediterranean  by  Cera- 
tonidsUiqua  Caronbier,  which  forms  large,  open  forests  along  the  shore  from 
Nice  to  Mentone.  As  yet  no  fructification  has  been  found  with  these  leaves 
in  the  Dakota  Group,  though  the  leaves  are  found  in  vast  numbers  in  some 
localities ;  rarely,  however,  are  the  pinnules  joined  together. 

Though  the  specimens  represented  by  Figs.  1,  2,  PI.  LXVIII,  have  the 
secondaries  a  little  less  distant,  I  consider  them  as  of  the  same  species. 

Habitat:  Kansas. 

Tribe    CASSIE^E. 

Cassia  problematica,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  XXXVIII,  Fig.  3. 

Leaflet  small,  oblong  or  broadly  lanceolate,  acute,  narrowed  to  the 
inequilateral  base,  short  petioled;  primary  nerve  narrow;  secondaries  distant, 
subopposite,  thin,  camptodi-ome. 

The  leaflet,  which  is  about  4""  long  and  1.5"™  broad  at  the  middle,  has 
the  apex  destroyed.  Its  secondaries,  of  which  there  are  four  pairs,  diverge 
from  the  midiib  at  an  angle  of  40°  and  are  parallel  and  equidistant,  except 
the  lower,  which  follow  close  to  the  borders  and  are  less  distant  from  those 
above.  The  inequilateral  base  shows  it  to  be  a  leaflet  of  a  compound  leaf 
and  its  general  characters  refer  it  to  the  genus  Cassia,  being  similar  to  the 
leaflets  of  C.  Berenices  Heer,^  which  is  a  variable  species  common  in  the 
Miocene  of  Europe. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  453  of  the  museum  of  the 
University  of  Kansas;  E.  P.  West,  collector. 

Cassia  polita,  sp.  nov. 

Leaflet  small,  membranous,  entire,  oval,  lanceolate  or  naiTowing  from 
the  middle  to  a  blunt  apex  and  downward  more  rapidly  to  a  short,  flat  petiole ; 
sm'face  polished;  nervation  pinnate,  camptodrome;  secondaries  five  to  six 
on  each  side,  oblique,  parallel,  thin,  nearly  cm'ved  in  passing  toward  the 
borders.  It  has  the  size  and  form  of  C.  lignitum  Ung.  (Syllog.,  pt.  2,  p.  3(), 
PI.  X,  Fig.  14),  the  leaflet  being  only  more  equilatei'al.  The  veins  are  thin, 
mostly  simple. 

Habitat:  Kansas. 

'Fl.  Tert.  Selv.,  vol.  3,  p.  118,  PI,  CXXXVII,  Figs.  42-56, 


DESCEIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  147 

PAL^OCASSIA  LAURINEA,  Sp.  nOV. 

PL  LXIV,  Fig.  12. 

Leaflets  lanceolate,  svibinequilateral,  pointed;  midrib  narrow,  but  rigid; 
secondaries  parallel,  equidistant,  arched  and  camptodrome. 

The  leaflets  are  3'='"  to  B'^"'  long  and  1 .5'='"  broad  at  or  below  the  middle, 
narrowed  to  the  base,  lanceolate  above,  and  some  of  them  slightly  inequi- 
lateral. They  have  the  same  form  and  size  as  those  of  P.  angustifolia  and 
P.  lanceolata  Ett.^  They  differ  from  those  of  the  European  species  by  the 
nervation  being  somewhat  more  distinctly  marked,  the  secondaries,  seven 
to  eight  pairs,  distinctly  arched,  parallel,  and  by  the  somewhat  broader  size 
resembling  small  leaves  of  some  Laurinese.  They  may,  however,  represent 
the  same  species. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  1117  of  the  collection  of  Mr. 
R.  D.  Lacoe. 

S^^border    PAPILIONACE^E. 

Tribe    PHASEOLE^E. 

Phaseolites  formus,  sp.  nov, 
PI.  LV,  Figs.  5,  6,  12. 

Leaves  solid,  elliptical,  ovate,  inequilateral,  slightly  falcate;  midrib 
strong,  gradually  narrowed  upward;  secondaries  distinct,  thickish  toward 
the  base,  alternate  or  opposite,  curved  and  camptodrome;  nervilles  and 
areolation  indistinct. 

The  leaves  are  comparatively  large,  being  5.5""  to  8""  long  and  y°  to 
5™  broad  at  the  middle,  petioled,  with  about  eight  pairs  of  secondaries  at  an 
angle  of  50°,  which  are  curved  in  traversing  the  blade,  camptodrome, 
somewhat  branching  in  the  upper  part,  forming  a  simple  or  double  row  of 
areoles  along  the  borders. 

The  leaves  are  comparable  to  P.  glycinoides  Sap.,^  also  to  those  of  the 
common  living  Apios  tuherosa. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  Fig.  5  is  specimen  No.  2796  of 
the  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

'Kreidefl.  v.  Niederschoena,  pp.  961,  262,  PI,  lii,  Figs.  6-8. 
^Etudes,  vol.  1,  pt.  2,  p.  100,  PI.  xi,  Fig.  8. 


148  THE  FLOEA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GEOUP. 

Tribe    GALEGE.^E. 

COLTJTEA  PRIMOEBTALIS    Heer. 
PI.  XIII,  Figs.  8,  9. 

FI.  Foss.  Arct.,  vol.  6,  Abth.  2,  p.  99,  Pi.  xsvii,  Figs.  7-11;  PI.  XLiii;  Figs.  7,  8. 

Leaves  membranous,  short  petioled,  oval  or  obovate,  entire,  rounded 
in  narrowing  to  the  base,  emarginate  at  apex ;  secondaries  very  thin,  camp- 
todrome. 

The  leaves,  which  are  2""  long  and  1.5"™  broad,  are  a  little  shorter, 
more  rounded,  and  less  deeply  emarginate  than  those  figm-ed  by  Heer  (loc. 
cit.).  The  nervation  is  of  the  same  type,  the  secondaries  being  much 
cui-ved  in  passing  toward  the  borders.  Fig.  9  represents  a  leaf  of  which  the 
lower  half  only  is  preserved.     It  is  identitied  by  its  nervation  and  texture. 

Habitat:  Ten  miles  northeast  of  Delphos,  Kansas.  Nos.  4040  and 
4074  of  the  collection  of  Mr.  E.  D.  Lacoe. 

LEGUMINOS.E   OF  UNCERTAIN   RELATION. 

LEaXJMINOSITES   PODOGONIALIS,    Sp.    IIOV. 

PI.  XIII,  Fig.  11;  PI.  XXXYIII,  Fig.  16. 

Leaf  membranous,  elliptical,  short  petioled,  entire,  narrowed  above  to 
a  short,  blunt  acumen;  primary  nerve  thick,  rapidly  thinning  to  the  apex; 
secondaries  close,  oblique,  very  thin,  parallel  and  equidistant,  camptodrome. 

The  leaf  figm-ed  is  the  only  one  seen  of.  this  character.  It  is  4*""  long 
and  LS"""  broad  in  the  middle,  the  thick  petiole  being  only  3°""  long.  The 
secondaries,  of  which  there  are  eight  pairs,  are  subopposite,  with  a  diver- 
gence of  no  more  than  30°. 

By  its  form  and  nervation  the  leaf  is  related  to  Podogonumi  americanum 
Lesq.,^  differing  essentially  by  the  very  thin,  slightly  more  distant  second- 
aries.    The  leaf  is  also  a  little  broader  in  the  middle. 

Fig.  16  of  PI.  XXXVIII  apparently  represents  a  seed  of  some  legumi- 
nous plant.  It  is  transversely  oval,  flat  but  thickish,  and  comparable  to 
seeds  of  Podogonium,  like  those  of  P.  Knorrii  Heer.^ 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  4038  of  the  collection  of  Mr. 
R.  D.  Lacoe  is  from  ten  miles  northeast  of  Delphos,  Kansas;  No.  874,  the 

'Tert.  Fl.,  p.  298,  PI.  Lix,  Fig.  5;  PL  Lxin,  Fig.  2. 
''Fl.  Tert.  Helv.,  vol.  3,  PI.  cxxxv,  Figa.  17,  23,  etc. 


DESCRIPTION^  OF  SPECIES.  149 

fruiting  specimen,  is  in  tlie  museum  of  the  University  of  Kansas.     Collected 
by  E.  P.  West.       • 

Leguminosites  coeonilloides  ?  Heer. 
PI.  XIII,  Fig.  10. 

PI.  Foss.  Arct.,  vol.  3,  pt.  2,  p.  119,  PI.  xxsiv,  Fig.  14. 
Golutea  eoronilloides  Heer,  ibid.,  vol.  6,  Abth.  2,  p.  100. 

Leaves  small,  oval,  short  petioled;  secondaries  very  thin,  straight  or 
slightly  curved 

The  leaf  is  slightly  smaller  than  that  figured  by  Heer  but  of  the  same 
form.  It  seems  to  differ  only  by  having  the  lateral  nerves  more  proximate 
and  straight  rather  than  curved,  at  least  in  the  lower  part  of  the  leaf. 
Heer  appears  to  have  seen  only  a  part  of  the  secondaries,  as  on  one  side  of 
the  leaf  they  are  figured  very  close,  the  lowest  straight,  while  on  the  other 
side  the  two  pairs  figured  are  distant  and  curved.  In  the  small  leaf  from 
the  Dakota  Gro^^p  the  lateral  nerves  are  seen  with  great  difiiculty  and  on 
one  side  only.  Hence  it  is  not  possible  to  ascertain  the  real  character  of 
the  nervation.  Both  this  leaf  and  that  of  Heer  are  of  uncertain  relation- 
The  one  which  I  have  figured  is  comparable  also  to  Celastrus  Bruchnanni 
Heer  (Fl.  Tert.  Helv.,  vol.  3,  p.  69,  PL  cxxi.  Figs.  27-38). 

Habitat:  Ten  miles  northeast  of  Delphos,  Kansas.  No.  4035  of  the 
collection  of  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe. 

Leguminosites  omphalobioides,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  XXXVIII,  Fig.  4. 

Leaflet  subcoriaceous,  short  petioled,  elHptical,  obtuse,  attenuated  near 
the  base ;  primary  nerve  narrow  but  deeply  marked,  secondaries  very  thin, 
distant,  alternate  and  camptodrome. 

The  leaflet  which  is  4'^™  long  and  2""  broad  in  the  middle,  is  regularly 
ellipical  but  narrowed  near  the  base  and  has  six  pairs  of  secondaries  at  an 
angle  of  divergence  of  50°  curving  quite  near  and  along  the  borders.  It  has 
the  same  form  and  size  as  those  of  L.  ProserpincB  Heer,^  which  differ  only  by 
being  slightly  emarginate  at  the  apex. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  510  of  the  museum  of  the 
University  of  Kansas.     Collected  by  E.  P.  West. 

iFl.  Tert.  Helv.,  vol.  3,  p.  123,  PI.  cxxxviii,  Figa.  50-55. 


150  THE  FLORA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GiiOUP. 

Legtjminosites  DAKOTENSIS.  sp.  uov. 
PI,  XXXVIII,  Pig.  5. 

Leaflets  oval-oblong,  rounded  to  the  base,  constricted  above  into  a 
short,  pointed  acumen  (broken) ;  median  nerve  strong;  secondaries  oblique, 
alternate,  equidistant,  parallel,  camptodrome. 

The  leaflet  is  4.5"'"  long  and  2.5'^'°  broad  a  little  above  the  middle,  its 
broadest  part.  It  has  six  pairs  of  thin  secondaries  which  are  nearly  straight 
in  traA^ersing  the  blade  and  diverge  at  an  angle  of  40°,  curving  and  anas- 
tomosing in  simple  bows  near  the  borders. 

The  leaflet,  by  its  size,  form,  and  nervation,  is  related  to  species,  of 
Cassia  and  other  Leguminosae  described  from  the  European  Tertiary,  such 
as  C.  Berenices  Heer  or  C.  Fischeri  Ileer.'  Leaves  of  this  type  are  described 
by  Ettingshausen  (Kreideflora  von  Niederschoena)  as  Palseocassia.  From 
the  Cretaceous  flora  of  Greenland,  Heer  has  described  eleven  Leguminosites, 
besides  nine  leaflets  referred  to  the  genera  Cassia,  Dalbergia,  and  Colutea. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  552  of  the  museum  of  the 
University  of  Kansas;  E.  P.  West,  collector. 

Leguminosites  truncatus,  sp.  nov.* 
PI.  XXI,  Fig.  7. 

Leaflet  membranous,  linear,  obtuse,  emarginate,  by  inflexion  of  the 
border  at  the  apex  of  the  thick,  percurrent  median  nerve;  secondaries 
oblique,  close,  parallel,  curA'ing  in  passing  to  the  borders,  camptodrome, 
nervilles  strong. 

This  fragment  of  a  leaflet  has  a  broad,  flat,  median  nerve,  preserving 
the  same  thickness  for  its  whole  length.  The  lateral  nervation  has  some 
analogy  to  that  of  species  of  Podogonium,  especially  of  P.  LyelUanum  Heer,^ 
which  represents  a  leaflet  broadly  emarginate  at  the  apex.  The  secondaries 
are,  however,  more  curved,  and  ascend  higher  along  the  borders. 

Habitat:  Ten  miles  northeast  of  Delphos,  Kansas.  No.  4075  of  the  col- 
lection of  Mr-  R.  D.  Lacoe. 

'  Fl.  Tert.  Helv.,  vol.  3,  p.  123,  PI.  cxxxvii,  Figs.  42-46,  62-65. 

^This  species  was  called  "Leguminosites  eniarf/iiiaius,  sp.  nov.,"  in  the  manuscript  by  Prof.  Les- 
quereux,  but  this  name  is  preoccupied  by  Heer's  Leguminosites  enaryinatus  (Fl.  Tert.  Helv.,  vol.  3,  1859, 
p.  125,  PI.  CXL,  Fig.  33).     I  have  therefore  changed  it  to  L.  truncatus.—b\  H.  K. 

3  Fl.  Tert.  Helv.,  vol.  3,  p.  117,  PI.  cxxxvi,  Fig.  42. 


DESCRIPTION  UP  SPECIES.  151 

Leguminosites  oonstrictus,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  XLIV,  Fig.  3. 

Leaflets  small,  thin,  entire,  lanceolate,  rounded  at  base,  constricted 
near  the  pointed  apex;  median  nerve  straight,  scarcely  narrowed  upward; 
secondaries  opposite  or  alternate,  numerous,  thin,  camptodrome. 

This  leaf  is  small,  quite  smooth  and  entire,  5.5""  long,  2""°  broad  below 
the  middle,  and  resembles  in  form  and  size  Cassia  hyperhorea  Heer,^  difiPering 
in  having  the  secondaries  more  oblique,  diverging  40°  or  45°  from  the 
midrib,  less  distant,  and  by  the  contraction  of  the  leaf  below  the  apex. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  Ic  of  the  museum  of  the 
University  of  Kansas;  A.Wellington,  collector. 

Leguminosites  convolutus,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  XLIV,  Fig.  4. 

Leaf  small,  partly  convolute,  subcoriaceous,  lanceolate,  rounded  at  ' 
base  and  apex;  primary  nerve  thick,  nearly  equal  for  its  whole  length; 
secondaries  thin,  numerous,  parallel,  except  the  lowest  pair,  which  are  at  a 
more  acute  angle  of  divergence,  camptodi-ome. 

There  is  only  one  fragmentary  leaf,  partly  involute,  of  this  species.  It 
is  4""  long,  15°""  broad  near  the  base,  and  has  eight  or  nine  pairs  of  second- 
aries diverging  45°,  or  the  lowest  pair  35°.  All  are  simple,  scarcely  curv- 
ing until  quite  near  to  the  borders,  where  they  anastomose  in  simple  bows. 
The  apex  of  the  leaf  is  figm-ed  as  being  rounded,  as  it  is  seen  in  its  nearly 
tubulose  upper  part.  It  may  have  been  broken  or  creased  and  therefore 
may  be  incorrectly  represented.  Nevertheless,  by  its  basilar  form  and  its 
nervation,  the  relation  of  the  leaf  is  marked  essentially  with  the  Legumi- 
nosse,  for  example  with  Cassia  phaseolites  Heer^,  which  has  leaves  often 
obtuse  at  base  and  apex  and  an  analogous  kind  of  nervation,  the  median 
nerve  being  also  generally  thick  and  equal  for  its  whole  length.  This  leaf 
might  also  be  compared  as  to  its  form  and  size  to  species  of  Andromeda, 
but  the  leaves  of  this  genus  have  the  secondaries  generally  parallel  and 
more  curved  in  traversing  the  blade. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  704  of  the  musemn  of  the 
University  of  Kansas;  E.  P.  West,  collector. 

'Fl.  Tert.  Helv.,  vol.  3,  p.  119,  PI.  cxxxvil,  Fig.  57. 

=^F1.  Tert.  Helv.,  vol.  'A,  p.  119,  PI.  cxxxvii,  Figs.  66,  67 ;  PI.  cxxxvm.  Figs.  1-12. 


152  THE  FLORA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GKOUP. 

Legximinosites  ctjlteifoemts  Lesq 

Cret.  and  Tert.  Fl.,  p.  86,  PI.  x,  Fig.  4. 

Legcminosites  insularis  Heer. 
PI.  LIV,  Fig.  4. 

Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  vol.  6,  Abtb.  2,  p.  103,  PI.  XLiv,  Fig.  6. 

Leaflets  small,  oval,  acute  at  apex,  entire,  inequilateral  at  base;  midrib 
strong;  secondaries  numerous,  camptodrome. 

This  leaf  differs  from  that  of  Heer  merely  by  the  pointed  apex,  at  least 
according  to  the  description,  for  though  the  author  says  that  the  leaf  is 
slightly  obtuse,  there  is  little  difference  in  comparing  the  figures.  As  tlwi 
leaf  is  slightly  larger,  the  secondaries  are  more  numerous,  nine  pairs  instead 
of  seven,  but  their  character  is  exactly  the  same  as  well  as  their  direction  and 
their  degree  of  divergence  from  the  midrib  (40°);  they  are  much  curved  in 
traversing  the  leaf. 

Habitat:  Near  Fort  Harker,  Kansas.  No.  2725  of  the  U.  S.  National 
Museum. 

Leguminosites  htmenophtllus,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  LV,  Figs.  7-9;  PI.  LVl.  Fig.  3. 

Leaves  apparently  large,  consisting  of  one  to  several  pairs  of  alternate, 
oblong-lanceolate  pinnules,  which  are  obtuse  or  truucate-emarginate  at 
apex,  aiul  narrowed  to  the  base;  secondaries  numerous,  somewhat  curved, 
incumbent  near  the  borders,  camptodrome. 

The  numerous  pinnules  evidently  belonging  to  this  species,  are  very 
similar  to  those  of  H.  dakotense  by  form  and  size,  being  merel}"  somewhat 
larger  and  narrower,  and  apparently  truncate- emarginate  at  apex.  The 
secondaries  are  more  numerous,  eleven  to  twelve  pairs,  slightly  less  oblique, 
at  an  angle  of  50°.  The  difference  is  apparently  not  great;  they  have,  how- 
ever, a  longer  common  petiole  with  branches  a  little  below  the  base  of  the 
ultimate  leaflets. 

Habitat:  Kansas. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  153 

Legxjminosites  PHi  SEOLiTES  ?  Hcer. 
PI.  LV,  Fig.  10.      , 

Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  vol.  3,  Abth.  2,  p.  118,  PI.  xsxiv,  Figs.  7-11, 

Leaf  short  petiolate,  elliptical,  acuminate;  secondaries  emerging  at  an 
acute  angle  of  divergence,  thin,  parallel,  curved,  and  camptodrome. 

It  is  not  certain  that  the  specimen  is  referable  to  this  species,  which  is 
represented  by  eleven  different  leaflets  by  Heer.  He  describes  the  leaflet  as 
inequilateral.  All  are  mere  fragments,  none  being  complete,  and  therefore  it 
is  not  possible  to  make  a  satisfactory  comparison.  The  lower  part  of  our 
leaflet  is  oval,  as  in  Fig.  9  of  Heer's  PI.  xxxiv  (loc.  cit.);  the  secondaries 
are  of  the  same  character,  but  the  leaf  from  Kansas  is  narrowed  upward  into 
a  prolonged  acumen  and  its  base  is  equilateral.  For  this,  however,  the 
figures  of  Heer  do  not  appear  inequilateral. 

Habitat:  Kansas. 

Inga  ceetacea,  sp.  nov.* 
PI.  LV,  Fig.  11. 

Leaves  long,  narrowly  lanceolate,  gradually  acuminate,  narrowed  at 
base  to  a  short  petiole ;  midrib  narrow ;  secondaries  oblique,  mostly  opposite, 
camptodrome. 

This  leaf,  which  is  preserved  entire,  is  9""  long  and  2""  broad  below 
the  middle,  has  a  short,  thick  petiole  1™  long,  is  unequal  on  the  sides,  and  has 
about  fourteen  pairs  of  very  oblique  secondaries  diverging  30°  from  the 
midrib  and  a  little  curved  in  passing  toward  the  borders,  which  they  follow 
in  simple  festoons.  This  leaf  might  be  compared  to  many  species  of  Legu- 
minosites.  But  the  more  closely  related  of  those  recognized  in  a  fossil  state 
is  I.  Icari  Ung.  (Fl.  v.  Kumi,  p.  63,  PI.  xvi,  Fig.  10).  There  is  opposed  for 
comparison  a  specimen  of  the  living  I.  semkilafa  Mart. 

The  leaf  from  the  Dakota  Group  is  a  little  narrower  and  the  seconda- 
ries are  at  a  more  acute  angle  of  divergence.  A  number  of  Tertiary  leaves 
referred  by  various  authors  to  Cassia  have  also  a  great  analog}'  of  character 
with  this  one,  being,  however,  generally  shorter. 

Habitat:  Near  Fort  Harker,  Kansas.  No.  2767  of  the  U.  8.  National 
Museum. 

1  This  species  was  figured  and  desoribeil  under  the  name  of  "  LejMiKJHOsJ/es  CT»(/m,  sp.  nov.,"  but 
in  a  list  of  Dakota  group  plants  purchased  for  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  and  sent  by  Prof.  Lesque- 
renx  at  a  later  date  than  that  on  which  work  on  the  manuscript  occurred,  the  typo  specimen  is  named 
Inga  cretacea.  It  is  therefore  clear  that  his  intention  was  to  change  it  from  its  problematical  position 
under  Leguminosites  to  the  more  definite  position  under  Inga,  and  I  have  done  so. — F.  H.  K. 


154  THE  FLORA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

Order  ANACARDIACE^. 

Tribe  SPONDIE^E. 

Rhus  f  Westii,  sp.  uov.' 
PI.  XXXVIII,  Figs.  9,  10. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  enlarg'ed  and  rounded  at  the  base ;  sec- 
ondaries parallel,  oblique,  camptodi-onie. 

Two  fragments  of  uncertain  relation.  The  leaves,  which  taper  ixpward 
from  the  rounded  base,  are  apparently  acuminate,  the  secondaries  being 
simple,  a  little  curved  in  traversing  the  blade,  and  anastomosing  in  simple 
bows  quite  near  the  borders,  diverging  from  the  primary  nerve  at  an  angle 
of  40°  to  50°. 

These  fragments  appear  similar  to  the  leaves  of  B.  delefa  Heer  (Fl. 
Tert.  Helv.,  vol.  3,  p.  83,  PI.  cxxvii.  Fig.  8).  But  as  the  lower  part  of  the 
fragments  of  the  leaves  from  Kansas  is  destroyed,  their  form  is  uncertain. 
An  appreciable  difference  is  remarked  in  the  more  open  secondaries  of 
Heer's  species. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  Nos.  513  and  514  of  the  museum 
of  the  University  of  Kansas.     Collected  by  E.  P.  West. 

Rhus  Uddeni,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  LVII,  Fig.  2. 

Leaves  compound,  pinnately  di^^ded  into  coriaceous,  opposite,  sessile, 
lanceolate,  entire  leaflets,  the  lower  decurring  along  the  main  rachis  into 
narrow  borders  or  wings;  midrib  strong;  secondaries  oblique,  numerous, 
simple,  camptodrome. 

The  specimen  represents  a  fragment  of  a  compound  leaf  with  three  pairs 
of  opposite  leaflets,  attached  to  a  main  branch  or  rachis,  winged  as  seen  in  its 
upper  part,  the  wing  being  mostly  erased  in  the  lower  part,  ^^'lnch  is  not 
very  well  preserved.  The  upper  leaflets  are  destroyed  from  the  middle 
up,  but  the  forking  of  the  midiib  shows  a  division  of  the  terminal  leaflet 
into  two  lobes  like  that  seen  in  the  preceding  species.  The  secondaries, 
which  are  3°""  distant  at  the  base,  emerging  from  the  midrib  at  an  angle  of 
30°,  are  simple,  parallel,  equidistant,  very  strong,  camptodi'ome,  somewhat 
curved  in  passing  toward  the  borders. 

'This  species  was  named  "  Bhus  amtigua,  sp.  nov.,"  by  Prof.  Lesquereux,  but  this  specific  name  is 
already  preoccupied  by  the  Bhus  anibigua  of  Unger  (Bot.  Zeit.,  1849,  No.  19,  p.  352,  PI.  v,  Fig.  9),  and 
I  have  changed  it  to  Bhus  Weslii  iu  honor  of  the  collector. — F.  H.  K. 


DESCRIPTION  OP  SPECIES.  155 

This  species,  like  the  preceding  one,  has  a  marked  analogy  with  the 
leaves  of  R.  copallina  L.,  the  dwarf  sumach  of  the  northeastern  part  of  the 
United  States,  and  allied  species,  especially  R.  virens  Lindh.,  the  leaves  of 
which  are  sometimes  coriaceous.  The  form  of  its  sessile,  entire  leaflets  is 
the  same  as  well  as  the  direction  of  the  numerous  secondaries. 

Habitat:  Kansas.  Specimen  presented  to  the  U.  S.  National  Museum 
by  J.  A.  Uddeu. 

Ehus  Powblliana,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  LVI,  Figs.  4,  5. 

Leaves  large,  compound,  lanceolate,  alternately  divided  into  petiolate 
lanceolate,  blunt-pointed  leaflets  of  thin  texture,  the  terminal  larger,  bilobate 
from  the  middle,  those  of  the  lower  pair  also  short  lobate  at  the  l^ase  or 
subdivided  into  narrower,  shorter  pinnules;  primary  nerves  thick;  second- 
aries simple,  numerous,  parallel,  camptodrome;  main  rachis  round,  and  like 
the  radii  s  of  the  pinnules,  not  winged. 

The  fragments  preserved  ai-e  part  of  large,  compound  leaves,  the  best 
of  which,  figured  here,  has  three  pairs  of  lateral  pinnules  with  tlie  terminal 
one  lobate.  The  pinnules  are  oblique,  parallel,  alternate,  2'""  to  3"'"  distant, 
at  least  9™  to  ll*""  long,  2™  to  2.5"™  broad  at  the  middle,  with  borders 
slightly  undulate  or  repand.  Tlie  midribs  are  thick  and  pass  downward 
into  a  round  petiole  of  the  same  thickness,  about  1"™  long,  cylindrical,  not 
winged.  The  secondaries  emerge  with  the  same  angle  of  divergence  of  30°, 
and  are  somewhat  curved  in  passing  toward  the  borders,  all  being  simple. 

Tlie  fragment  (Fig.  5)  is  part  of  a  much  larger  leaf  of  which  only  the 
terminal  leaflets  remain,  with  the  upper  part  of  two  lateral  ones.  It  lias  the 
same  character,  the  terminal  leaflet  being  bilobate  in  the  upper  part  by  the 
forking  of  the  midrib  near  the  base. 

This  fine  species  is  related  to  R.  juglandogene  Ett.,  as  figured  by  Saporta 
in  Etudes,  vol.  2,  PL  xiii,  Fig.  2b,  the  leaves  of  which  are,  however,  sessile 
and  dentate. 

On  this  last  quotation  Schimper  remarks  that  tlie  leaves  appear  rather 
to  be  those  of  a  Sapindus,  especially  cm  account  of  tlieir  entire  liorders. 

Habitat:  Near  Fort  Harker,  Kansas.  No.  2691  of  tlie  U.  8.  National 
Museum. 


156  THE  FLORA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

Anacaedites  ANTiQirus,  ep.  nov. 
PI.  LVII,  Fig.  1. 

Leaf  large,  coriaceous,  oblong,  pointed,  rounded  and  abruptly  nar- 
rowed at  base  to  the  niidi-ib,  petiolate;  midrib  solid;  secondaries  thick,  close, 
parallel,  the  lowest  at  right  angles,  the  upper  gradually  more  oblique,  craspe- 
dodrome. 

A  mere  fragment,  but  very  distinct  and  well  preserved  on  account  of 
the  hard,  coriaceous  substance  of  the  leaf  It  is  9*""  long,  .5'^™  broad,  and 
has  eleven  pairs  of  alternate  secondaries  about  l.S"""  distant,  some  of  them 
being  variable  in  distance  and  more  or  less  oblique  to  the  midrib,  according 
to  their  position,  almost  all  forking  once  near  the  borders.  The  stout  mid- 
rib is  straight  and  descends  as  a  solid  petiole,  broken  2™  below  the  base  of 
the  leaf. 

A  more  distinct  point  of  affinity  with  this  leaf  is  found  in  species  of 
Anaphrenium,  figured  in  Ettingshausen's  Blattskelete  der  Dikotyledonen, 
one  of  which,  A.  longifolium  Bernli.,^  though  a  smaller  leaf,  appears  to  repre- 
sent the  essential  character  of  the  fragment  of  the  Dakota  Group,  the  leaf 
being  small,  linear  oblong,  obtuse  at  base  and  apex,  and  has  strong  second- 
aries at  right  angles  and  at  a  short  distance,  forking  once  near  the  borders 
and  aerodrome. 

Habitat:  Near  Fort  Harker,  Kansas.  No.  2764  of  the  U.  S.  National 
Museum. 

Order  ACERACEiE. 

Negundoides  acutifolius  Lesq. 

Gret.  FL,  p.  97,  PI.  xxi,  Fig.  5. 

ACEEITES   MULTIFORMIS,  Sp.  nOV. 

PI.  XXXIV,  Figs.  1-9. 

Leaves  subcoriaceous,  petioled,  more  or  less  distinctly  tripalmately 
lobed,  cuneate,  rounded  or  cordiform  at  base;  lateral  lo])es  either  long, 
entire,  obtuse,  lobate-dentate  at  apex,  or  short  and  obtuse,  open  or  oblique ; 
median  nerve  a  little  thicker  than  the  lateral  ones,  these  much  branching 
outside  and  passing  up  to  the  points  of  the  lobes;  secondaries  emerging  far 
al)ove  the  primaries,  more  or  less  distant,  parallel,  curved  and  camptodrome 
like  the  branches  of  the  primaries;  nervilles  distinct,  at  right  angles  to  the 
nerves,  broken  or  interrupted  at  the  middle. 

'  Loc.  cit.,  p.  179,  PI.  Lxxvil,  Fig.  10. 


DESCEIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  157 

The  form  aud  size  of  these  leaves  is  so  variable  that  at  first  sight  they 
appear  referable  to  tlaree  or  four  diiferent  species.  But  in  compariug  the 
characters  in  each  of  the  leaves  it  does  not  seem  possible  to  separate  them. 
In  all  of  them  the  lateral  primary  nerves  are  supra-basilar,  having  a  pair  of 
thin,  marginal  veiulets  underneath  and  distinct,  except  in  Fig.  9.  The 
lobes,  passing  from  those  of  the  longer  leaves  (Figs.  1  and  2),  where  they 
are  very  short  and  very  obtuse,  become  longer  and  more  open  in  Fig.  4, 
and  still  longer  and  narrower  in  Figs.  3,  6,  and  7,  then  enlarged  at  their 
outer  end,  and  there  lobed,  as  in  Fig.  5. 

The  nervation  being  the  same  in  all  the  leaves,  the  outlines  are  so 
gradualh'  modified  that  the  separation  of  one  of  them  would  necessitate 
the  admission  of  a  specific  name  for  each. 

The  most  distinct  in  form  are  those  of  Figs.  8  and  9.  Fig.  8,  although 
of  the  same  type  of  nervation  as  the  others,  is,  from  the  teeth  of  the  upper 
part,  perhaps  nearer  to  Parrotia  grandidentata  of  PI.  XX,  but  the  nervation 
is  different.  Fig.  9  has  the  secondaries  basilar  and  no  traces  of  a  thin  nerve 
underneath.  But  the  base  of  the  leaf  is  curved  into  the  stone  and  the  g'en- 
eral  character  is  the  same  as  in  Figs.  1  and  2.  Differences  of  this  kind  are 
often  remarked  in  the  leaves  of  living  species  of  Acer. 

The  relation  of  this  leaf  is  marked  with  Acer  aiitiqimmlLtt.,^  a  leaf  in 
which  the  lateral  primaries  emerge  from  the  base,  though  the  subdivision  of 
the  lobes  is  of  the  same  character  as  in  Fig.  7  of  our  plate.  The  author 
compares  his  leaf  to  A.  dedpiens  Heer,^  a  species  with  trilobate  leaves,  and 
entire,  acute  or  acuminate  lobes,  the  primary  nervation  basilar.  Possibly 
the  supra-basilar  nervation  of  these  leaves  might  be  considered  as  against 
the  reference  of  this  species  to  Acer;  but  the  same  disposition  is  observed 
in  the  primary  nerves  of  a  number  of  species  of  the  genus  in  A.  pseudo 
nmispessulaiium  Ung.  (Chlor.  Prot.,  PI.  xliii.  Fig.  2),  A.  pseudocampestre  Ung. 
(ibid.,  Fig.  7),  A.  oUiisUobum  Ung.  (ibid.,  Fig.  12),  species  which  have  entire 
leaves  and  like  the  Cretaceous  leaves,  sometimes  a  thin  pair  of  basal  nerves 
under  the  primaries.  Still  the  same  character  is  seen  in  many  of  the  leaves 
figured  by  Heer  in  his  Fl.  Tert.  Helv.,  and  especially  in  A.  indivisum  Web. 
(Tertiarfl.  Niederrh.  Braunkohlenform.,  PI.  v,  Fig.  2),  and  A.  vitifolium  Lud- 
wig  (Foss.  Pfl.  Rhein.-Wett.  Tertiar-Form.,  PI.  lii,  Fig.  1).  Hence  the 
supra-basilar  distribution  of  the  lateral  primaries  can  not  eliminate  these 
leaves  from  the  genus  Acer.     It  is  true  that  as  yet,  with  the  exception  of 

'  Kreidefl.'v.  Niederscboena,  p.  259,  PI.  iii,  Fig.  17. 

2F1.  Tert.  Eelv.,  vol.  3,  p.  .58,  PI.  cxvii,  Figs.  15-22;  Pi,  CLv,  Fig.  12. 


158  THE  FLORA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

Ettino-sliauseuV  species,  which  st)rae  botanists  consider  as  of  liypothetical 
reference,  no  leaf  of  Acer  has  been  described  from  tlie  Genonianian.  But 
before  the  phxnts  of  the  Dakota  Group  and  those  of  the  Cretaceous  of 
Greeuhmd  had  been  discovered,  the  same  remark  couhl  have  been  made 
with  reference  to  most  of  the  genera  now  well  ascertained  in  that  forma- 
tion. A  closely  allied  genus,  Sapindus,  is  represented  by  different  species 
in  the  Cenomanian  of  Greenland  and  of  North  America,  and  I  do  not  see 
why  the  origin  of  the  genus  Acer  could  not  be  admitted  as  possible  in  that 
formation. 

Habitat:  Ten  miles  northeast  of  Delphos,  Kansas.  Nos.  4078,  4079, 
4080,  4082,  etc.,  of  the  collection  of  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe. 

Order  SAPINDACE^. 

Tribe   SAPINDEyE. 

Sapindus  Moreisoni  Lesq. 
PI.  XXXV,  Figs.  1, 2. 

Cret.  and  Tert.  FL,  p.  83,  PI.  xvi,  Figs.  1,  2;  Heer,  Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  vol.  6,  Abth.  3, 
p.  96,  PI.  XL,  Fig.  1 ;  PI.  XLI,  Fig.  3 ;  PI.  XLlii,  Figs,  la,  b ;  PI.  XLiv,  Figs.  7,  8. 

Leaves  compound,  pinnate;  leaflets  subcoriaceous,  entire,  lanceolate, 
unequal  at  the  round,  cuneate  base;  secondaries  numerous,  curved,  camp- 
todrome. 

The  two  leaves  figured  here  are  slightly  smaller  than  those  in  Cret.  and 
Tert.  Fl.  (loc.  cit.),  but  of  the  same  character.  The  difference  in  size  is  more 
marked  in  the  leaves  figured  by  Heer,  especially  in  those  of  PI.  xliv,  Figs. 
7,  8.  S.  prodromus  Heer^  has  the  leaves  smaller,  subfalcate,  and  the  second- 
aries closer  and  more  numerous. 

Habitat :  Pipe  Creek,  Cloud  County,  Kansas.  Nos.  4087  and  4094  of 
the  collection  of  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe. 

Sapindus  diversifolius,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  LXIV,  Fig.  18. 

Leaflets  very  variable  in  size  and  form,  short,  oval,  obtuse  or  lanceolate 
from  above  the  middle,  4'='"  to  11™  long,  2™  to  6™  broad,  the  largest  appar- 
ently terminal  and  obovate,  all  with  borders  entire;  strongly  nerved;  midi-ib 

1  Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  vol.  3,  pt.  2,  p.  117,  PI.  xxxiv,  Fig.  5 ;  vol.  6,  Abth.  2,  p.  96,  PI.  xxv,  Fig.  5b ; 
Pl.  XXVI,  Fig.  5a. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  159 

stout  and  broad;  secondaries  at  an  open  angle  of  divergence,  distinctly 
camptodi'Oine  and  curved  in  traversing  the  lamina.  The  species  is  closely 
allied  to  8.  apiciplatus  Velen.  (Fl.  bohm.  Kreide.,  pt.  3,  PI.  vii,  Figs.  1-8). 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  721  of  the  collection  of  Mr. 
R.  D.  Lacoe. 

Order  AMPELIDACE^. 
Tribe  AMPELIDE.^E. 

CiSSITES  INGENS,  Sp.  nOV. 
PL  XIX,  Figs.  2,  2a. 

Leaves  large,  palmately  deeply  tri-five  lobate;  lateral  lobes  broad, 
lobateand  dentate;  the  median  short,  enlarged  above,  simply  dentate;  divis- 
ions acute;  primary  nerves,  three  or  five,  thick,  the  lateral  forking  near  the 
base  or  branching  above  -into  thinner  tertiaries,  all  the  divisions  ascending 
to  the  teeth. 

Some  of  the  leaves,  as  seen  from  the  fragment  (Fig.  2a),  which  is  only 
a  lateral  lobe,  were  at  least  28*""  to  80™  in  width  between  the  extremities  of 
the  lateral  lobes.  The  smaller  leaf  (Fig.  2),  preserved  entire,  differs  in  the 
lateral  primaries  joining  the  petiole  by  their  base  and  not  forking  above  it. 

The  species  is  of  the  same  type  as  C.  formosus  Heer,  described  below, 
C.  insignis  Heer^  and  G.  puilasokensis  Heer'^  described  from  Puilasok,  a 
Miocene  stage.     It  has  also  a  degree  of  relation  to  Cissus  vitifolia  Velen.' 

Of  these  species  it  differs  essentially  in  the  size  and  the  acute  form  of 
the  divisions  or  teeth  of  the  leaves  and  by  the  position  of  the  lateral  pri- 
maries near  the  basal  border  of  the  leaves,  which  in  all  those  described  by 
Heer  join  the  median  nerve  at  right  angles  as  in  C.  formusus  (PI.  XXI,  Fig.  5). 

This  character  was  apparently  the  same  in  the  large  fragment  which  is 
represented  in  Fig.  2a,  the  lateral  primaries  branching  above  then-  points  of 
union  to  the  median  nerve  and  joining  it  above  its  base. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  591  of  the  collection  of  the 
University  of  Kansas;  E.  P.  West,  collector.  No.  2737  of  the  U.  S.  National 
Museum. 

'Phyll.  Cr^t.  d«  N6br.,  p.  19,  PI.  ii.  Figs,  'i,  4. 
=  F1.  Foas.  Arct.,  vol.  7,  p.  119,  PI.  cvii,  Figs.  8-10. 
3pi.  bohm.  Kreide.,  pt.  3,  PI.  ii,  Fig.  6. 


160  THE  FLORA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GKOUP. 

CiSSlTES  INGENS  LciSq.  var.  parvifolia,  n.  var. 
PI.  LVII,  Figs.  3,  4. 

These  two  leaves  represent  a  small  form  of  the  species.  Though  hav- 
ing evidently  the  same  general  characters,  Fig.  2,  PI.  XIX,  shows  the  union 
of  the  primar}^  nerves  at  a  point  far  above  the  basal  border  of  the  leaf  and 
the  lobes  and  their  subdivisions  are  broader  and  shorter. 

Fig.  3  has  the  lobes  narrower,  more  deeply  cut,  the  nervilles  oblique 
and  more  distinct,  and  the  union  of  the  primaries  above  the  base  of  the  leaf. 
The  fragment  2a  of  PI.  XIX  appears  to  have  had  the  point  of  union  of  the 
primaries  still  higher  than  Fig.  2,  or  as  it  is  in  the  reconstructed  figure  of 
C.  formosiis  Heer  (Fl.  Foss.  Ai-ct,  vol.  6,  Abth.  2,  Pi.  xxi,  Fig.  8).  The 
numerous  leaves  of  C.  ingens  show  this  disposition  to  be  merely  casual. 

Habitat:  Near  Fort  Harker,  Kansas.  No.  2737  of  the  U.  S.  National 
Museum. 

CiSSITES  ALATUS,  Sp.  IIOV.* 

PI.  XXIII,  Fig.  6. 

Leaf  small,  thickish,  with  smooth  surface,  deeply  palmately  trilobate; 
lateral  lobes  at  right  angles,  long-obovate  or  enlai'ged  to  an  obtuse  apex, 
the  median  nerve  broader  and  shorter,  enlarged,  truncate  and  obtuseh' 
short  trilobate  at  apex;  primary  nerves  palmately  tritid,  the  lateral  supra- 
basilar,  nearly  at  right  angles,  branching  on  both  sides;  secondaries  at  a 
distance  from  the  primary  ones,  two  or  three  pairs  entering  the  upper  lobes, 
all  branching  hke  the  lateral  primaries  in  camptodi'ome  divisions. 

The  form  of  this  leaf  is  i-emarkable,  being  like  a  combination  of  Aralia 
with  Liriodeuch'on  or  with  Platanus,  like  P.  obtusiloba  Lesq.  (Cret.  FL,  PI. 
VII,  J^'ig.  3),  having  the  same  character  of  nervation  and  about  the  same 
disposition  of  the  lobes  as  this  last  species.  The  basilar  lobes  are,  however, 
much  longer,  and  the  apex  of  the  leaf  is  enlarged  and  trilobed,  presenting 
altogether  the  facies  and  the  essential  characters  of  C.  fonnosus  Heer,  as 
figm-ed  on  PI.  XXIII,  Fig.  6  (loc.  cit.). 

Habitat:  Ten  miles  northeast  of  Delphos,  Kansas.  No.  4034  of  tlie 
collection  of  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe. 

'This  species  was  later  compared  by  Prof.  Lesquereux  to  Liriodendroii  Gardneii  Sap.  (Origine  Pal. 
des  arbres  cult,  ou  utilisiSs  par  I'hoiume,  p.  269,  text,  Fig.  1),  but  there  is  no  further  indication  that  he 
intended  to  transfer  it  to  Liriodendron.  A  comparison  of  the  two  figures  shows  a  very  great  similarity, 
the  principal  difference  being  the  supra-basilar  position  of  the  lateral  primaries  in  C.  alatns. — F.  H.  K.. 


DESORIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  161 

CissiTES  FOKMosus  Hecr. 
PI.  XXI,  Fig.  5. 

Fl.  Fobs.  Arct.,  vol.  6,  Abth.  2,  p.  85,  PI.  xxi,  Figs.  5-8. 

Leaves  palmately,  deeply  trilobate,  entire;  median  lobe  contracted  in 
the  middle,  trilobate;  lobes  obtuse. 

This  is  the  description  of  Heer,  who  had  seen  only  small  fragments  of 
this  species,  but  has  reconstructed  a  fine,  whole  leaf  according  to  the  char- 
acters of  the  fragments.  The  part  we  have  now  is  far  better  preserved  than 
any  of  those  figured  by  Heer.  The  median  nerve  is  thick,  with  two  pri- 
mary, opposite,  lateral,  supra-basilar.nei-A^es,  one  of  which  is  forked  quite 
near  its  base,  and  the  lobe  is  accordingly  bilobate ;  the  other  is  simple, 
undi^dded,  and  the  lobe  entire.  The  upper  lobe  is  enlarged  and  evidently 
divided  into  three  small  lobes  on  each  side;  at  least  it  has  tln-ee  pairs  of  thin 
secondary  nerves,  which  ascend  obliquely,  but  sti'aight,  one  of  them  reach- 
ing the  point  of  a  small  lobe  or  round  tooth.  Except  these  three  pairs  of 
secondaries  in  the  upper  part  of  the  leaf  there  is  no  nervation  marked  above 
or  below  the  primaries.  On  the  contrary,  in  Heer's  specimen  the  second- 
aries appear  much  lower,  as  low  as  the  sinuses,  and  in  ascending  form 
apparently  successive  lobes  on  the  side  of  the  upper  division,  which  is  thus 
more  elongated  than  it  could  be  in  our  leaf,  which  differs  also  by  having 
the  lateral  lobes  less  oblique,  nearly  at  right  angles  to  the  median  nerve, 
and  the  sinuses  broader. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  9  of  the  museum  of  the 
University  of  Kansas.     Collected  by  A.  Wellington. 

CiSSITES   OBTXISILOBUS,  Sp.  nOV.^ 

PI.  XXXIII,  Fig.  5. 

Leaf  small,  thickish,  fan-shaped  or  semilunar,  rounded  to  a  long  petiole, 
abi'uptly  decurring  to  it  at  its  very  base,  subtruncate  and  obtusely  short- 
lobate  or  rather  undulate  at  apex,  palmately  trinerved  from  above  the  base, 
with  two  pairs  of  secondary  nerves  parallel;  crasj)edodrome. 

The  leaf  has  a  close  affinity  of  characters  with  C.  harkerianus  Lesq. 
(Cret.  and  Tert.  FL,  p.  67,  PI.  in,  Figs.  3,  4).  It  might  possibly  be  consid- 
ered a  form  allied  to  C.  Heerii  Lesq.  (Cret.  and  Tert.  FL,  p.  68,  PL  v.  Fig.  2). 

'Prof.  Lesquereux  wrote  later  of  this  species  as  follows  :  "  Velenovsky  iq  hisFlura  bohm.  Kreide- 
formation,  pt.  2,  PI.  vi,  Fig.  2,  has  a  figure  like  this  {Cissites  obtusilobtis,  sp.  uov.,  PL  xxxiii,  Fig.  .5), 
SkoA  has  named  it  Liriodeiidron  Celakovakii ;  it  essentially  differs  by  the  lateral  primaries  being  bas- 
ilar."—F.  H.  K. 

MON  XVII 11 


162  THE  FLOKA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GKOUP. 

It  is  3"°  loug  from  the  top  of  the  petiole  to  that  of  the  median  nerve  and 
nearly  5""  broad  between  the  lateral,  obtuse  lobes,  subemarginate  by  con- 
traction of  the  lauihia  at  the  apices  of  the  primary  nerves.  The  petiole  is 
2"""  long;  the  secondaries,  of  which  there  are  two  pairs,  are  thin,  opposite, 
the  upper  ones  corresponding  to  the  intermediate,  short,  obtuse,  subapicial 
lobes.  There  is  at  the  base  a  very  thin,  marginal  nerve  following  the  bor- 
ders, with  which  lower,  thin  branches  of  the  primaries,  like  nervilles,  anas- 
tomose, forming  a  continuous  series  of  bows  along  the  lower  borders. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  48  of  the  collection  of  the 
University  of  Kansas;  A.  WelUngtou,  collector. 

CiSSITES   POPULOIDES,  Sp.  nOV. 

PI.  XVIII,  Fig.  12-14. 

Leaves  thin,  comparatively  small,  ovate  or  broadly  cuneiform,  subcor- 
date  at  the  base,  obtuse,  entire,  long  petioled;  nervation  subtripalmatifid 
from  the  base;  median  nerve  thick;  lateral  primaries  thin,  branching  on  the 
under  side,  parallel  to  the  secondaries,  of  which  there  are  four  or  five  pairs, 
equidistant,  opposite,  simple  or  forking  near  the  borders,  subcraspedodrome. 

The  leaves  are  from  2.5""  to  A"""  long  and  from  3""  to  3.5"="  broad,  en- 
larged above  the  base,  rounded  to  the  apex  or  oblong  and  obtuse,  with  a 
petiole  1""  long,  appearing  broken.  The  angle  of  divergence  of  the  nerve 
is  50°. 

This  species  has  the  peculiar  nervation  of  the  Cretaceous  leaves  referred 
to  Populites.  The  nervation  is  apparently  tripahnate,  but  the  primary  lat- 
eral nerves  are  quite  thin,  like  the  secondaries,  and  merely  differ  from  them 
by  their  position  and  their  branches.  The  nervation  is  craspedodrome,  but 
the  nerves,  which  are  simple  or  forking  near  the  borders,  are  not  quite  dis- 
tinctly seen  entering  them,  but  vanishing  to  them  as  in  species  of  Cissites. 

Habitat:  Ten  miles  northeast  of  Delphos,  Kansas.  Nos.  4137  and  4183 
of  the  collection  of  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe. 

Cissites  Bkownii  Lesq. 
PI.  XYIII,  Fig.  11. 

Geol.  Eept.  of  Minnesota,  by  Prof.  N.  H.  Winchell  (unedited). 

Leaves  coriaceous,  oval,  angularly  undulate  or  sublobate,  entire,  obtuse 
at  apex;  broadly  cuneate  at  base  and  joining  the  petiole  by  a  short,  inward 
cm-ve,  penninerved.  Primary  nerves  straight,  half  cylindrical;  secondaries 
half  open,  alternate,  parallel,  rigid,  scarcely  curved  in  traversing  the  blade, 


DESCRIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  163 

forking  near  the  borders,  craspedodrome  with  their  divisions ;  nervilles  deep, 
at  right  angles  to  the  nerves;  areolation  small,  quadrate,  very  distinct. 

Though  the  shape  and  the  dimensions  of  the  leaves  are  variable,  the  pe- 
culiar type  of  nervation  remains  the  same  in  all  the  leaves  I  have  seen  of 
this  species.  The  lateral  primaries  are  joined  to  the  median  nerve  at  a  short 
distance  above  the  basal  borders  of  the  leaves;  the  secondaries  are  compara- 
tively numerous,  consisting  of  seven  pairs,  in  a  leaf  a  little  more  than  6*"" 
long,  diverging  30°  or  40°  and  forking  once  or  twice  quite  near  the  borders. 
In  some  specimens  the  lateral  primaries  are  ramose  on  the  lower  side. 

The  leaves  of  this  species  have  a  degree  of  relation  to  those  of  G. 
Nimrodi  and  C.  aUcmtka  Ett.  (Flora  v.  Bilin,  pt.  3,  pp.  3,  4,  PI.  xl,  Figs. 
3-iO),  at  least  in  the  character  of  the  nervation,  and  especially  to  Figs.  7  and 
8  (loc.  cit.),  but  the  secondaries  are  less  numerous,  and  though  the  shape  of 
the  leaves  is  quite  variable,  none  of  those  figured  are  comparable  to  that  of 
our  plate. 

Habitat:  Kansas,  Minnesota,  etc.  No.  4173  of  the  collection  of  Mr.  R. 
I).  Lacoe.  The  leaf  is  similar  to  that  figured  from  Prof.  N.  H.  Winchell's 
collection. 

CiSSITES    ACERIFOLIUS,  Sp.  nOV. 

PI.  LVIII,  Fig.  1. 

Leaf  of  medium  size,  thickish,  regularly  five-lobed  and  paliTiately  five- 
nerved  from  the  base,,  the  upper  or  terminal  lobe  ovate,  blunt  pointed; 
ujjper  lateral  oblique,  somewhat  long,  blunt  pointed,  the  lower  short  angu- 
lar ;  midrib  and  upper  lateral  primaries  of  medium  size  branching,  the 
branches  curved  and  camptodrome,  lower  primai'ies,  thin,  simple. 

The  leaf  is  ovate-cordate  in  outline,  five-nerved  from  the  top  of  the 
petiole  and  five-lobed,  the  lobes  quite  entire,  the  lower  or  basilar  ones  curv- 
ing down  and  rounding  lower  than  the  top  of  the  ^^etiole,  forming  thus  a 
deeply  emarginate  or  cordate  leaf 

The  median  and  the  upper  lateral  nerves  are  stronger  and  obliquely 
branching,  with  secondaries  oblique,  straight  or  curved;  no  trace  of  areola- 
tion is  seen. 

Habitat:  Near  Fort  Harker,  Kansas.  No.  2750  of  the  U.  S.  National 
Museum. 


IQ^  THE  FLORA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

CiSSITES  DENTATO-LOBATUS,  Sp.  nOV. 
PI.  LXVI,  Fig.  4. 

Leaf  cordate  in  outline,  enlarged  in  the  lower  part,  irregularly  dentate- 
lobate,  trilobate  above  the  middle,  the  lobes  irregular,  enlarged  above, 
obtusely  dentate  or  irregularly  lobed  toward  the  apex ;  median  lobe  pro- 
louo-ed  upward;  narrowed  in  the  middle  toward  the  obtuse  sinuses. 

This  leaf  is  very  pecuhar  in  its  multiple  division.  It  is  9°'"  long,  8*"" 
broad  near  the  base,  trilobate  from  the  middle,  the  two  lateral  lobes  broader, 
one  of  them  pai-tly  dentate  and  lobed,  the  other  four  or  five  deeply,  obtusely 
lobed,  the  middle  narrower  and  enlarged  above,  and  these  irregularly  divided 
into  five  obtuse,  short  lobes,  one  only  obliquely  prolonged.  The  peculiar 
form  of  the  leaf  can  not  be  understood  without  figures.  It  has  a  distant 
aflinitv  to  the  fragment  described  as  Cissiis  vitifoUa  Velen.  (Flora  bolun. 
Kreidefl.,  pt.  3,  p.  8,  PI.  ii,  Fig.  6). 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.     No.  660  of  the  collection  of  Mr. 

R.  D.  Lacoe. 

CiSSITES  SALISBURI^FOLIXJS  Lesq. 

Sassafras  obtusum  Lesq.,  Cret.  FL,  p.  81,  PI.  sm.  Figs.  2,  3. 

Populites  salisburiaf alius  Lesq.,  Am.  Jouru.  of  Sci.  and  Arts,  ser.  2,  vol.  46,  1868,  p.  94. 

CiSSITES   HABKERIANTJS   Lesq. 

Cret.  and  Tert.  Fl.,  p.  67,  PI.  iii,  Figs.  3,  4. 

Sassafras  (Araliopsis)  harlcerianum  Lesq.,  Cret.  Fl.,  p.  81,  P1..XI,  Figs.  3,  4;  PI.  xxvii, 
Fig.  2.     Haydeu's  Ann.  Kept.,  1874,  p.  352,  PI.  Vii,  Figs.  1,  2. 

CiSSITES  AFFiNis  Lesq. 

Cret.  and  Tert.  Fl.,  p.  67. 

Platanus  affinis  Lesq.,  Cret.  FL,  p.  71,  PI.  iv,  Fig.  4. 

CiSSITES  ACUMiNATUS  Lesq. 

Hayden'8  Ann.  Eept.,  1874,  p.  353,  PI.  viii,  Fig.  1;  Cret.  and  Tert.  Fl.,  p.  67,  PI.  V, 

Figs.  3,  4. 

CiSSITES  Heeeii  Lesq. 

Hayden'8  Ann.  Kept.,  1874,  p.  353,  PI.  vi.  Fig.  3;  Cret.  and  Tert.  Fl.,  p.  68,  PI.  v, 

Fig.  2. 

AMPELOPHYLLUM  ATTENTJATITM   Lesq. 

Hayden's  Ann.  Eept.,  1874,  p.  354,  PI.  ii.  Fig.  3;  Cret.  and  Tert.  FL,  p.  68,  PL  ii.  Fig.  2. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  165 

Ampelophtllum  ovatiim  Lesq. 

Cret.  and  Tert.  PL,  p.  69 ;  Hayden's  Ann.  Rept.,  1874,  p.  355. 
Celtis  ?  ovata  Lesq.,  Cret.  FL,  p.  66,  PI.  iv.  Figs.  2,  3. 

Order  RHAMNE^. 
Tribe  ZIZYPHE.^e. 

PALITJBITS  CRETACEtTS,  Sp.  nOV. 
PI.  XXXV,  Fig.  3. 

Leaves  subcorlaceous,  broadly  rhomboidal,  rounded,  undulate  above, 
narrowed  to  the  base,  triplenerved;  lateral  primaries  basilar,  oblique, 
straight  to  near  the  apex,  with  few  branches;  secondaries,  two  pairs,  alter- 
nate, open  at  a  great  distance  from  the  base. 

The  leaf,  which  is  5""  long  and  4*="  broad,  is  undulate  from  the  middle 
upward,  cuneate  to  the  base,  with  the  median  nerve  a  little  stronger  than 
the  lateral  ones,  which  ascend  to  the  borders  at  an  angle  of  20°  from  the 
median  nerve.  The  relation  of  this  species  is  with  P.  affinis  Heer  (Fl.  Foss. 
Arct,  vol.  7,  p.  42,  PI.  lxii,  Figs.  16-1^).  Heer's  Fig.  16  (loc.  cit.),  repre- 
sents a  leaf  from  Patoot  which  is  finely  preserved  with  its  petiole.  The 
leaf  from  the  Dakota  Group  differs  from  it  by  the  more  enlarged  obtuse 
shape,  and  the  less  numerous  branches  of  the  lateral  primai-ies. 

Habitat:  Ten  miles  northeast  of  Delphos,  Kansas.  No.  4079  of  the 
collection  of  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe. 

Paliueus  obovatus,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  XXXV,  Fig.  6. 

Leaves  coriaceous,  entire,  obovate,  rounded  at  apex,  narrowly  wedge- 
form  to  the  base,  triplenerved,  median  nerve  slightly  thicker  than  the  lateral 
ones,  excurrent  into  a  short  mucro;  lateral  primaries  straight,  oblique, 
ascending  to  near  the  apex,  with  few  branches;  one  of  the  secondaries  only 
visible,  short,  ciu-ved. 

The  leaf  is  4""  long  and  4''™  broad  above  the  middle.  It  is  as  yet  with- 
out any  known  relation.  As  in  the  following  species  the  primaries  have 
scarcely  any  branches  and  the  place  of  the  secondaries  is  indicated  near 
the  apex  by  a  single,  short,  curved  one.  From  the  nervation  only  the  leaf 
is  comparable  to  P.  temdfolms  Heer^  of  the  Miocene,  which  has  small  oval 

'  Fl.  Tert.  Helv.,  vol  3,  p.  76,  PI.  cxxil,  Fig.  31. 


166  THE  FLORA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

or  ovate  leaves  of  thin  texture.     It  has  also  a  distant  affinity  to  P.  memhra- 
naceiis  Lesij.,'  from  which  it  diflfers  by  its  texture  and  nervation. 

Habitat:  Ten  miles  northeast  of  Delphos,  Kansas.  No.  4143  of  the 
collection  of  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe. 

Palixjrus  ovalis  Dawson. 
PI.  XXXV,  Fig.  7. 

Mesozoic  Fl.  Rocky  Mouutain  Region,  Traus.  Roy.  Soc.  Canada,  sec.  iv,  1885,  p.  14, 

PI.  IV,  Figs.  4,  8. 

Leaf  not  thick,  flat,  exactly  elliptical,  blunt  at  the  base  and  the  apex, 
triple  nerved;  median  nerve  thick,  percurrent;  lateral  primaries  short,  close 
to  the  borders,  slightly  curved,  reaching  to  half  the  leaf,  effaced  there, 
simple  or  scarcely  branching. 

The  leaf,  which  is  4.5™  long  and  2"™  bi'oad,  apparently  does  not  differ 
from  that  from  Canada  (Fig.  4,  loc.  cit.).  But  the  author  says  of  the  leaves 
that  they  are  coriaceous,  while  the  one  figured  here  appears  rather  thin. 

Habitat:  Ten  miles  northeast  of  r)elphos,  Kansas.  No.  4142  of  the 
collection  of  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe. 

Paliurxts  anceps,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  XXXV,  Fig.  4. 

Leaves  subcoriaceous,  ovate,  tapering  upward  to  a  blunt  apex,  nar- 
rowed in  rounding  to  the  base,  triple  or  obscurely  five-nerved;  primary 
lateral  nerves  oblique,  straight,  and  reaching  the  borders  above  the  middle; 
secondaries  two  pairs,  opposite,  camptodi'ome. 

The  leaf  is  comparable  to  that  of  the  following  species,  from  which  it 
differs  by  the  absence  of  the  lateral  lobes  and  of  tertiary  nervilles;  by  the 
few  secondaries,  only  two  pairs,  and  bv  a  very  thin  basilar  vein,  which, 
though  not  very  distinct,  is  traced  upon  the  figure  quite  near  and  alolig  the 
border.  It  is  also  a  little  larger ;  but  as  it  has  the  same  texture  and  the 
same  general  appearance,  it  may  be  a  peculiar  form  of  the  same. 

Habitat:  Ten  miles  northeast  of  Delphos,  Kansas.  No.  4141  of  the 
collection  of  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe. 

.   .  1  Cret.  Fl.,  p.  108,  PI.  xx,  Fig.  ti. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  167 

Paliuevs  membranaceus  Lesq. 
PI.  XXXV,  Fig.  5. 
Cret.  PL,  p.  108,  PI.  xx,  Pig.  6. 

Leaf  small,  subcoriaceous  or  membi-anous,  oval,  obtusely  pointed, 
short-obtusely  lobate  near  the  apex,  narrowed-cuneiform  to  the  base,  triple 
nerved;  lateral  primaries  strong,  oblique,  ascending  to  the  lobes,  branching 
outside,  anastomosing,  with  nervilles  at  right  angles  from  the  median  nerve ; 
secondaries  consisting  of  four  pairs,  proximate,  camptodrome. 

Perhaps  this  leaf  represents  a  different  species  from  that  in  Ci'et.  Fl. 
(loc.  cit.).  It  is  a  little  smaller,  less  broadly  obtuse  at  the  apex,  has  the 
two  small  lateral  lobes  more  marked  and  the  base  more  narrowly  cuneate. 
Though  these  differences  may  be  observed,  the  secondary  nervation  being 
of  the  same  type  and  the  presence  or  absence  of  upper  lateral  small  lobes 
or  teeth  being  frequently  observed  in  species  of  this  genus,  as  for  instance 
in  P.  Colombi  Heer,  of  which  the  numerous  figures  show  more  marked  differ- 
ences than  are  seen  between  these  two  Cretaceous  leaves,  it  seems  right  to 
refer  them  to  the  same  species. 

Habitat:  Pipe  Creek,  Cloud  County,  Kansas.  No.  4068  of  the  collec- 
tion of  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe. 

ZlZYPHUS  DAKOTENSIS,  Sp.  nOV. 

PI.  XXXVI,  Figs.  4-7. 

Leaves  subcoriaceous,  petioled,  narrowly  elliptical,  rounded  or  decur- 
ring  at  base  in  narrowing  to  the  petiole,  tapering  upward  to  an  acute  apex, 
equilateral,  distantly,  sparingly  dentate  on  the  borders;  five-nerved  from 
the  base.  There  are  four  fragments  of  leaves,  one  preserved  nearly  entire, 
7.5""'  long,  15"™  broad  below  the  middle,  the  others  much  larger,  the  upper 
part  destroyed,  being  about  twice  as  long,  2.5'="  broad.  The  teeth  of  the 
borders  are  distant,  cut  at  right  angles  and  blunt  at  apex.  The  median 
nerve,  which  is  enlarged  at  base  to  a  petiole  nearly  2"""  long,  is  compara- 
tively long,  the  inner  lateral  nerves  being  distinct  though  thin,  ascending  to 
two-thirds  the  length  of  the  leaves,  parallel  to  the  borders,  branching  outside 
in  very  thin  tertiaries,  anastomosing  in  areoles  with  an  outer,  shorter  mar- 
ginal nerve,  joined  by  very  thin  inside  nervilles,  transversely  passing  out 
from  the  midi'ib. 

This  fine  species  has  no  close  analogy  with  any  of  the  published  fossil 
species,  the  nearest  relative  being  Z.  undidatus  Ett.\  representing  in  three 

>F1.  V.  Sagor,  pt.  2,  p.  196,  PI.  xvi,  Figs.  4-6. 


IQQ  THE  FLORA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GEOUP. 

frao:raents  a  long,  lanceolate  acuminate  leaf,  differing-  especially  in  the  bor- 
ders, which  are  merely  undulate,  and  the  lateral  pi-imaries,  ^\'hic'h  are  more 
distant  from  the  midrib  and  distinctly  aerodrome.  Z.  Unger'i  Heer^  and  Z. 
ovatits  AVeb.^  are  also  related  to  this  species. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  Nos.  84,  84a,  730,  and  1000  of 
the  nmseum  of  the  University  of  Kansas.  Collected  by  A.  Wellington  and 
E.  P.  West. 

Tribe  RHAMNE^E. 

Ehamnus  stmilis,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  XXXY,  Figs.  1%  13. 

Leaves  coriaceous,  entire,  lanceolate,  gradually  narrowed  to  the  base, 
and  more  abruptly  in  the  upper  part  to  a  blunt  apex;  nervation  deeply 
marked,  median  nerve  strong  ;  secondaries  at  an  acute  angle  of  divergence, 
unbent  but  curving  close  to  the  borders,  camptodi-ome. 

The  leaves  are  about  9"""  long  and  S'^"  broad  at  the  middle,  and  are 
thick,  with  recurved  borders;,  the  secondaries  are  numerous,  parallel, 
equidistant,  with  few  branches,  passing  straight  toward  the  borders  at  an 
angle  of  divergence  of  30°,  and  curve  abruptly  along  them,  witli  close, 
broken  nervilles  at  right  angles.  The  leaves  are  much  like  those  of  11. 
redinervis  Heer,^  merely  differing  in  the  borders  being  entire,  the  coriaceous 
texture  with  the  secondaries  less  distant  and  thus  more  numerous.  They 
have  als(i  a  marked  attinity  to  those  of  the  living  Frangula  caroliniana  Gray, 
by  their  form  and  by  the  recurved  borders ;  and  still,  by  the  closeness  of 
the  secondaries,  to  those  of  B.  Pitrshiamis  DC.  A  degree  of  relation  is  also 
remarked  with  what  Dunker  has  published  in  Palaeontographica,  vol.  4, 
1859,  p.  182,  PI.  XXXIV,  Fig.  3,  as  Cytisiis  cretaceus,  a  species  with  leaves  of 
the  same  size  and  form  as  that  of  Fig.  12,  with  secondaries  close,  parallel, 
but  curved  in  passing  toward  the  borders. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  Nos.  209  and  210  of  the  collec- 
tion of  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe. 

'  Fl.  Tert.  Helv.,  vol.  3,  PI.  cxxii,  Figs.  25,  a5b, 
=  Palaeontogr.,  vol.  6,  p.  141,  PI.  LViii,  Fig.  13. 
3  Fl.  Tert.  Helv.,  vol.  3,  p.  80,  PI.  cxxv,  Figs.  2-6. 


DESCRIPTION  OP  SPECIES.  169 

Ehamnxjs  prunifolius  Lesq.' 
PI.  XXXV,  Fig.  14, 
Cret.  and  Tert.  PI.,  p.  85. 

Leaves  small,  subcoriaceous,  ovate-lanceolate,  rounded  in  narrowing  to 
the  base,  entire,  acute  or  acuminate  (point  broken) ;  median  nerve  thick, 
straight;  secondaries  numerous,  twelve  to  fifteen  pairs,  parallel,  campto- 
drome. 

Of  this  species  I  have  seen  only  the  fragment  figured.  It  represents  a 
leaf  .5°'"  to  6"™  long,  2.5™  broad  at  the  middle,  with  numerous  secondaries 
diverging  at  an  angle  of  50°  to  60°  at  their  base,  much  curved  in  travers- 
ing the  blade,  arched  close  to  the  borders,  forming  a  simple  series  of  bows 
by  anastomosing  upon  each  other,  and  obliquely  cut  by  transverse,  close, 
distinct,  mostly  simple,  and  continuous  nervilles,  at  right  angles  to  the 
midrib. 

The  leaf  is  comparable  to  Salix  nerviJlosa  Heer,^  especially  for  the 
direction  of  the  close,  simple  ner^nlles.  But  this  last  leaf  has  the  second- 
aries comparatively  more  distant,  somewhat  branched,  especially  at  a  more 
acute  angle  of  divergence,  and  the  leaf,  which  is  more  narrowly  lanceolate, 
is  narrowl}^  cuneiform  to  the  base.  By  the  same  character  it  has  a  degree 
of  likeness  to  that  of  Fieus  psidiopsis  Massal.,^  differing  from  it  in  the  leaves 
not  being  subcordate  Ijut  attenuated  at  the  base  and  the  secondaries  without 
brandies. 

Habitat :  Kansas.  No.  479  of  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology 
of  Cambridge,  Massachusetts. 

Ehamnus  MTJDaEi,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  XXXVI  r,  Figs.  2,  3. 

Leaves  coriaceous,  oval,  rounded  and  pointed  to  the  apiculate  apex, 
narrowing  to  a  short,  thick  petiole  by  an  outward  curve:  secondaries  numer- 
ous, parallel,  a  little  curved  in  passing  to  the  borders,  camptodrome. 

Two  leaves  varying  in  length  from  4.5""  to  7"'",  and  from  2*""  to  3™' 
broad  at  the  middle,  with  entire  borders;  primary  nerve  stout,  enlarged  at 

'  No.  709  of  the  collection  of  Mr.  E.  D.  Lacoe  was  referred  to  this  species  by  Prof.  Lesqnereux  with 
tlie  following  remarks:  "  Rliamnus  prunifolius  Lesq.,  No.  709  of  Liicoe's  collection,  is  a  leaf  of  this 
species.  It  is  a  little  larger,  more  narrowed  to  the  base ;  the  secoudaries  at  a  slightly  more  acute  angle 
of  divergence,  some  of  themflexuons,  turning  downward  at  base  in  joining  the  midrib.  The  nervilies 
are  of  a  normal  position,  at  right  angles  to  the  midrib." — F.  H.  K. 

^Phyll.  Cr6t.  du  N6br.,  p.  15,  PI.  i,  Fig.  3. 

■'  Massalougo  and  Scarabelli,  Fl.  Foss.  Senigall.,  p.  229,  PI.  I,  Figs.  15,  16;  Pi.  xxvi,  Fi».  2. 


170  THE  FLORA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

base  to  a  short  petiole;  secoudaries  consisting  of  ten  to  twelve  pairs  diverg- 
ing at  an  angle  of  50°  to  55°  from  the  midi'ib,  a  little  curving  in  trav- 
ersing the  blade,  arched  along  and  near  the  borders  without  osculating  in 
festoons. 

I  have  no  point  of  comparison  for  these  leaves.  The  nervation  is  much 
like  that  of  B.  tenax  Lesq.,  but  the  leaves  have  a  far  different  aspect  and 
the  angle  of  divergence  of  the  secondaries  is  twice  as  broad. 

Habitat:  EUswoi'th  County,  Kansas.  Nos.  793  and  794  of  the  museum 
of  the  University  of  Kansas;  E.  P.  West,  collector. 

Rhamnus  tenax  Lesq. 
PI.  XXXVIII,  Fig.  6. 
Oret.  Fl.,  p.  109,  PI.  xxi,  Fig.  4. 

Tlie  leaf  is  merely  a  little  smaller  than  B.  Mudgei  described  above,  but 
identical  in  all  the  characters. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  791  of  the  museum  of  the 
University  of  Kansas;  E.  P.  West,  collector. 

Rhamnus  in^quilateralis,  sp.  no  v. 
PI.  XXXVII,  Figs.  4-7. 

Leaves  subcoriaceous,  entire,  broadly  or  narrowly  lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, narrowed  and  decurring  to  a  short  petiole,  inequilateral,  curved  to  one 
side  or  subfalcate;  primary  nerves  nai'row;  secoudaries  at  an  acute  angle 
of  divergence,  camptodi'ome. 

These  leaves,  though  related  to  the  following  species,  especially  in 
their  nervation,  are  more  variable  in  length,  being  from  3.5"'"  to  8"'"  long, 
and  from  1™  to  3.5"'"  broad,  tapering  up  to  an  acumen,  attenuated  to  the 
base  in  the  same  degree  and  slightly  decurrent  in  reaching  the  petiole. 
The  secondaries,  diverging  at  an  angle  of  20°  to  25°,  curve  near  the  borders, 
following  them  in  anastomosing  in  a  simple  or  double  series  of  areoles;  the 
lowest  pair  being  thin  and  marginal. 

It  is  related  to  the  following  species,  from  which  it  is,  however,  distinct 
by  the  form  of  the  leaves  and  the  nervation.  It  has  also  a  marked  degree 
of  affinity  to  B.  oemngcnsis  Al.  Br.,  as  it  is  represented  in  Heer's  Fl.  Tert. 
Helv.  (vol.  3,  p.  78,  PI.  cxxiii,  Fig.  31),  at  least  by  the  form  of  the  inequi- 
lateral leaves  and  the  acute  diverg'ence  of  the  secondaries,  which,  however, 
are  more  ramose  in  the  Cretaceous  species.     Its  relation  to  Ficiis  priinordi- 


DESGEIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  17 1 

alls  Heer  (Phyll.  Cret.  du  Nebr.,  p.  16,  PI.  in,  Fig.  1),  may  be  mentioned, 
although  it  is  rather  distant. 

Habitat :  EllsAvorth  County,  Kansas.  Nos.  489,  502  and  580  of  the 
collection  of  the  museimi  of  the  University  of  Kansas.  Collected  by  E. 
P.  West. 

Ehamnus  revoltjta,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  LXV,  Fig.  5. 

Leaf  subcoriaceous,  lanceolate,  enlarged  above  the  base,  rounded  to 
the  petiole;  borders  revolute  to  near  the  obtuse  apex,  entire;  median  nerve 
broad  at  base,  gradually  narrowed  to  the  apex,  where  it  is  nearly  effaced; 
secondaries  oblique,  strong,  entire  or  rarely  forking,  straight  in  passing  to 
the  borders,  camptodrome. 

The  leaf,  which  is  6"°'  long  and  1.5™  broad  above  the  base,  has  nine  or 
ten  pairs  of  secondaries,  all  parallel,  equidistant,  at  an  angle  of  divergence 
of  40°  from  the  midrib,  which  passes  to  a  strong,  flat  petiole,  which  is  broken 
quite  near  its  point  ®f  union  to  the  leaf.  This  species  has  no  distinct  rela- 
tion to  any  other  species  of  Rhamnus,  except  by  its  nervation. 

The  revolute  borders  do  not  allow  a  satisfactory  examination  of  its 
original  form. 

Habitat:  Probably  ten  miles  northeast  of  Delphos,  Kansas.  No.  4175, 
of  the  collection  of  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe. 

Rhamnites  apictjlattjs,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  XXXyil,  Pigs.  8-13. 

Leaves  small,  coriaceous,  short  petioled,  entire,  ovate,  obovate  or  ellip- 
tical, rounded  at  apex  to  an  apiculate  point;  primary  nerve  narrow,  second- 
aries thin,  camptodi-ome,  curving  to  and  along  the  borders. 

The  general  facies  and  characters  of  these  leaves  seem  at  first  sight  to 
be  the  same  as  in  tlie  preceding.  They  J^ff-r,  however,  in  the  more  or  less 
narrowly  attenuated  base,  either  acutei/  or  broadly  cimeiform,  in  the 
rounded  apex,  tipped  by  a  minute  point  or  mucro.  According-  to  the  width 
of  the  cuneate  base  the  secondaries  are  at  a  more  or  less  acute  angle  of  di- 
vergence, the  lowest  pairs  branching  and  anastomosing  in  areoles  along  the 
liorders,  the  upper  more  open,  shorter  and  parallel.  The  size  of  the  leaves 
varies  little,  being  from  .3'"'  to  4'"'  in  length,  and  from  17°""  to  25""'  in  width, 
measured  either  above  or  below  the  middle;  some  of  the  leaves  are  obovate, 
as  in  Fig.  10 ;  others  nearly  regularly  oval,  as  in  Fig.  12;  others  still  more 
enlarged  above  the  base  and  ovate,  as  in  Figs.  8  and  13. 


172  THE  FLORA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GEOUP. 

The  relation  of  the.se  leaves  is  remarkably  well  marked  with  those  of 
Blianmiis  coluhrhiohles  Ett.  (Tert.  Fl.  v.  Haring,  p.  75,  PL  xxv,  Figs.  3-5), 
better  represented  in  Heer's  Fl.  Tert.  Helv.,  vol.  3,  p.  78,  PI.  cxxiii,  Figs. 
24-2G,  in  leaves  of  various  sizes  with  a  nervation  of  the  same  type. 

Habitat :  Ellsworth  Coimty,  Kansas.  Nos.  437,  439,  534,  536,  796, 
and  799  of  the  museum  of  the  University  of  Kansas.  Collected  by  E.  P. 
West. 

Order   CELASTRINE^. 

Celastrophyllum  decukeens,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  XXXVI,  Fig.  1. 

Leaves  subeoriaceous,  large,  lanceolate,  gradually  tapering  upward 
(point  broken),  narrowed  and  decuri-ing  along  the  petiole,  serrulate,  median 
nerve  strong;  secondaries  very  close,  oblique,  craspedodrome. 

The  leaf  is  IP"  long  and  4"°'  broad  above  the  base,, where  it  is  enlarged, 
mimitely  serrate,  the  borders  being  notched  with  short  equal  teeth  turned 
upward,  a  mode  of  division  which  is  very  rare  in  leaves  from  the  Dakota 
Group.  From  below  its  broadest  part  it  is  narrowed  and  entire  to  the  base 
and  decm'rent,  forming  a  narrow  rim  along  the  petiole,  which  is  2"'"  long. 
In  the  upper  part  it  tapers  fo  the  apparently  acuminate  apex.  The  second- 
aries are  very  close  and  very  thin,  2"""  distant,  crossed  by  thin  ner\'illes, 
and  forming  a  loose,  square,  or  quadrangular  areolation  resemljling  that  of 
some  Cenomauian  species  of  Ficus,  especially  F.  atavina  Heer  (Fl.  Foss. 
Ai-ct,  vol.  3,  pt.  2,  PL  XXX,  Figs.  3,  3b;  vol.  6,  Abth.  2,  p.  69). 

By  its  form,  size,  and  serrate  borders  the  species  much  resembles  C. 
lanceolatum  Ett.,^  a  fragment,  of  which  both  the  lower  and  iipper  part  are 
destroyed  and  which  has  the  bor'ders  more  distantly  serrate,  the  secondaries 
twice  as  distant,  though  at  th§.  sq^jne  angle  of  divergence  of  40°,  and  the 
same  type  of  areolation;  the  iipJian  nerve,  however,  is  much  thicker. 
Another  fragment  iigured  in  Saporta  and  Marion'  is  referred  to  the  same 
species.  It  shows  the  teeth  still  larger  than  in  Ettingshausen's  figure,  a  far 
different  areolation,  and  a  thick,  short  petiole  slightly  winged.  That  the 
fi-agments  from  Gelinden  may  represent  a  different  species  from  that  from 
Niederschoena,   as    the   authors    suppose,    does   not    concern   my  present 

'Kreideflora  v.  Niederschoena,  p.  260,  PI.  iii,  Fig.  9. 

=  V^S.  Marnes  Hears.  Geliuden,  PI.  xil,  Figs.  1,  2;  and  R^vis.  Fl.  Heers.  Gelinden,  PI.  xiv.  Fig.  2; 
C  Benedeni,  Sap.  &  Mar. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  173 

researches;  certainly  the  leaf  from  Kansas,  which  is  well  preserved  except 
the  apex,  is  another  species  related  merely  by  the  areolation,  the  texture  of 
the  leaves,  and  the  character  of  the  serrate  borders  to  the  leaf  from  Nieder- 
schoena,  the  teeth  of  which  are,  however,  larger  and  more  distant. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  97  of  the  museum  of  the 
University  of  Kansas;  A.Wellington,  collector. 

Celastrophyllum  ?  ENSiFOLiuM  Lesq. 

Cret.  FL,  p.  108,  PI.  xxi,  Figs.  2,  3. 

Celastkophyllttm  cretaoeum,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  XXXVIIl,  Figs.  12-14. 

Leaves  small,  thickish,  entire,  elliptical  or  oblong,  obtuse,  gradually 
narrowed  to  the  base;  primary  nerve  strong,  percurrent;  secondaries  very 
thin,  mostl}^  obsolete,  distant,  parallel,  very  oblique,  camptodrome. 

A  number  of  leaves,  all  of  small  size,  but  of  the  same  character,  are 
foiuid  preserved  in  nodules  of  the  Dakota  Group.  They  are  somewhat 
thick  or  of  subcoriaceous  texture,  with  borders  reflexed,  entire,  varying  in 
size  from  2^""  to  4*""  in  length  and  from  9""'  to  12"'"  in  width,  the  second- 
aries being  distant,  parallel,  slightly  curved,  diverging  at  an  angle  of  30° 
to  35°. 

In  form  and  size  these  leaves  resemble  those  of  fossil  species  of  Celas- 
trus,  Andromeda,  or  Calistemophyllum,  described  by  authors.  On  account 
of  their  likeness  to  the  "leaves  of  different  living  genera,  and  the  indefimite- 
ness  of  their  nervation,  they  remain  of  uncertain  relation. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  Nos.  643,  699,  and  703  of  the 
museum  of  the  University  of  Kansas.     Collected  by  E.  P.  West. 

Celastrophyllum  obliquum,  sp.  nov.' 
PI.  LVII,  Fig.  5. 

Leaf  small,  coriaceous,  apparently  narrow  from  the  round  apex  to  the 
base;  midrib  narrow,  somewhat  curved;  secondaries  very  oblique,  the 
lowest  apparently  basilar,  ascending  parallel  to  the .  borders,  anastomosing 
with  those  above  by  short  branches  at  right  angles. 

The  leaf  is  partly  obscured  by  the  embedding  stone  and  its  borders 
are  not  distinctly  seen.     The  fragment  preserved  is  4*^'"  long  and  1.5™  broad 

'  This  species  was  named  "  Celmlrophyllani  obovatum,  sp.  nov.",  by  Prof.  Lesquerenx,  but  this  spe- 
cific name  is  preocciipiefl  by  the  CelastrophiiV iim  obovatum  of  Fontaine  (Younger  Mesoz.  Fl  Va.,  pp.. 
307, 330,  PI.  CLXXii,  Figs.  9,  10),  and  X  have  therefore  changed  it  to  Celastrojphylluin  qbliqimm.  — F.  H.  K^ 


174  THE  FLORA  OP  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

in  the  upper  part,  being'  broken  near  tlie  base  and  partly  covered  near  the 
ronnded  apex.  It  has  six  pairs  of  secondaries  at  a  very  acnte  angle  of 
divergence  (10°  to  15°),  either  straight  or  slightly  curved  in  ascending, 
camptodrome,  some  of  the  secondaries  being  connected  by  a  short  bvnnch 
transversely  anastomosing  as  seen  in  the  secondary  nervation  of  Cclastrm 
Pyrr}i(B  Ett.,'  the  only  leaf  to  which  I  am  able  to  compare  the  Cretaceous 
leaf. 

Habitat:  Near  Fort  Harker,  Kansas.  No.  2811  of  the  U.  S.  National 
Museum. 

GELiSTROPHYLLUM  MYESINOIDES,  sp.  nOV. 
PI.  LVII,  Figs.  8,  9. 

Leaves  siibcoriaceous,  lanceolate,  entire  or  obtusely  serrulate  near  the 
apex,  narrowed  to  the  base  and  decurring  to  a  short  enlarged  petiole;  second- 
aries numerous,  camptodrome,  parallel,  at  an  acute  angle  of  divergence. 

These  leaves  vary  from  i*""  to  6*""  in  length,  l"""  to  1.5*""  broad  in  the 
widest  part  above  the  middle,  have  seven  to  eight  pairs  of  secondaries,  the 
lowest  diverging  from  the  midrib  at  an  angle  of  25°  to  30°,  the  upper 
gradually  less  oblique;  the  surface  is  somewhat  undulate  by  the  impression 
of  the  secondaries,  but  the  borders  are  apparently  entire. 

In  general  form  and  nervation  the  leaves  are  closely  related  to  those 
figured  and  described  by  Heer  as  Mijrsine  salicoides  Al.  Br.,  in  his  Fl.  Tert. 
Helv.  (vol.  3,  p.  17,  PI.  cm,  Figs.  16-16b),  but  diifer  in  the  entire  borders, 
and  in  having  a  broader,  shorter  petiole  bordered  by  the  base  of  the  decur- 
rent  leaves.  Of  the  two  leaves  communicated  by  Prof  Al.  Braun,  as  species 
of  Myrica,  Heer  remarks  that  the  distribution  of  the  secondaries  prevents 
their  reference  to  the  genus.  They  have,  indeed,  by  all  their  characters  a 
more  marked  degree  of  relation  with  some  species  of  Celastrus,  such  as 
C.  Acherontis  Ett.,^  described  by  Heer  (loc.  cit.),  PI.  cxxi.  Figs.  51,  52. 
The  Dakota  Group  leaves  are  most  like  those  figured  in  the  Bilin  Flora. 

Habitat:  Kansas. 

Gelasteophyllxjm  crassipes,  sp.  nov. 
PL  LVII,  Figs.  6,  7.  , 

Leaves  small,  broadly  oval  or  suborbicular,  entire,  short  petioled;  mid- 
rib stout;  secondaries  parallel,  cru'ved  and  camptodrome. 

Two  leaves  of  this  species,  one  4""  the  other  2.5"™  in  size  both  ways, 

1  Flora  V.  Bilin,  pt.  3,  p.  33,  PI.  xxvui,  Fig.  2X.  .  ^Ibid.,  Fig.  9. 


DESOKIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  175 

have  a  short,  thick  petiole  V"  long,  euhirged  at  the  point  of  attachment. 
The  secondaries,  of  which  there  are  four  or  five  pairs,  are  parallel,  equi- 
distant, and  curve  regularly  from  their  point  of  attachment  to  the  midril) 
and  follow  the  borders,  either  simple  or  branching;  the  nervilles  and  the 
areolation  are  obsolete. 

In  foi'm  the  leaves  are  comparable  to  those  of  Celastrus  minutulus  Al. 
Br.,  as  figured  in  Heer's  Fl.  Tert.  Helv.  vol.  3,  PI.  cxxi.  Fig.  42,  but  they 
are  much  lax'ger;  the  nervation  is  that  of  C.  Bruckmanm  Al.  Br.,  in  Heer 
(loc.  cit),  PI.  CXXI,  Fig.  27.  The  form  and  size  of  the  leaf  are  about  the 
same  as  those  of  Myrsine  antiqua  Ung.  (Syll.,  pt.  3,  PI.  vii,  Fig.  7). 

Habitat:  Kansas. 

EL^ODENDRON   SPECIOSTJM,  Sp.  DOV. 

PI.  XXXVI,  Figs.  2, 3. 

Leaves  coriaceous,  rigid,  linear-oblong,  attenuated  at  the  base,  obtusely 
dentate  or  regularly  undulate  repaud  on  the  borders,  entire  toward  the 
base;  primary  nerve  thick;  secondaries  inequidistant,  obliquely  diverging 
from  the  median  nerve,  forking  at  or  above  the  middle  and  ag-ain  nearer  to 
the  borders,  flexuous,  craspedodrome,  with  their  divisions  sometimes  linked 
at  their  ends. 

There  are  three  fragments  of  these  leaves  with  the  same  characters. 
The  leaves  are  thick,  the  surface  rugulose  by  a  small  quadrate  or  puncti- 
form  areolation;  the  secondaries  strongly  marked,  diverging  at  an  angle  of 
30°  to  35°  from  the  median  nerve,  flexuous,  diversely  branching  near  the  bor- 
ders, their  divisions  curving  in  an  upward  or  downward  direction  and  join- 
ing the  borders,  which  are  either  inflated  or  bordered  by  a  marginal  nerve. 

The  areas  between  the  nerves  are  traversed  lengthwise  by  very  thin 
nervilles  anastomosing  at.  various  angles,  composing  first  irregular  large 
meshes  filled  by  very  small  quadrate  or  punctiform  areoles. 

The  nearest  relation  of  the  species  is  E.  sagorianum  Ett.,^  a  Tertiary 
species  with  the  teeth  of  the  border  acute,  the  nervation  more  open,  the 
secondaries  closer,  equidistant,  of  a  different  character.  The  species  from 
Kansas  has  also  in  its  nervation  a  degree  of  affinity  to  IE.  australe  Vent,, 
figured  by  self-impressions  in  Ettingshausen's  NeuhoU.  Char.  Eocenfl.  Eur., 
p.  56,  Fig.  G8. 

Habitat :  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  Nos.  55  and  56  of  the  collection 
of  the  museum  of  the  University  of  Kansas.     Collected  by  A.  Wellington. 

'Flora  V,  Sagor.,  pt,  g,  p.  194,  PI,  xvi,  Figs.  16,  25. 


176  THE  FLOKA  of  the  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

Order  ILICINE^E. 

Ilex  borealis  Heer. 
PI.  XXXV,  Fig.  8. 

Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  vol.  7,  p.  39,  PI.  lxiv.  Figs.  3,  4. 

Leaves  coriaceous,  lanceolate,  gradually  narrowed  to  the  acute  base; 
borders  entii'e,  undulate;  median  nerve  rigid,  narrow ;  secondaries  flexuous, 
dissolving  in  the  I'eticulation  or  curving  at  a  distance  from  the  borders. 

This  leaf  has  all  the  characters  of  the  species  described  by  Heer  with 
the  following  exception.  Tlie  author  says  of  the  borders  of  the  leaves  that 
they  are  perfectly  entire  or  denticulate.  His  Fig.  4  (loc.  cit.)  shows  the 
borders  undulate  and  a  fragment  (Fig  3)  has  them  minutely  dentate  in  the 
upper  part.  Fig.  4  is  made  like  ours,  from  a  specimen  of  whicli  the  upper 
part  is  destroyed ;  this  difference,  thei'efore,  remarked,  upon  another  more 
fragmentary  specimen  can  not  be  considered.  Heer  also  describes  the 
median  nerve  as  strong,  but  his  figure  does  not  show  it  broader  than  it  is 
in  the  leaf  of  the  Dakota  Group. 

The  preserved  part  of  the  leaf  is  12'^°'  long,  3""  broad;  the  secondaries, 
at  an  angle  of  50°  to  55°  from  the  midrib,  are  parallel  and  about  equidis- 
tant, some  of  them  separated  by  shorter  tertiaries,  either  parallel  or  at  a 
more  open  angle  of  divergence.  Tlie  ner\'illes  are  strong,  flexuous,  l^ranch- 
ing  or  anastomosing  at  right  angles.  The  specimens  figured  by  Heer  are 
from  Patoot,  Greenland,  where  they  occur  with  leaves  of  Liriodendron  Meekii, 
Sajjindiis  Morrisoni,  etc. 

Habitat:  Pipe  Creek,  Cloud  Coimty,  Kansas.  No.  4096  of  the  col- 
lection of  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe. 

Ilex  aemata,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  XXIX,  Fig.  8. 

Leaves  coriaceous,  lanceolate,  sharply  pointed,  narrowed  and  decurring 
to  the  base;  borders  nearly  entire,  with  few  acute  teeth;  nervation  pinnate, 
camptodi'ome. 

The  form  of  this  leaf  is  peculiar.  It  is  naiTOwly  lanceolate  both  ways, 
but  bears  on  each  side  a  single  prominent  tooth,  one  near  the  base  which  is 
short,  blunt-pointed,  at  right  angles  to  the  border;  the  other  erect,  linear, 
acuminate,  placed  in  the  upper  part,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  leaf;  both 
entered  by  one  secondary  nerve  which  branches  iinder  them,  the  branches 


DESCRIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  177 

passing  above  along  the  borders.  The  lower  pairs  of  secondaries  are  at  a 
more  acute  angle  of  divergence  than  those  above,  which  curve  along  the 
borders  in  simple  areoles;  the  thin  nervilles  are  at  right  angles  to  the  nerves, 
flexuous  and  running  downward.  The  leaf  is  6.5'='"  long,  2*""  broad  at  the 
middle,  the  base  being  destroyed. 

Except  in  its  nervation,  which  is  that  of  the  genus,  the  species  has  no 
nearer  relative  than  the  next. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  606  of  the  museum  of  the 
University  of  Kansas.     Collected  by  E.  P.  West. 

Ilex  papillosa,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  XXIX,  Figs.  9, 10;  PI.  LVIII,  Fig.  3. 

Leaves  coriaceous,  lanceolate,  sharply  acuminate,  and  acutely  dentate 
on  the  borders ;  teeth  turned  upward,  papillose  at  apex;  secondaries  very 
oblique,  some  entering  the  teeth,  some  curving  in  areoles  near  the  borders ; 
nervilles  stroilg,  at  right  angles  to  the  nerves,  broken  at  the  middle  by 
transverse  veinlets  forming  a  large,  quadi-angular  or  polygonal  areolation. 

The  two  fragments  (PI.  XXIX,  Figs.  9,  10)  which  are  preserved  upon 
the  same  piece  of  stone,  represent  a  leaf  of  about  the  same  size  as  that  of 
the  preceding  species.  The  apex  is  formed  by  a  sharply  acuminate  tooth 
similar  to  those  of  the  borders,  which  are  long,  turned  upward  and  marked 
at  the  acute  apex  by  a  small,  round  black  point  or  knob.  The  secondaries, 
which  are  at  an  angle  of  divergence  of  20°  to  25°,  are  mixed,  generally 
craspedodrome,  or  some  of  the  intermediate  ones  camptodi'ome,  the  nervilles 
and  areolation  deeply  marked. 

As  far  as  can  be  seen  from  the  small  fragmentary  specimen  (PL  LVIII, 
Fig.  3),  whose  surface  is  effaced  by  erosion,  it  represents  tlie  same  species. 
The  papillae  of  the  teeth  are  scarcely  marked;  the  leaf  is  of  thick  texture; 
the  nervation  only  preserved  for  the  secondaries,  no  trace  of  areolation 
remaining  visible. 

The  species  has  by  its  nervation  and  the  division  of  its  borders  a  degree 
of  affinity  to  /.  dryandrcefolia  Sap.,^  but  greatly  differing  in  the  direction  and 
in  the  distribution  of  the  teeth. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  Nos.  1000  and  1091  of  the 
museum  of  the  University  of  Kansas.     Collected  by  E.  P.  West. 

'  fitndea,  vol.  1,  pt.  2,  p.  89,  PI.  x,  Fig.  8. 
MON  XVII 12 


178  THE  FLOEA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GEO  UP. 

Ilex  dakotensis,  sp.  uov. 
PL  XXIX,  Fig.  11. 

Leaves  small,  coriaceoixs,  lanceolate,  tapering  to  the  apex,  narrowed  to 
the  short  petiole;  median  nerve  narrow;  secondaries  very  thin,  mostly  obso- 
lete, camptodrome. 

A  very  small  leaf,  of  the  same  form  and  nervation  as  those  of  /.  steno- 
phylla  Ung,,  a  species  which  is  very  common  in  the  Miocene  of  Europe,  and 
is  figured  by  various  authors,  especially  by  Unger  in  Syll.,  pt.  2,  p.  14, 
PI.  Ill,  Figs.  15-27.  The  leaves  of  the  European  species  are  a  little  larger, 
more  gradually  naiTOwed  to  the  petiole,  obtuse  or  blunt  pointed  and  not 
acuminate.  The  nervation  is  of  the  same  type  that  is  distinctly  repre- 
sented in  Fig.  23  (loc.  cit).  Therefore  there  is  no  other  difference  in  the 
chai-acter  of  the  leaves  than  the  apparently  acuminate  form  of  the  Kansas 
leaf. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  498  of  the  museum  of  the 
University  of  Kansas.     Collected  by  E.  P.  West. 

Ilex  steangulata  Lesq. 

Hayden's  Ann.  Eept.,  1874,  p.  359,  PI.  vii,  Fig.  8;  Cret.  and  Tert.  FL,  p.  84,  PI.  iii. 

Fig.  7. 

Ilex  SctroDERi,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  LVIII,  Fig.  2. 

Leaves  coriaceous,  entire,  lanceolate,  polished  on  the  surface;  midrib 
narrow;  secondaries  parallel,  distant,  much  curved  and  camptodrome,  at  a 
distance  from  the  l^orders,  which  they  follow  in  double  areoles. 

Only  one  leaf  of  this  species  has  been  observed  as  yet.  It  is  7°"  to 
gem  long,  with  the  apex  destroyed,  S""  broad  at  the  middle,  gradually  nar- 
rowed to  a  petiole  12""  long,  slightly  arched  to  one  side,  with  eight  pairs  of 
secondaries,  the  lower  of  which  are  thin,  close  and  parallel  to  the  borders, 
at  a  slightly  more  acute  angle  of  divergence,  the  others  thick,  gradually 
more  open;  nervilles  distinct,  traversing  the  areas  at  various  angles,  and 
composing  large  primary  areoles. 

This  species  is  closely  related  in  form  and  nervation  to  /.  longifoUa 
Heer,  as  figured  in  Fl.  Foss.  Arct.  (vol.  2,  pt.  4,  PI.  lvi.  Fig.  1),  differing 
mostly  by  its  entire  borders.  The  secondaries,  their  mode  of  relative  posi- 
tion, and  then-  large  bows  along  the  borders,  are  of  the  same  character. 


DESCKIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  179 

The  leaf  is  also  related  by  its  nervation,  its  form  and  coriaceous  texture, 
and  its  petiole,  to  Bignonia  capreolata  L.,  of  the  southern  United  States. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  810  of  the  collection  of  Prof. 
F.  H.  Snow.     Collected  by  E.  P.  West. 

Ilex  Masoni,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  VII,  Fig.  6;  PI.  LXIII,  Fig.  6. 

Leaf  subcoriaceous,  linear-oblong,  slightly  enlarged  in  the  lower  part, 
cuneiform  to  the  base,  apparently  obtuse  (point  broken)  repand-dentate  on 
the  borders;  primary  nerve  comparatively  thick;  secondaries  open,  arched 
in  passing  toward  the  borders,  camptodrome,  anastomosing  in  broad,  angu- 
lar curves  at  a  distance  from  the  borders,  to  which  they  are  joined  by 
branches  at  right  angles  to  the  curves. 

The  first  leaf  is  about  12""  long,  4.5""  broad  below  the  middle,  where 
it  is  slightly  enlarged,  is  marked  by  a  few  obtuse  teeth,  the  upper  part 
being  entire  or  slightly  undulate.  The  lower  pair  of  secondaries  are  thin, 
at  a  more  acute  angle  of  divergence,  50°,  inequidistant,  parallel,  somewhat 
strong,  distinctly  camptodrome,  the  upper  pair  appearing  more  curved  in 
ascending  toward  the  apex.  The  bows  formed  by  angular  anastomosis  of 
the  secondaries  at  a  short  distance  from  the  borders  are  linked  to  them  by 
short  nervilles  at  right  angles.  The  surface  is  smooth,  nearly  polished, 
indistinctly  marked  by  transverse  nervilles.  The  other  fragment  indicates 
a  leaf  scarcely  broader  but  much  longer,  broken  at  both  ends,  and  cut  in 
deeper,  large  teeth. 

These  leaves  resemble  those  of  /.  borealis  Heer,^  but  are  larger,  also 
I.  longifolia  Heer,^  the  borders  of  which  are  also  minutely  dentate,  etc. 

Habitat :  Pipe  Creek,  Cloud  County,  Kansas.  No.  4105  of  the  collec- 
tion of  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe.  Collected  by  Mr.  S.  C.  Mason,  for  whom  the 
species  is  named. 

'  Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  vol.  7,  p.  39,  PI.  lxiv,  Figs.  3,  4.     . 
«F1.  Fos8.  Arct.,  vol.  1,  p.  124,  PI.  xlviii,  Fig8.  3,  4. 


ISO  THE  FLORA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

Order  TILIACE^. 
Tribe  APEIBE^E. 

Apeibopsis  cyolophylla,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  XXV,  Fig.  6. 

Leaves  membranous,  entire,  polished  on  the  sm'faee,  nearly  roimd, 
abruptl}',  slightly  declining  downward  in  reaching  the  broken  petiole ; 
median  nerve  strong,  ligid;  secondaries  also  strong,  five  pairs,  alternate, 
equidistant,  parallel,  slightly  curved  in  passing  to  the  borders,  simple, 
camptodi-ome,  the  lower  pair  supra-basilar;  angle  of  divergence  45°,  nerv- 
illes  strong,  at  right  angles,  simple  or  sometimes  curved  and  forking  at  the 
middle;  areolation  very  distinct,  in  small  quadi'ate  meshes. 

This  leaf,  which  is  7*""  long  and  6' "  broad,  has  the  same  form  and 
about  the  same  size  and  character  as  that  of  A.  Thomseniana  Heer,'  and 
would  be  referred  to  this  species  but  for  one  pair  of  thinner,  basilar  nerves 
close  to  the  lower  secondaries,  ascending  in  a  broad  cuiwe  to  the  middle  of 
the  leaf,  which,  although  seen  in  the  leaf  from  Grreenland,  is  not  present  in 
that  of  the  Dakota  Group.  In  Heer's  leaf  also  the  areolation,  which  in  that 
from  Kansas  is  very  distinct  and  quadrate,  is  not  figured,  or  is,  as  he  says, 
effaced;  and  there  is  only  a  single  leaf  of  this  form  known  from  Greenland 
and  one  from  the  Dakota  Group.  The  points  of  comparison  are  insufficient. 
No  traces  of  the  fruits  of  Apeibopsis,  which  have  been  abundantly  found  in 
the  Miocene  flora  of  Europe,  have  been  as  yet  observed  in  the  Cretaceous. 
The  generic  relation  of  the  leaf  is  therefore  not  positively  established. 

Habitat:  Ten  miles  northeast  of  Delphos,  Kansas.  No.  4162  of  the 
collection  of  Mr.  E.  D.  Lacoe. 

Tribe  GREWIEyE. 

Geewiopsis  Haydenh  Lesq. 

Cret.  PL,  p.  97,  PI.  iii.  Figs.  2,  4 ;  PL  xxiv,  Fig.  3. 

Grewiopsis  jeqxjidentata,  sp.  nov. 
PL  LVIII,  Fig.  4. 

Leaf  subcoriaceous,  ovate,  subtruncate  or  broadly  cuneate  at  the 
enlarged  base,  gradually  narrowed  or  tapering  upward,  obtusely  pointed, 
borders  distinctly,  acutely,  simply,  rarely  doubly  dentate;  midrib  strong; 

'Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  vol.  6,  Abth.  2,  p.  95,  PI.  xxxvi,  Fig.  5. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  18l 

secondaries  parallel,  equidistant,  oblique,  nearly  straight  toward  the  borders, 
branching  above,  craspedodrome. 

The  leaf  is  about  8""'  long,  6.5*"°  broad  near  the  base,  where  it  is  cut  or 
obliquely  truncate,  abruptly  deflexed  to  the  base  of  the  midrib  and  decui-- 
ring  to  it  by  a  short  inside  curve.  The  secondaries,  of  which  there  are 
seven  pairs,  diverge  from  the  midrib  at  an  angle  of  40°  to  45°,  the  lower 
branching,  the  others  simple,  entering  the  teeth  directly  or  by  intermediate, 
shorter  teeth,  anastomosing  at  right  angles  with  tertiary  divisions,  as  often 
observed  in  species  of  Grewiopsis. 

This  latter  is  not,  however,  sufficient  proof  of  the  relation  of  the  leaf 
to  any  species  of  Grewiopsis;  It  differs  from  all  the  leaves  referred  to  this 
genus  by  the  enlarged,  subtruncate  base,  the  longer,  acute  teeth,  which  are 
separated  by  a  broad  sinus,  showing  the  same  difference  with  any  kind  of 
leaves  of  Quercus  or  Viburnum  to  which  it  might  be  compared  by  the 
character  of  the  nervation. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  1188  of  the  collection  of  Mr. 
R.  D.  Lacoe. 

Grewiopsis  Mudgbi,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  LXVI,  Fig.  3. 

Leaf  thickish,  subcoriaceous,  ovate,  obliquely  truncate  at  the  base, 
dentate;  median  nerve  rigid ;  secondaries  oblique,  equidistant,  and  parallel, 
simple  or  with  few  thin  branches  obliquely  passing  to  the  veinlets,  joining 
the  border  at  right  angles,  lowest  pair  supra-basilar. 

The  leaf  is  7*^™  to  8*"°  long  (apex  destroyed),  6.5"'"  broad  near  the  base, 
and  has  seven  pairs  of  secondaries,  the  lowest  supra-basilar,  diverging  50° 
from  the  midrib,  joined' by  strong  nervilles  at  right  angles,  simple  or  fork- 
ing, some  of  them  entering  the  teeth  by  deviating  at  right  angles  from  the 
point  of  connection  or  forking  of  the  oblique  nervilles.  The  border  teeth 
are  very  distinct,  pointed  and  turnede  outside  or  at  right  angles  to  the  borders, 
separated  by  broad  sinuses;  the  basil  borders  are  obliquely  turned  upward 
from  the  base  of  the  midrib. 

I  do  not  find  any  point  of  comparison  for  this  peculiar  leaf  except  in  the 
large  leaves  of  G.  anisomera  Sap.  (Fl.  Foss.  Scizanne,  p.  409,  PI.  xiri,  Fig.  8), 
and  this  even  only  in  the  character  of  the  nervation  and  the  peculiar  dis- 
tribution of  the  nervilles  near  the  borders.  G.  crednericeformis  Sap.  (Fig.  7), 
of  the  same  plate,  has  also  a  degree  of  affinity  by  tlie  direction  and  posi- 


Ig2  THE  FLORA  OP  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

tion  of  the  secondaries,  the  hiwer  pair  of  which,  however,  in  ])oth  species 
are  not  so  supra-basihir. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.     No.  1188  of  the  collection  of 
Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe. 

Order  STERCULIACE^. 

Tribe  STERCULIE.^. 

Stercxtlta  mucronata,  ap.  nov. 
ri.  XXX,  Figs.  1-4. 


Leaves  small,  subcoriaceoiis,  narrowed,  subcordate  or  truncate  at  base, 
three  to  tive  pahuately  lobed,  three  pahnately  nerved  from  the  toj:)  of  the  peti- 
ole; lobes  entire,  lanceolate  or  narrowed  in  rounding  to  a  linear  obtuse 
mucro;  primary  lateral  nerves  simple  or  forking  near  the  base;  secondaries 
curved  upward,  camptodrome. 

The  largest  of  these  leaves  (Fig!  1)  is  more  than  10""  broad  between 
the  apices  of  the  lateral  lobes,  and  is  6""  long  from  the  top  of  the  petiole  to 
the  apex  of  the  median  nerve.  The  lobes  diverge  30°  to  40°,  and  like  the 
primary  nerves  with  their  di^^sions,  are  entire,  either  rounded  above  and 
narrowed  to  the  mucronate  apex  or  lanceolate  and  tapering  upward.  The 
sinuses  are  broad,  the  petiole  long.  The  different  forms  of  the  leaves  are 
seen  in  the  four  figures  of  the  species,  Figs.  3  and  4  being  merely  trilobate, 
the  one  rounded  toward  the  apex,  the  other  gradually  acuminate. 

The  species  is  especially  related  by  the  fonn  and  disposition  of  the 
lobes  to  Liquklamhar  intcgrifolium  Lesq.  (Cret.  FL,  p.  56,  PI.  ii.  Figs.  1-3 ; 
PI.  XXIV,  Fig.  2;  PI.  xxix.  Fig.  8).  But  for  the  prolongation  of  the  apex 
into  a  linear  point,  these  leaves  might  be  referred  to  this  last  species,  for  in 
Cret.  FL,  PI.  XXIV,  Fig.  2,  the  camptodi-ome  nervation  is  of  the  same  type, 
and  the  lobes,  which  are  obtuse  in  Fig.  2,  are  also  Sometimes  lanceolate  and 
blunt  pointed  as  in  op.  cit.  (PL  ii.  Figs.  2,  3).  This  indicates  for  the  leaves 
of  Sterculia  the  same  disposition  to  variability  in  the  Cretaceous  as  is 
observed  in  the  species  of  the  Miocene  and  of  the  present  epoch.  S.  car- 
thaginensis  Cav.  of  the  living  flora  has  leaves  of  analogous  characters  to 
those  of  the  species  described  above. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  Nos.  731,  73.5,  736,  and  741  of 
the  museum  of  the  University  of  Kansas ;  E.  P.  West,  collector. 


DESOEIPTIUN  OP  SPECIES.  1 83 

Steeculia  Snowii,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  XXX,  Pig.  5 ;  PI.  XXXI,  Pigs.  2,  3 ;  PI.  XXXII,  PI.  XXXIII,  Pigs.  1-4. 

Leaves  long  petioled,  membranous  or  subcoriaceous,  large,  palmately 
two  to  five  lobed ;  lobes  entire,  lanceolate,  taper  pointed  or  acuminate, 
greatly  diverging;  primary  nerves  palmately  three  to  five,  from  the  top  of 
the  petiole,  mostly  simple,,  thick,  percurrent;  secondaries  thin,  oblique, 
straight  or  slightly  curved  in  traversing  the  blade,  simply  camptodrome. 

The  largest  leaves  are  more  than  20"""  long  from  the  top  of  the  petiole 
to  the  apex  of  the  median  lobe,  and  are  quite  as  broad  or  broader  between 
the  apices  of  the  lateral  lobes;  the  petiole  generally  preserved  is  more  than 
20™'  long,  strong,  inflated  at  the  base.  The  divergence  of  the  lobes  aver- 
ages 40°,  the  lateral  ones  being  about  at  right  angles  to  the  median  nerve, 
and  generally  curved  backward;  the  primary  nerves  are  thick,  the  second- 
aries thin,  often  obsolete,  close,  parallel,  at  an  angle  of  divergence  of  50°, 
curving  quite  near  the  borders,  the  curves  forming  a  kind  of  thin,  mar- 
ginal nerve  along  them ;  the  areolation  is  obsolete. 

These  fine  leaves,  largely  represented  in  the  collection,  vary  in  form 
according  to  the  distribution  of  the  primary  nerves  and  the  divergence  of 
the  lobes.  PL  XXXI,  Fig.  2,  representing  one  of  the  best  preserved  leaves, 
shows  the  general  mode  of  divisions  of  the  lobes  and  the  nervation  as 
far  as  it  can  be  seen;  its  petiole  is  as  long  as  that  of  the  specimen  (PI. 
XXXIII,  Fig.  1).  The  leaf  (Fig.  2)  of  the  same  plate  is  merely  trilobate 
but  its  divisions  have  the  same  character,  while  the  one  shown  in  Fig.  3  is 
quadrilobate  by  subdivision  of  the  lateral  lobes  on  one  side  only.  PI.  XXX, 
Fig.  5,  shows  a  leaf  five-lobate  by  the  same  kind  of  division  of  both  lateral 
lobes,  and  PL  XXXIII,  Fig.  4,  an  abnormally  bilobate  one,  one  of  the  thin 
lateral  nerves  not  being  strong  enough  for  the  production  of  a  lobe  and 
passing  toward  the  border  as  merely  camptodrome. 

This  fine  species  is  evidently  related  to  the  preceding  one,  from  which 
it  differs  in  its  large  size,  the  form  of  the  lobes,  and  the  nervation.  Compar- 
ing the  character  of  these  leaves  with  those  of  some  Tertiary  species,  an 
affinity  of  nervation  is  recognized  with  Liquidambar  europmmi  mioceniim  Sap. 
&  Mar.  (V^g.  Foss.  Meximieux,  PL  xxv.  Fig.  4),  and  for  the  shape  of  the 
leaves  and  the  disposition  of  the  lobes  with  Platmms  Sirii  Ung.,^  a  peculiar 
five-lobed  leaf  which  Schimper  identifies  with  Sterculia  Labrusca  Ung. 
Taken  all  together  this  new  species  is  indeed  related  to  some  varieties  of  S. 
Labrusca,  the  leaves  of  which  are  figured  as  being  five-lobed  (Engelhardt, 

1  Flora  V.  Sotzka,  p.  166,  PI.  xxxvi,  Fig.  1. 


184  THE  FLORA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GKOtJP. 

Tertiarfl.  v.  G6lii-en,  p.  29,  PI.  xiii,  Fig.  1),  and  S.  Majolana  Mass.  (Massa- 
longo  Fl.  Foss.  Senigall.,  PI.  xx,  Fig.  3),  the  nervation  of  these  Tertiary 
leaves  being,  however,  different.  The  leaf  shown  in  PL  XXXII,  Fig.  1,  is 
deformed  in  a  peculiar  way.  -Its  median  lobe  is  shorter,  rounded  at  apex, 
and  its  secondaries  are  more  distant  and  ramose.^ 

The  leaf  PI.  XXXI,  Fig.  2,  is  partly  covered  by  very  distinct  round 
or  oval,  even  sometimes  triangular  dots,  ^°""  to  1°""  iu  diameter,  a  species 
of  Sphan-ia"  with  two  marginal  prominent  rings  surrounding  a  small,  central 
areole  (Fig.  2a,  enlarged).  It  greatly  resembles  S.  Braimii  Heer  (Fl.  Tert. 
Helv.,  vol.  1,  p.  14,  PI.  I,  Figs.  2-2c,  e).  Though  the  species  can  not  be 
ide  titled,  the  generic  reference  is  evident. 

Habitat:,  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  Nos.  30a,  30g,  734,  742,  etc.,  of 
the  museum  of  the  University  of  Kansas;  A.  Wellington  and  E.  P.  West, 
collectors. 

Stekculia  Snowii  var.  disjitncta,  n.  var. 
PI.  LVIII,  Fig.  6. 

Leaf  doubled  by  a  division  of  the  midrib  from  its  base  and  in  a  verti- 
cal direction  into  two  bilobate  leaves,  each  with  two  strong  lateral  nerves, 
forking  above  the  base  and  diverging,  representing  two  lobate  leaves  with 
long,  lanceolate,  acuminate  lobes,  separated  by  broad  sinuses  joined  at  the 
base  to  the  principal  or  median  nerve  wliich  forms  a  short  petiole  for  each 
of  the  leaves.  The  secondaries,  a  few  of  which  are  observable  upon  the 
leaf  of  the  right  side,  are  thin,  parallel,  oblique. 

Each  part  of  the  leaf  of  this  remarkable  fossil  really  represents  a  single 
leaf  cut,  or  parted,  in  two  at  the  top  of  the  midrib. 

This  leaf  is  referable  to  -S".  ShowII  (Pis.  XXXII,  XXXIII)  as  a  mere 
deformation  or  monstrosity  of  the  species.  Tlie  other  (Fig.  2)  is  a  defor- 
mation of  a  different  kind,  iu  which  a  leaf  of  the  same  species  shows  on  one 
side  the  lobe  in  its  natural  form  and  position,  while  on  the  other  the  lateral 
lobe  is  rounded  and  curved  to  the  median  nerve.  The  examination  of  a 
number  of  specimens  of  this  species  gives  the  means  of  referring  to  the  normal 
form  a  numljer  of  those  peculiar  variations. 

Habitat:  Near  Fort  Harker,  Kansas.  No.  2745  of  the  U.  S.  National 
Museum. 

'  "Stereulia  Snorcii  is  of  the  same  type  as  S.  limhata  Velen.   (Fl.  bohm.  Kreide.  pt.  2,  PI.  V,  Figs. 
2-5;  PI.  VI,  Fig.  1)."    Note  by  Prof.  Lesquereiix  a  abort  time  before  his  death. — F.  H.  K. 
^This  species  has  been  named  Sphm-ia  problematica  Knowltou.     See  ante,  p.  23. 


JDBSCEIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  185 

Sterculia  apekta  Lesq. 
PI.  XXII,  Fig.  4. 

Cret.  and  Tert.  Fl.,  p.  82,  PI.  x,  Figs.  2,  3. 

Leaves  subcoriaceous,  palmately  trilobed,  and  triplenerved  from  the 
base;  lobes  lanceolate,  blunt  at  apex;  angle  of  divergence  broad. 

The  leaf  figured  here  differs  from  those  in  Cret.  and  Tert.  Fl.  (loc.  cit.) 
by  the  broader  size  of  the  lobes,  which  are  more  openly  divergent  with  nar- 
rower sinuses.  The  secondary  nervation  is  obsolete.  It  has  by  its  broader 
lobes  a  degree  of  affinity  to  Aralia  grcenlandica  Heer,^  which  has,  however, 
the  lobes  broader,  the  lateral  ones  being  sometimes  cut  into  one  or  two 
short  obtuse  lobes  on  the  lower  side.  The  leaf  from  Kansas  is  like  an 
intermediate  form  between  those  figured  in  Cret.  and  Tert.  Fl.  (PI.  x.  Figs. 
2,  3)  and  those  of  A.  grosnlandica  figured  by  Heer. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  8  of  the  museum  of  the 
University  of  Kansas.     Collected  by  A.  Wellington. 

Sterculia  obtusiloba  Lesq. 
Cret.  and  Tert.  Fl.,  p.  82,  PI.  viii,  Fig.  3. 

Though  this  form  appears  far  different  from  the  preceding  one,  it  may 
be  a  mere  variety  of  tlie  same  species. 
Habitat:  Near  Fort  Harker,  Kansas. 

Sterculia  reticulata,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  XXXIV,  Fig.  10. 

Leaves  small,  rigid,  coriaceous,  palmately  trilobed  from  below  the 
middle,  trinerved  from  above  the  basil  border,- entire,  long-petioled ;  lobes 
half  open,  linear,  obtuse,  the  middle  longer;  primary  nerves  thick,  equal, 
distinctly  percurrent;  secondaries  oblique,  parallel,  close  and  equidistant, 
strong,  camptodrome;  nervilles  deep,  at  right  angles,  forming  by  subdivi- 
sions a  coarse,  irregulary  quadrate,  or  polygonal  reticulation. 

The  leaf,  which  is  7""'  long-,  including  the  petiole,  which  is  itself  1.5""" 
long,  is  fully  preserved.  It  is  inflated  at  the  base,  cuneiform,  joining  the 
petiole  at  the  same  angle  of  divergence  as  the  lateral  primary  nerves  (40°), 
and  a  little  decurrent  at  the  base.  The  median  nerve  is  27""°  long  above 
the  sinuses,  the  lateral  ones  only  20™"'. 

The  leaf  has  for  its  nearest  relative  S.  diversifolia  G.  A.,  as  represented 

1  Fl.  Foss.  Arot.,  vol.  6,  Abth.  2,  p.  84,  PI.  xxxvm,  Fig.  3. 


I8(j  THE  FLORA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

in  Ettingshausen  Neulioll.  Char.  d.  Eocenefl.  Europa's,  p.  57.     I  have  not 
seen  in  fossil  leaves  any  one  of  analogous  characters. 

Habitat:  Ten  miles  northeast  of  Delphos,  Kansas.  No.  4015  of  the  col- 
lection of  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe. 

Stebculia  lugubris  Lesq. 
Cret.  aud  Tert.  Fl.,  p.  81,  PI.  vi,  Figs.  1-3. 

Tribe  HELICTEREyE. 

Pterospermites  modestus,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  LVm,  Fig.  5. 

Leaf  small,  subcoriaceous,  oval,  romided  at  base  to  the  enlarged 
midi-ib  and  in  the  same  degree  to  the  obtuse  apex,  entire;  secondaries  four 
pans,  three  lowest  close  to  each  other,  opposite,  the  upper  a  single  pair  far 
distant  from  the  lower  ones,  all  open  in  joining  the  midrib,  then  curved 
upward  toward  the  borders,  craspedodi'ome. 

The  leaf  is  only  S""*  long  from  its  base,  more  than  4"™  broad  at  the 
middle,  and  has  a  short  petiole,  apparently  broken,  3"'"  below  the  base  of 
the  leaf.  The  secondaries  are  distributed  three  at  a  short  distance  from 
each  other  in  the  lower  part  of  the  leaf,  one  only  at  a  distance  above,  and 
cm-ve  toward  the  midi-ib,  which  they  reach  at  an  open  angle  of  divergence, 
ti-aversing  the  blade  in  ascending  toward  the  borders,  and  craspedodrome ; 
the  upper  ones  have  few  branches,  while  the  lower  are  joined  by  nervilles 
at  right  angles,  the  middle  space  being  taken  by  thin,  flexuous  nervilles  at 
rig-ht  ano^les  to  the  midrib. 

This  leaf  has  an  evident  likeness  in  form,  size,  and  nervation  to  Pfero- 
spermimi  sagorianmn  Ett.  (Foss.  Fl.  v.  Sagor,  pt.  2,  p.  187,  PI.  xv,  Fig.  17). 

Habitat:  Near  Fort  Harker,  Kansas.  No.  2813  of  the  U.  S.  National 
Museum. 

Pterospermites  longeaouminatus,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  LIX,  Fig.  3. 

Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  prolonged  into  a  very  long,  naiTow  acumen; 
borders  entire  or  marked  by  one  or  two  acuminate  teeth ;  naiTOwed  in 
rounding  to  the  base  and  reaching  the  thick  petiole  in  declining  and  decm-- 
ring  abruptly  to  it;  midrib  straight,  thick  in  the  lower  part,  very  thin  in  the 
upper;  secondaries  alternate,  at  an  acute  angle  of  divergence,  curved  and 


JDESCRIPTION  Of  SPECIES.  1ft? 

declining  at  base  in  joining  the  midrib,  camptodrome,  only  one  passing  to 
the  apex  of  the  single  lateral  tooth. 

The  authority  for  the  reference  of  these  two  leaves  to  Pterospermites 
is  their  extraordinary  likeness  to  a  Pterosperramn  undetermined,  and  P. 
siiberifolium  Willd.,  figured  on  PI.  xlix,  Figs.  6,  9  of  Ettingshausen's 
Blattskelete  der  Dikotyledonen.  The  specimen  represents  a  whole  ovate 
leaf,  16.5""  long  to  the  base  of  the  long  acumen  (there  destroyed),  7""  broad 
below  the  middle,  with  a  thick  petiole  3..5'""  long  and  2°""  broad.  The  large 
leaf  is  superposed  upon  a  fragment  of  another  of  the  same  species,  turned 
and  flattened  in  an  opposite  direction,  and  of  which  the  long  acumen  is 
preserved,  it  being  at  its  base  1..5'""  broad  and  only  5""  in  diameter  4"'"  above 
the  base.  Tliis  fragment  has  also  a  high  lateral  lobe,  or  a  tooth  formed  by 
one  of  the  secondaries  passing  upward  to  its  sharply  pointed  apex. 

Though  the  areolation  of  these  leaves  is  comparable  to  species  of 
Pterospermum,  they  may  be  compared  to  species  of  Ficus  by  their  peculiar 
nervation  and  the  prolongation  of  the  acumen,  as  seen  in  F.  superstitiosus  L., 
and  the  beautiful  F.  producta  L. 

Habitat :  Near  Fort  Harker,  Kansas    No.  2  742  of  the  National  Museum. 

Protophyllum  Lbconteanum  Lesq. 
PI.  XL,  Fig.  1. 

Cret.  Fl.,  p.  103,  PI.  xvir,  Fig.  4;  PI.  yxvi,  Fig.  1 ;  Cret.  and  Tert.  Fl.,  p.  89. 

Leaves  coriaceous,  very  large,  round  or  reniform  in  outline,  broader 
than  long,  round  peltate  at  base;  borders  entire  or  obscurely  undulate; 
primar}^  nerve  thick;  secondaries  strong,  a  little  curved,  flexuous  in  passing 
toward  the  borders,  ramose;  nervilles  thick,  at  right  angles,  mostly  simple, 
anastomosing  with  veinlets  of  a  lower  degree,  composing  by  ramification  a 
distinct  polygonal  areolation. 

The  largest  part  of  a  leaf  of  this  species  has  been  carefully  figured  in 
order  to  fix  the  characters  of  the  species  vaguely  indicated  by  the  fragment 
in  Cret.  Fl.  (loc.  cit.). 

By  a  study  of  this  leaf  the  diff"erences  between  P.  Leconteannm  and  P. 
Sternhcrfjii  are  clearly  brought  out.  The  leaves  of  the  first  of  these  species 
differ  at  first  by  their  very  thick  texture ;  then  they  are  not  acvite  at  apex  but 
rounded,  and  the  upper  part  of  the  pedicel,  which  appears  to  be  very  long, 
is  covered  by  a  large  pelta,  traversed  by  strong  secondarj^  nerves,  diverging 
around  from  the  base  of  the  midrib.  In  P.  Sternhergii  the  secondaries  are 
less  ramose,  the  branches  being  mostly  simple,  while  in  P.  Leconteanum  they 


188  THE  FLOEA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

ai'e  often  di'S'ided  into  tertiaries  and  quaternaries.  The  greatest  diflference, 
liowever,  may  be  seen  in  the  size  of  the  pelta.  A  numljer  of  specimens  of 
P.  Sternhergii  more  recently  received,  one  of  which  is  figured  (PI.  XLII, 
Fig.  1),  have  a  narrow  pelta,  or  rather  a  basal  border,  entered  by  one  or  two 
basilar  nerves  which  emerge  at  right  angles  from  the  base  of  the  midril), 
but  do  not  diverge  downward  into  it.  In  P.  Leconteanum  as  in  P.  prcEstmts 
the  pelta  is  an  enlarged  part  of  the  leaf  analogous  to  the  stipidar  append- 
ages which  remain  attached  to  the  base  of  the  leaves  of  some  species  of 
Platanus,  as  P.  hasilohata  Ward,  of  the  Laramie. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  784  of  the  museum  of  the 
University  of  Kansas;  E.  P.  West,  collector. 

Peotophylltjm  pb^stans,  sp.  nov, 
PI.  XLI,  Figs.  2,  3;  PI.  XLII,  Figs.  3,  4. 

Leaves  large,  membranous,  long  petioled,  ovate,  obtusely  pointed, 
rounded  at  base  into  a  broad  peltate  auricle  covering  the  top  of  the  petiole, 
dentate  on  the  borders  except  at  the  base  of  the  auricle;  nervation  irregu- 
larly palmately  trifid ;  primary  basilar  nerves  open,  nearly  at  right  angles, 
alternate ;  lower  primaries,  thi-ee  pairs,  curved  downward  into  the  auricle, 
branching  and  anastomosing  near  the  borders,  craspedodrome  in  their  divis- 
ion ;  secondaries,  seven  or  eight  pairs,  oblique,  alternate  or  opposite,  all  fork- 
ing- one  to  three  times  from  above  the  middle ;  di^asions  craspedodrome ;  ner- 
villes  strong,  at  right  angles  to  the  nerves,  distant,  rarely  simple,  mostly 
forking  at  the  middle. 

This  fine  species  diifers  from  its  congener  first  by  its  somewhat  thin 
but  hard,  solid  membranous  textm-e,  which  renders  its  surface  apparently 
rougli.  Of  the  fom-  leaves  figured,  the  largest,  fully  developed,  is  20""'  long, 
including  the  liasilar,  round  pelta,  and  1.5°"'  broad  at  the  middle.  The 
smaller  leaf,  which  is  preserved  entire  (PI.  XLII,  Fig.  3),  a2)2:)ears  broadly, 
angularly  pointed,  aiid  from  PI.  XLI,  Fig.  3,  the  auricle,  which  in  Fig.  2  is 
partly  lacerated,  is  seen  to  be  rounded  and  traversed  from  its  margin  around 
the  petiole  to  the  borders  by  tlu'ee  pairs  of  primary  basilar  nerves  curving 
downward.  Its  petiole  is  preserved  entire  and  is  S""'  long  and  slightly 
inflated  at  its  point  of  attachment.  Fig.  4  of  PI.  XLII  is  a  fragment  of  a 
very  small  leaf  having  the  character  of  the  species  especially  distinct  in  its 
textm-e,  the  lower  secondaries  being  arched  downward.  PI.  XLI,  Fig.  3, 
has  the  borders  reflexed  or  immersed  in  the  stone,  and  the  secondaries, 
therefore,  are  not  seen  in  their  whole  length. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  189 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  Nos.  23b,  23c,  50,  51,  etc.,  of 
the  mviseum  of  the  University  of  Kansas.     Collected  by  A.  Wellington. 

Protophyllum  Sternbekgii  Lesq. 
PI,  XLII,  Fig.  1. 

Cret.  Fl.,  p.  101,  PI.  xvi ;  PI.  xviii,  Fig.  2 ;  Cret.  and  Tert.  FL,  p.  89. 

The  specimen  here  figured  shows  very  clearly  the  characters  of  the 
species. 

The  leaves  are  ovate,  obtusely  pointed,  truncate  at  the  base,  which 
covers  by  a  narrow  border  the  upper  part  of  the  petiole,  and  the  basilar 
primaries  are  in  two  pairs,  the  upper  at  right  angles,  the  other  pair  diverg- 
ing downward  into  the  prolonged  base  of  the  leaves.  Contrary  to  the 
general  distribution  of  the  secondaries,  those  of  this  species  are  at  an  acute 
angle  of  40°,  and  are  alternate  from  the  base  of  the  leaf. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  22  of  the  museum  of  the 
University  of  Kansas ;  A.  Wellington,  collector. 

Peotophyllum  undxjlattjm,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  XLII,  Fig.  2. 

Leaf  large,  coriaceous,  round-ovate,  narrowed  to  the  apex  (broken), 
rounded  at  base,  distinctly  and  regularly  undulate  or  obtusely  dentate; 
secondaries  basilar,  three  or  four  pairs,  derived  from  the  base  of  the  midrib, 
the  upper  at  right  angles,  the  lower  curving  downward  into  the  prolonged 
base  of  the  leaf;  secondaries,  five  to  six  pairs,  the  lower  opposite,  all 
parallel  and  equidistant,  at  an  angle  of  divergence  of  45°  to  50°. 

Tliis  form  or  species  is  in  its  characters  intermediate  between  P.  Stern- 
hergii  Lesq.  and  P.  quadratum  Lesq.  (Cret.  FL,  p.  104,  PL  xix.  Fig.  1).  The 
leaf  is  broader  than  that  of  the  first-named  species  and  has  its  base  moi-e 
prolonged,  has  a  larger  number  of  basilar  nerves,  the  lower  secondaries 
being  opposite  and  the  borders  evidently  regularly  undulate-dentate.  From 
the  second  it  diff'ers  still  more  by  the  broader  base  of  the  leaves,  the  median 
nerve  being  narrower,  though  the  leaf  is  larger,  the  secondaries  somewhat 
curved,  and  the  borders  dentate.  It  may,  however,  represent  a  variety  of 
this  last  species. 

Habitat :  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  50  of  the  collection  of  the 
museum  of  the  University  of  Kansas.     Collected  by  A.  Wellington, 


190  THE  FLOBA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GEO  UP. 

Protophyllum  ceenatum.' 
PI.  LXV,  Fig.  7. 

Leaf  small,  nearly  round  or  ovate  (upper  part  destroyed),  4™  long' 
7""  broad,  apparently  of  tliiu  texture,  obscurely  undulate-dentate  on  the  bor- 
ders, round  peltate,  the  strong  median  nerve  passing  under  the  border  1.5"" 
above  the  base  ;  basilar  lower  pair  of  secondaries  horizontal,  the  four  pairs 
above  opposite,  curving  in  traversing  the  lamina,  more  or  less  branching. 

The  pelta  or  border  base  is  not  auricled,  or  like  a  continuation  of  the 
border,  but  is  traversed  downward  by  fom-  smaller  nerves  fi-om  the  base  of 
the  median  nerve,  and  curving  along  the  borders.  There  are  two  speci- 
mens of  the  small  leaves  which  by  their  characters  appear  identical  with 
P.  undiilatum  as  figured  (PI.  XLII,  Fig.  2),  but  far  different  in  the  size  of  the 
leaves  and  their  texture. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  557  of  the  collection  of  Mr. 
K..  D.  Lacoe. 

Protophyllum  dimorphxjm,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  XLI,  Fig.  1. 

Leaf  small,  coriaceous,  rigid,  round-quadi-angular  in  outline,  truncate, 
enlarged,  obtusely  lobed  at  apex,  cordate  and  entire  at  base,  undulate-den- 
tate on  the  borders,  petioled;  nervation  very  thick,  craspedodrome;  basilar 
primaries  tlu-ee  pairs,  the  upper  at  right  angles,  simple  on  one  side,  branch- 
ing on  the  other,  the  middle  attached  to  the  base  of  the  upper,  curving 
downward,  the  lower  very  thin,  close  to  the  borders  or  marginal;  seconda- 
ries tln-ee  to  four  pairs,  the  lower  opposite  and  branching,  the  upper  with 
few  branches  and  alternate;  nervilles  strong,  forked  at  the  middle  or  anas- 
tomosing by  oblique  branches. 

This  fine  small  leaf  is  remarkable  for  the  abnormal  disposition  of  its 
nerves  and  the  unequal  width  of  the  lamina,  being  more  expanded,  as  seen 
by  the  figure,  on  the  right  side  of  the  median  nerve.  Owing  to  this  the 
lateral  nerves  are  longer  and  more  branching  on  the  right  side  than  on 
the  left.  The  secondaries  pass  to  the  point  of  the  short  teeth  or  undula- 
tions of  the  borders,  which  by  contraction  at  their  extremities  and  declining 
on  both  sides  become  thus  slightly  emarginate.     The  leaf  seems  to  have 

'This  species  was  marked  "Protophyllum  undulatum  or  n.  sp."  in  the  manuscript  by  Prof.  Les- 
quereux.  As  it  seems  from  the  appearance  of  the  leaves  and  by  the  description  to  differ  from 
P.  undulatum,  I  have  thought  best  to  regard  it  as  a  new  species,  and  have  named  it  Protophyllum 
erenatum.—F,  H.  K. 


DESCEIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  191 

been  preserved  in  its  full  development.     It  is  nearly  4"™  long  and  as  broad, 
witli  a  petiole  1.5""  long,  mucli  enlai'ged  to  the  base. 

Habitat :  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas  No.  53-  of  the  museum  of  the 
University  of  Kansas;  A.  Wellington,  collector. 

PKOTOPHYLLUM  MtJLTlNERVE    Lesq. 

PI.  XLIII,  Fig.  2  ;  PI.  LXV,  Fig.  1. 

Gret.  FL,  p.  105,  PI.  xvili.  Fig.  1 ;  Cret.  and  Tert.  Fl.,  p.  89. 
Pterospermites  nmltinervis  Lesq.,  Haydeii's  Ann.  Eept.,  1871,  p.  302. 

Leaves  coriaceous,  oblong-ovate,  round,  truncate  at  base,  peltate;  pri- 
mary nerves  strong;  secondaries  close,  parallel,  numerous;  borders  undu- 
late or  obtusely  dentate. 

The  leaf  figm-ed  on  PI.  XLIII  (Fig.  3),  which  is  well  preserved,  shows 
the  characters  of  the  species  better  than  any  before  obtained.  Though 
somewhat  smaller,  it  has  nearly  the  same  number  of  secondaries  as  that 
figured  in  Cret.  Fl.  (loc.  cit.),  that  is,  twelve  pairs,  besides  two  pairs  in  the 
pelta,  passing  downward  and  curving  at  the  borders. 

The  other  shown  on  PI.  LXV  (Fig.  1)  is  a  splendid  leaf  preserved 
nearly  entire,  round  in  outline,  11"°  long,  10""°  broad,  borders  nearly  entire, 
traversed  by  the  petiole  1.5""  above  the  base,  which  is  rounded  but  not  dis- 
tinctly peltate.  The  basal  border,  however,  is  filled  l^y  the  lowest  second- 
aries curved  downward  and  branching,  as  in  my  figure  of  P.  mulfinerve 
(Cret.  Fl.,  PL  xviii,  Fig.  1),  and  the  nervation,  number  of  secondaries, 
branches,  etc.,  are  alike  in  both  leaves,  this  one  differing  essentially  by  the 
borders  being  mostly  entire  or  denticulate  by  the  slight  projections  of  the 
end  of  the  secondaries  and  of  their  branches.  Admitting  this  specimen  as 
P.  multinerve,  that  figured  on  PI.  XLIII,  Fig.  2,  appears  different,  as  it  is 
coarsely  dentate  on  the  borders;  but  this  dentation  may  be  caused  by 
erosion  of  the  borders.  The  specimen  now  mader  consideration  is  a  smaller 
leaf  differing  by  the  secondaries  being  more  distant,  less  numerous,  and 
more  open. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  Ill  of  the  museum  of  the 
University  of  Kansas  (PL  XLIII,  Fig.  2).  Collected  by  A.  Wellington, 
No.  827  of  the  collection  of  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe  (PL  LXVII,  Fig.  1). 


192  TUB  FLORA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

Pkotophyllum  Haydenii  Lesq. 
PI.  XLIII,  Fig.  1;  PI.  XLIV,  Figs.  1,  2. 

Cret.  Fl.,  p.  106,  PI.  xvii,  Fig.  3 ;  Oret.  and  Tert.  FI.,  p.  90. 
Fterospermites  Haydenii  Lesq.,  Hayden's  Ann.  Rept.,  1871,  p.  303. 

Leaves  coriaceous,  variable  iu  size,  long  petioled,  l)roadly  ovate  in  out- 
line, truncate  at  base,  obtuse  at  apex,  mostly  entire  or  sometimes  regularly, 
deeply  undulate  or  obtusely  dentate,  not  peltate;  nervation  strong,  deeply 
impressed,  craspedodrome ;  lowest  secondaries,  of  which  there  are  two  or 
three  pairs,  thinner,  nearly  at  right  angles  to  the  median  nerve,  less  distant 
than  the  others,  nearly  simple;  those  above  parallel,  equidistant,  nine  to 
twelve  pairs  according  to  the  size  of  the  leaves,  gradually  more  oblique 
upward,  the  lower  branching  underneath,  the  upper  simple  or  forking  near 
the  borders. 

The  leaves  vary  from  5™  to  16""  in  length,  being  generally  as  broad  at 
the  middle  as  long.  The  petiole  is  from  S"""  to  8*"°  long,  not  broader  than 
the  base  of  the  midrib ;  the  teeth  of  the  borders  are  each  entered  by  tlie 
ends  of  the  secondaries  or  of  their  branches;  the  surface  is  a  litkle  I'ugose 
and  traversed  at  right  angles  to  the  secondaries  by  deep,  thin,  simple,  or 
forking  undulate  or  curved  nervilles,  whose  subdivisions  into  areoles  are  not 
perceivable ;  the  surface  appears  rather  punctulate  than  reticulate. 

This  species  differs  from  those  described  above  by  the  absence  of  a 
peltate  or  basilar  border  covering  the  upper  part  of  the  petiole.  In  this  tlie 
leaves  resemble  those  of  Credneria,  from  which  they  differ  by  the  straight, 
craspedodrome  nervation.  The  affinity  of  these  leaves  to  those  of  P.  Stern- 
herrjii  Lesq.,  or  niore  especially  to  those  of  P.  multlncrve  Lesq.,  is  so  distinct 
that  they  can  not  be  placed  in  a  different  genus  merely  from  the  absence  of 
a  peltate  base.  It  is,  however,  advisable  to  have  the  species  of  Protophyllum 
separated  into  two  groups,  those  with  a  peltate  base,  the  others  without  it ; 
these  more  evidently  related  to  Credneria. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  Nos.  84,  110,  116,  and  187  of 
the  museum  of  the  University  of  Kansas;  A.  Wellington  and  E.  P.  West, 
collectors. 

Protophyllum  integereimum  Lesq.,  sp.  (ined). 
PI.  XLIII,  Fig.  3. 

Prof.  N.  H.  Winchell,  Report  of  the  Geological  State  Survey  of  Minnesota  (inedited). 

Leaves  coriaceous,  thick,  the  surface  polished,  round  or  broadly 
elliptical  in  outline,  rounded  at  the  base  and  the  apex,  petioled,  obscurely 


DBSCEIPTIOlN   OF  SPECIES.  J 93 

palmately  nerved.  Lower  lateral  nerves  of  two  pairs,  nearly  at  right 
angles,  the  upper  forked,  the  lowest  simj)le,  both  curved  backward;  lateral 
primaries  and  secondaries  at  the  same  angle  of  divergence  (35°  to  40°), 
parallel,  and  equidistant ;  the  secondaries,  four  pairs,  strong,  opposite,  branch- 
ing on  the  lower  side,  crasj^edodrome  with  their  di-\dsions;  nervilles  at  right 
angles  to  the  nerves,  distinct. 

This  fine  species,  with  the  characters  of  the  genus  distinctly  marked  in 
the  nervation,  is  remarkable  for  the  entire  borders  and  the  smooth  surface  of 
the  leaves.  The  secondaries  are  all  opposite,  a  character  more  or  less  dis- 
tinctly seen  in  the  leaves  of  most  of  the  species  of  Protophyllum,  especially 
in  the  upper  secondaries. 

Habitat :  Mankato,  Minnesota.  Communicated  by  Prof.  N.  H.  Win- 
chell. 

Protophyllum  dentioulatum,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  XXXVI,  Fig.  9. 

Leaf  coriaceous,  round  or  reniform,  enlarged  on  the  sides,  truncate  at 
the  base,  minutely  but  sharply  denticulate  all  around  except  at  the  base, 
petioled;  median  nerve  thick,  percurrent;  lateral  primaries  supra-basilar, 
very  open,  the  upper  branelied  outside,  the  lower  simple,  thin,  at  right  angles 
to  the  midrib;  secondaries,  four  pairs,  subopposite,  more  or  less  branching, 
craspedodi'ome  with  their  divisions ;  nervilles  at  right  angles  to  the  second- 
aries, distinct,  simple  or  forked ;  areolation  small,  quadrate,  prominent. 

The  leaf  measures  transversely  7*"°,  vertically  S.S"".  The  borders  are 
marked  by  sharp,  minute  teeth  tnrned  outside  and  entered  by  the  lateral 
nerves  and  their  divisions,  which  are  all  craspedodrome ;  the  base  is  trun- 
cate, entire. 

Habitat:  Ten  miles  northeast  of  Delphos,  Kansas.  No.  4184  of  the 
collection  of  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe. 

Protophyllum  crassum,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  LXV,  Fig.  4. 

Leaves  small,  round  or  oval,  entire;  median  nerve  thick,  passing  under 
the  border  of  the  trnncate  base;  lowest  pair  of  secondaries  much  branched, 
with  one  or  two  pairs  of  thinner,  horizontal  ones  underneath,  these  simple 
or  branching.  Secondaries  equidistant,  parallel,  very  thick,  craspedodi'ome, 
the  inferior  branching,  the  upper  only  simple;  nervilles  very  thick  and 
close,  at  right  angles  to  the  secondaries,  parallel,  simple,  rarely  forJiing. 

MON  XVII 13 


194  THE  FLOE  A  OP  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

There  are  two  specimeus  of  this  remarkable  species;  the  best  preserved 
is  smaller,  nearly  round,  3""  in  diameter,  the  midi'ib  passing  under  the  basal 
border,  scarcely  2°""  above  the  truncate  base.  The  secondaries  are  of  seven 
pairs,  the  lowest,  which  are  at  right  angles  to  the  midrib,  are  thick  and 
rigid,  forming  with  the  transverse,  thick,  parallel  nervilles  a  very  rough  sur  ■ 
face.     These  may  be  young,  not  fully  developed  leaves  of  P.  rmjosiim  Lesq. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  1171  of  the  collection  of 
Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe. 

Pkotophyllum  ckednekioides  Lesq. 
PI.  XXXVI,  Fig.  11;  PI.  XLIII,  Figs.  4,  5. 

Hayden's  Ann.  Kept.,  1874,  p.  363,  PI.  iii,  Fig.  1 ;  PI.  viii,  Fig.  4 ;  Lesquereux,  Cret. 
and  Tert;  Fl.,  p.  90,  PL  ii,  Pigs.  1-3. 

As  may  oe  seen  in  comparing  the  leaves  referred  to  this  species,  they 
are  very  variable  in  size  and  also  in  the  characters  of  nervation,  being  nearly 
entire  or  undulate  on  the  borders,  round  or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  with  distant 
primary  nerves  and  a  thin  basilar  nerve  underneath  or  with  all  the  lateral 
nerves  alternate,  parallel,  simple,  or  branching,  distributed  like  secondaries. 
From  tliis  it  may  be  reasonable  to  conclude  that  some  of  the  numerous 
forms  described  above  as  species  may  ultimately  be  recognized  as  mere 
varieties  when  it  is  possible  to  compare  a  larger  number  of  specimens. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  866  of  the  museum  of  the 
University  of  Kansas;  E.  P.  West,  collector. 

Peotophyllum  pseudospekmoides,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  LIX,  Fig.  2. 

Leaves  small,  coriaceous,  ovate,  obtuse,  truncate  at  base,  sharply 
dentate  on  the  borders;  primary  nerve  narrow,  prolonged  to  a  short  petiole; 
middle  pair  of  secondaries  at  a  distance  from  the  borders,  oblique,  with 
lower  pairs  of  secondaries  nearly  at  right  angles  to  the  midrib,  arched  down- 
ward, simple,  and  five  upper  pairs,  oblique  and  parallel  to  the  middle;  all 
more  or  less  branching,  craspedodrome;  teeth  short  but  acute,  wHh  shallow 
sinuses. 

Habitat:  Kansas 


DESCEIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  195 

Protophyllum  pterospermifolium,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  LIX,  Fig.  1. 

Leaves,  small,  coriaceous,  nearly  round,  subcordate  at  base,  narrowed 
at  apex,  nearly  entire  or  undulate-repand;  primary  nerve  narrow,  slightly 
enlarged  at  the  point  of  attaclnnent  of  the  lower  secondaries,  far  above  the 
base,  with  two  pairs  of  inferior  ones  passing  at  right  angles  from  the  mid- 
rib and  gradually  declining  downward  and  branching;  upper  secondaries 
six  pairs,  gradually  more  oblique  above  the  lower,  branching,  all  craspedo- 
drome ;  nervilles  at  right  angles  to  the  secondaries,  rarely  simple,  mostly 
forking  at  the  middle,  forming  by  subdivisions  small,  quadrate  areoles. 

By  the  position  of  the  two  lower  pairs  of  secondaries  this  leaf  is  related 
to  some  of  those  referi-ed  by  Heer  to  Pterospermites.  But  the  prolongation 
of  the  median  nerve  between  two  lower  pairs  of  secondaries,  inclining  down- 
ward and  craspedodi'ome,  refers  it  to  Protophyllum.  The  relation  of  this 
leaf  is  therefore  multiple  or  not  definite.  It  is  comparable  to  P,  Haydenii 
Lesq.  and  P.  integerrimum  Lesq.,  PL  XLIII,  Figs.  1-3. 

Habitat:  Kansas. 

Protophyllum  quadrattjm  Lesq. 

Cret.  Fl.,  p.  104,  PI.  xix,  Fig.  1. 

Pterospermites  quadratus  Lesq.,  Hayden's  Ann.  Eept.,  1871,  p.  301. 

Protophyllum  rugosum,  Lesq. 

Cret.  Fl.,  p.  105,  PI.  xvn,  Pigs.  1,  2;  PI.  xls,  Fig.  3. 
Pterospermites  rugosus  Lesq.,  Hayden's  Ann.  Kept.,  1872,  p.  426, 

Protophyllum  minus  Lesq. 
Cret.  and  Tert.  Fl.,  p.  89,  PI.  iv,  Fig.  6 ;  Cret.  Fl.,  p.  104,  PI.  xix,  Fig.  2 ;  PI.  xxvii.  Fig.  1. 

Protophyllum  nebrascense  Lesq. 
Cret.  FL,  p.  103,  PI.  xxvii,  Fig.  3. 

Protophyllum?  Mudgei  Lesq. 
Cret.  FL,  p.  106,  PL  xviii,  Fig.  3. 

Anisophyllum  semialatum  Lesq. 

Cret.  FL,  p.  98,  PL  vi,  Figs.  1-5. 

Quereus  semialata  Lesq.,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  and  Arts  (series  2),  vol.  46,  1868.  p.  96, 


lyg  THE  FLOEA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

Order  MENISPERMACE^. 

Tribe  COCCULEyE. 

Menispermites  oBTtrsiLOBUs  Lesq. 

Cret.  FL,  p.  94,  PI.  xxv,  Figs.  1,  2;  PI.  xxvi,  Fig.  3;  Cret.  and  Tert.  Fl.,  p.  78,  PI. 

XV,  Fig.  4. 

Menispekmites  obtxjsilobus  var.  (?)  Lesq. 

Cret.  FL,  p.  95,  PI.  xxii,  Fig.  1. 

Menispermites  salinensis  Lesq. 

Cret.  FI.,  p.  95,  PI.  xx,  Figs,  1,  4 

Menispermites  acutilobxts  Lesq. 

Cret.  and  Tert.  FL,  p.  78,  PL  xiv,  Fig.  2. 

Menispermites  populifolius  Lesq. 

Hayden's  Ann.  Eept.,  1874,  p.  357,  PL  v.  Fig.  3;  Cret.  and  Tert.  FL,  p.  79,  PL  IV,  Fig.  4. 

Menispermites  cyclophyllus  Lesq. 

Hayden's  Ann.  Kept.,  1874,  p.  358,  PL  vi,  Fig.  4;  Cret.  and  Tert.  FL,  p.  79,  PL  xv. 

Fig.  3. 

Menispermites  ovalis  Lesq. 

Hayden's  Ann.  Kept.,  1874,  p.  357,  PL  v,  Pig.  4;  Cret.  and  Tert.  FL,  p.  80,  PL  xv, 

Fig.  5. 

Menispermites  grandis  Lesq. 

Cret.  and  Tert.  FL,  p.  80,  PL  xv,  Figs.  1,  2. 

Menispermites  aceripolius  Lesq. 

Oret.  FL,  p.  96,  PL  xx.  Figs.  2,  3. 

Menispermites  btjgosus,  sp.  nov. 
PL  XXIX,  Fig.  7. 

Leaves  comparatively  small,  subcoriaceous,  round  or  reniform,  truncate- 
subcordate  at  base,  peltate,  equally  dentate  all  around  except  at  the  base; 
median  nerve  strong,  the  lateral  curved  and  ramose,  craspedodrome. 

The  leaf  measures  6™  horizontally  and  5™  vertically,  and  has  the 
borders  marked  by  obtuse  distant  teeth  varying  in  length  according  to  the 


DBSCEIPTIOK  OF  SPECIES.  197 

size  of  the  secondai-ies  and  their  divisions  whioh  enter  them.  Only  the 
branches  of  the  basilar  nerves,  three  pairs,  descend  into  the  pelta,  curving 
along  the  entire  borders,  camptodrome.  .  The  median  nerve  is  stronger  and 
more  marked  in  this  species  than  in  M.  grandis  Lesq.,  and  the  secondaries 
less  distant,  more  numerous  (seven  to  eight  pairs,  besides  the  basilar  ones), 
and  all  branch  in  passing  more  or  less  obliquely  and  slightly  curved  to  the 
borders.  The  nervilles  are  distinctly  seen  in  the  upper  part  of  the  leaf  and 
are  close,  at  right  angles  to  the  secondaries,  flexuous,  rarely  branching. 

A  marked  relation  of  this  leaf  is  with  M.  grandis  Lesq.,  from  which  it 
differs  by  its  smaller  size,  the  more  numerous  secondaries,  and  the  dentate 
borders.  M.  dentatus  Heer^  appears  still  more  closely  related  to  this,  but  it 
is  a  fragment  of  a  larger  leaf  which  seems  to  be  partly  lobate  and  partly 
dentate. 

Habitat :  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  785  of  the  museum  of  the 
University  of  Kansas.     Collected  by  E.  P.  West. 

Ma(jclintockia  ceetacea  Heer. 
PI.  LIX,  Fig.  4. 

Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  vol.  6,  Abth.  2,  p.  70,  PI.  xxxvi,  Figs.  1,  2a;  PI.  xxxvii,  Figs.  2-4. 

A  fragment  of  a  leaf  which  is  elliptical,  with  entire  borders,  five-nerved 
from  the  base,  nerves  aerodrome,  slightly  diverging. 

The  fragment  is  like  those  of  the  species  as  figured  by  Heer,  especially 
PL  XXXVII,  Figs.  2-4  (loc.  cit.),  showing  only  the  lower  part  of  a  leaf 
4<"n  long  and  1.5*""  broad.  The  leaf  is  elliptical,  entire  on  the  borders, 
five-nerved  from  the  base;  the  median  nerve  broadest;  the  lateral,  nearest 
to  the  borders,  are  very  thin ;  the  texture  is  coriaceous,  its  areolation  punctu- 
late  or  reticulate.  The  second  lateral  nerve,  between  the  midrib  and  the 
marginal  ones,  has  a  few  branches  from  near  the  base  like  that  in  Heer's 
PI.  xxxvii.  Fig.  2  (loc.  cit.),  in  which  the  marginal  one  is  thin  and  more 
proximate  to  the  borders  of  the  leaf 

By  the  irregular  disposition  of  the  nerves  near  the  base,  the  fragment 
has  some  likeness  to  Hakea  arctica  Heer  (Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  vol.  1,  PL  xv,  Fig. 
5),  the  leaves  of  which  are  broader  and  shorter. 

The  fragment  from  Kansas  bears  a  line  of  parasites  which  are  oval, 
acute  at  the  lower  part,  concave,  with  a  convex  point  in  the  middle;  they 
are  placed  along  the  lateral  nerves  in  a  row  of  ten  or  more  and  by  their 

»F1.  Foss.  Arct.,  vol.  6,  Abth.  3,  p.  92,  PI.  xxxviii,  Fig.  4. 


198  THE  FLORA  OP  THE  DAKOTA  GEOTIP. 

position  are  comparable  to  Sclerofiam  chmamoml  Heer  (Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  vol. 
4,  pt.  3,  PL  1,  Figs.  2,  2b). 

Habitat:  Probalily  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  In  the  Snow  collection 
of  the  museum  of  the  University  of  Kansas. 

Order  ANONACEiE. 
Tribe   XYLOPIE^^. 
Anona  oeetacea  Lesq. 
Cret.  and  Tert.  FL,  p.  77. 

Order  MAGNOLIACE^. 
Tribe   MAGNOLIE.?^. 

Magnolia  tentjifolia  Lesq. 
PL  XXIV,  Fig.  1. 

Am.  Jonr.  Sd.  and  Arts  (series  2),  voL  46, 1868,  p.  100;  Cret.  FL,  p.  92,  PL  xxi.  Fig.  1. 

Leaves  large,  oblong,  entire,  narrowed  upward  to  a  blunt  point  (broken), 
downward  to  a  thick  petiole ;  median  nerve  thick;  secondaries  open,  parallel, 
alternate,  inequidistant,  forking  at  a  distance  from  the  borders,  with  branches 
anastomosing  in  bows  near  to  the  borders,  camptodi-ome ;  the  lower  grad- 
ually shorter,  at  right  angles  to  the  median  nerve  and  like  tertiaries,  curv- 
ing backward. 

The  part  figured  here  is  a  fragment  comprising  about  half  of  a  leaf 
wliich  originally  must  have  measui'ed  at  least  20''"  in  length,  and  from  S"" 
to  9'^'°  in  width  at  the  middle.  When  compared  with  the  leaf  in  the  Cret. 
Fl.  (loc.  cit.),  it  completes  the  charactei's  of  this  fine  species,  as  in  this  last 
figure  the  shape  of  the  leaf  is  clearly  seen,  while  in  that  figured  here  the 
nervation  is  distinct  to  the  base  of  the  leaf  The  midi'ib  is  here  larger  and 
the  secondaiies  much  tlncker.  But  the  fragment  represents  the  under  side 
of  a  leaf  while  the  other  is  the  impression  of  the  upper  surface.  There  is 
therefoi'e  no  real  diflference  in  the  characters.  The  angle  of  divergence  of 
the  secondaries  is  the  same  in  both  (50°  to  55°).  The  remains  of  few  ter- 
tiary intermediate  veins,  indistinctly  seen  between  the  more  distant  second- 
aries in  Cret.  FL,  PL  xxi  (loc.  cit.),  are  represented  on  the  figure  of  PL  XXIV, 
Fig.  1 ,  and  in  both  leaves  the  basilar  tertiaries  are  obsolete  and  no  secondary 
is  marked  in  the  space  occupied  by  them  toward  the  base  of  the  leaves. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  199 

The  species  is  related  to  M.  Inglefieldt  Heer  of  the  Tertiary  of  Green- 
land, as  figured  in  Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  vol  7,  p.  121,  PL  lxix,  Fig.  1 ;  PI.  lxxxv, 
Fig.  3;  PI.  Lxxxvi,  Fig.  9,  which  differs  by  the  secondaries  branching  and 
ciu'ving  nearer  to  the  borders,  slightly  more  open  in  the  lower  part  of  the 
leaves  and  continuing  in  size  and  direction  to  the  basal  border,  the  lower 
pair  being  more  oblique  and  running  upward  as  a  marginal  nerve.  The 
real  or  more  marked  affinity  of  the  Cretaceous  leaf  is  with  those  of  the 
living  M.  umbrella  Lam.,  the  leaves  of  which  are  thin,  nearly  of  the  same 
size  and  form  as  those  of  the  Dakota  Grroup,  and  have  a  nervation  really 
identical,  the  secondaiies  passing  in  the  lower  part  of  the  leaves  to  short 
tertiaries  or  nervilles  nearly  at  right  angles,  while  upward  the  secondaries 
are  forked  above  the  middle  and  have  the  branches  anastomosing  in  double 
rows  along  the  borders  as  in  the  fossil  species. 

Habitat:  Kansas.  No.  780  of  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology 
of  Cambridge,  Massachusetts. 

Magnolia  PSEtrDOAcmiiNATA,  sp.  nov. 
PL  XXIV,  Fig.  2. 

Leaves  subcoriaceous,  of  medium  size,  entire,  short  petioled,  broadly 
ovate-lanceolate,  narrowed  in  curving  to  the  petiole,  decurring  to  it  at  the 
base,  more  gradually  attenuated  upward  to  the  apex,  subacuminate ;  median 
nerve  strong  and  straight,  not  thick;  secondaries  parallel,  more  distant 
in  the  middle  and  upper  part  of  the  leaf,  ramose  near  the  borders,  campto- 
drome. 

The  leaves  average  12™  in  length  and  nearly  G"""  in  width  at  the  mid- 
dle, and  the  petiole  preserved  entire  is  13™™  long.  The  secondaries,  of 
which  there  are  twelve  pairs,  diverge  35°  to  40°  from  the  median  nerve 
and  all  preserve  the  same  degree  of  obliquity.  A  few  of  them  are  more 
distant  and  separated  by  thinner  and  shorter  tertiaries  and  the  areas  are 
traversed  by  flexuous,  thin  nervilles  somewhat  oblique  to  the  secondaries. 

These  leaves  have  the  nervation  and  the  form  of  those  of  the  li^ang 
M.  acuminata  L.,  the  well  known  cucumber  tree.  Indeed,  they  are  so 
remarkably  similar  to  the  small  leaves  of  this  species  that  no  difference  of 
characters  is  observable.  Compared  to  M.  Capellinii  Heer,^  which  is  one 
the  best  of  the  numerous  leaves  figured  of  the  species,  the  base  is  not  as 
widely  decurring  in  M.  pseudoacuminata  but  attenuated  in  rounding  to  the 
very  short  slightly  decurring  base.     The  leaves  figured  by  Heer  in  the 

'  Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  vol.  3,  pt.  2,  PI.  xxxiii,  Fig.  3. 


200  THE  FLORA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

same  work^  have  a  still  greater  affinity  to  this  species  in  size  and  form. 
They  are,  however,  not  acuminate  but  merely  pointed. 

Habitat:  Ten  miles  northeast  of  Delphos,  Kansas.  No.  4079  of  the 
collection  of  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe. 

MAaNOLiA  AMPLLFOLiA  Heer, 
PI.  XXIV,  Pig.  3. 

Kreidefl.  v!  Moletein,  p.  21,  PI.  vrii.  Figs.  1,  2;  PI.  ix.  Pig.  1. 

Leaves  large,  subcoriaceous,  entire,  elliptical,  short  pointed;  median 
nerve  very  thick;  secondaries  strong,  much  curved  toward  the  borders, 
camptodrome. 

This  leaf  is  IS*^"  long  and  6"'°  broad,  with  the  median  nerve  more  than 
gmm  jj^  diameter  toward  the  base,  which  is  much  smaller  than  the  two  figured 
by  the  author.  Nevertheless  the  identification  of  the  Kansas  leaf  with  those 
from  Moletein  seems  legitimate.  Not  only  is  the  form  of  the  leaves  the 
same  but  even  their  inclination  to  one  side  ;  and  the  secondaries,  about  of 
the  same  number  (twelve  pairs),  are  of  the  same  character,  strong  and  more 
open  from  the  middle  to  their  point  of  union  to  the  median  nerve,  which 
they  reach  by  a  short,  downward  curve.  I'he  secondaries  are  also  some- 
times separated  by  thinner,  shorter  tertiaries.  Few,  however,  are  seen  in 
the  figures  of  the  Moletein  Flora,  there  apparently  omitted,  as  the  nervilles 
are  figured  only  upon  a  small  fragment  of  PI.  viii.  Fig.  1,  showing  these 
to  be  broken  in  the  middle  by  divisioiis  at  right  angles,  as  in  the  American 
specimens.  Heer  compares  his  species  to  L.  acuminata  L.,  to  which  indeed 
it  is  closely  related.  But  the  differences  may  be  easily  remarked  in  com- 
paring Figs.  2  and  3  of  PI.  XXIV.  Heer  remarks  that  the  secondaries  in 
M.  amplifoUa  are  thin  as  compared  to  the  median  nerve,  and  especially 
toward  their  ends  they  become  so  reduced  that  they  can  scarcely  be  followed 
with  the  eye.  On  the  American  specimens  the  secondaries  are  rather  thick 
in  the  lower  part,  becoming  gradually  very  thin  in  the  upper.  The  species 
essentially  differs  from  M.  pseudoacuminata  by  the  thickness  of  the  midrib 
and  the  short,  curved  point. 

Habitat:  Pipe  Creek,  Cloud  County,  Kansas.  No.  4127  of  the  col- 
lection of  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe. 

'  Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  vol.  6,  Abth.  2,  PI.  xxv,  Figs.  1, 2,  3. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  201 

Magnolia,  alternans  Heer. 
PI,  XXXIV,  Fig.  11. 

Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  vol.  3,  pt.  2,  p.  110,  Pi.  xxxiii,  Figs.  5, 6;  PI.  xxxrv,  Fig.  4;  vol.  6,  Abth, 
2,  p.  91,  PI.  XXI,  Fig.  2;  PI.  XLVi,  Fig.  21;  Lesquereux,  Cret.  FL,  p.  92,  PI.  xviii, 
Fig.  4. 

The  leaf  figured  here  is  better  preserved  than  that  figured  in  the  Cret. 
Fl.  (loc.  cit.).  It  is  broader,  seemingly  somewliat  decurreiit  to  the  median 
nerve,  and  therefore  like  those  of  M.  Capellinu.  This  last  species  has,  how- 
ever, still  larger  leaves  and  has  the  lateral  nerves  not  separated  by  interme- 
diate, shorter  tertiaries.  The  differences  between  these  two  leaves  and  that  of 
M.  pseudoaruminata  Lesq.  are  not  very  well  defined,  and  some  of  the  leaves 
appear  referable  to  either  of  the  three  species. 

Habitat:  Pipe  Creek,  Cloud  County,  Kansas.  No.  4109  of  the  col- 
lection of  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe. 

Magnolia  Lacoeana,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  LX,  Fig.  1. 

Leaf  large,  broadly  oval  or  nearly  round,  entire,  obtuse  or  abruptly 
pointed  at  the  apex,  narrowed  and  subdecurriiig  to  the  base.  Median  nerve 
somewhat  thick,  flexuous;  secondaries  alternate,  parallel,  declining  to  the 
midrib  in  joining  it,  curved  and  cti,mptodrome,  ascending  very  high  along 
the  borders  with  few  branches  in  the  upper  part. 

The  leaf  differs  from  the  other  fossil  leaves  referred  to  this  genus  by 
its  nearly  round  form,  its  narrowing  base  and  its  numerous  secondaries. 
The  petiole  is  broken;  the  leaf  is  10"™  long  and  8.5'""  broad  at  the  middle, 
with  ten  pairs  of  secondaries  at  an  angle  of  divergence  of  60°.  By  its 
size,  and  more  especially  by  the  base  of  the  leaves,  it  has  a  degree  of  like- 
ness to  M.  Inglefieldi  Heer,'  but  differs  greatly  in  the  nervation. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No,  215  of  the  collection  of  Mr. 
R.  D.  Lacoe. 

Magnolia  obtusata  Heer. 
PI.  LX,  Figs.  5,  6. 

Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  vol.  6,  Abth.  2,  p.  90,  PI.  xv.  Fig.  12;  PI.  xxi.  Fig.  3. 

Leaves  coriaceous,  oblong  or  obovate,  obtuse,  gradually  narrowed  to  a 
long  petiole,  entire;  secondaries  distant,  simple,  oblique,  curved,  caiupto- 
drome. 

'Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  vol.  1,   PI.  xvill,  Fig.  1  ;  vol.  2,  pt.  4,  PI.  LI,  Figs.  4-7. 


^02  THE  FLORA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GEOtJi*. 

Heer  (loe.  cit.)  has  figured  two  fragmentary  leaves,  the  tipper  part 
only  of  this  fine  species,  which  is  distinctly  characterized  by  the  obtuse 
apex,  the  great  distance  and  the  position  of  the  secondaries.  The  best  pre- 
served leaf  of  this  species  (Fig.  6)  is  8"'"  long,  enlarged  npward  and  obtuse 
at  apex,  the  base  gradually  narrowing  to  the  petiole,  which  is  2.5"'"  long.  It 
has  five  pairs  of  secondai'ies  at  unequal  distances,  alternate,  more  open  in 
joining  the  midrib,  at  an  angle  of  divei'gence  of  50°,  much  curved  in  trav- 
ersing the  blade,  simply  camptodrome.  The  other  leaf  is  larger,  being 
15"™  long,  with  apex  partly  destroyed  and  the  secondaries  equally  distant, 
but  a  little  less  open  in  joining  the  midrib.  Each  of  these  leaves  repre- 
sents the  essential  characters  of  the  species. 

Habitat:  Near  Fort  Harker,  Kansas.  No.  2786  of  the  U.  S.  National 
Museum. 

Magnolia  Boulayana,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  LX,  Fig.  2. 

Leaf  coriaceous,  oblong,  equally  narrowed  and  cuneiform  at  base  as 
well  as  in  rounding  to  the  blunt  apex,  entire;  borders  parallel  at  the  middle; 
midrib  narrow ;  secondaries  very  thin,  distinct,  oblique,  camptodi'ome,  with 
few  branches. 

This  leaf,  which  is  13"™  long  and  4""  broad,  with  parallel  borders,  has 
the  aspect  of  a  Laurus.  It  is,  however,  distinctly  parallel  on  the  borders, 
with  all  the  secondaries,  of  which  there  are  eleven  pairs,  equidistant,  par- 
allel, and  at  an  acute  angle  of  divergence  (40°),  as  is  M.  longepetiolata  Ett.^ 
It  resembles  this  last  species,  being,  however,  somewhat  smaller  and  more 
rapidly  naiTOwed  to  the  base,  with  a  narrow,  percurrent  midrib.  It  is 
closely  allied,  especially  by  its  nervation,  to  M.  Ludwifjii  Ett.  of  the  Euro- 
pean Oligocene. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  1191  of  the  collection  of 
Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe. 

Magnolia  speciosa  Beer. 
PI.  LX,  Figs.  3,  4, 

Kreidefl.  v.  Moletein  p.  20,  PI.  vi.  Fig.  1 ;  PI.  x.  Figs.  1,  2 :  PI.  xi.  Fig.  1 ;  Lesquereux, 
Cret.  and  Tert.  Fl.,  p.  73. 

Though  the  leaves  are  somewhat  smaller  than  those  figured  by  Heer 
in  the  Flora  of  Moletein,  they  are  evidently  referable  to  this  species,  since 
they  differ  from  all  the  relatives,  M.  CapeUrmi,  M.  hmpIifoUa,  etc.,  by  the  long 

'Flora  V.  Bilin,  pt.  3,  p.  9,  PI.  XLI,  Figs.  8,  9. 


BESCEIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  203 

prolongation  of  the  apex,  the  distant  secondaries,  and  the  decurrent  base 
Heer  describes  the  species  as  follows :  Leaves  very  large,  coriaceous,  oval- 
elliptical,  long  acuminate  at  apex,  narrowed  at  base  to  a  strong  petiole; 
primary  nerve  thick;  secondaries  much  curved,  camptodrome. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  221  and  222  of  the  collec- 
tion of  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe. 

Magnolia  Capellinii  Heer. 

PL  LXVI,  Fig.  1. 

Phyll.  Gv6t.  du  N6br.,  p.  21,  PI.  iii,  Figs.  5,  6 ;  Lesqnereux,  Cret.  and  Tert.  Fl.,  p.  72. 

A  peculiar  form  with  thick  leaves  and  secondaries  deeply  impressed; 
the  impression  is  that  of  the  lower  face. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  1190  of  the  collection  of 
Mr.  R  D.  Lacoe. 

Ma&nolia  obovata  Newb. 

Later  Ext.  Fl.,  p.  15;  lUustr.  Oret.  and  Tert.  PJ.,  PI.  ii.  Pig.  2;  PI.  it,  Pig.  4, 

Magnolia  (Oarpites)  species,  IJesq. 
Cret.  and  Tert.  Fl.,  p.  73,  PI.  xi,  Fig.  6. 

LiRIODENDRON   PRIM^VTJM  Newb. 

PI.  XXIV,  Fig.  4;  PI.  XXVI,  Fig.  1-4. 
Later  Ext.  Fl.,  p.  12 ;  Illustr.  Cret.  and  Tert.  PI.,  PI.  vi.  Fig.  7. 

Legitminodtes  Mareouanus'H.ef^.r,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  of  Phil.  (1858),  p.  265;  Dana's 

Manual  of  tleology,  2d  ed.,  p.  459,  Fig.  827 ;  Cret.  FL,  p.  90,  PI.  xxvili,  Fig.  2. 
Bumelia  Marcouana  (Heer)  Lesq.,  Cret.  FL,  ]>.  90,  PL  xxviii.  Fig.  2. 
Phyllites  ohcordatus  Heer  Phyll.  Cr6t.  du  Nebr.,  p.  266. 
Liriodendron  MeeMi  var.  Marcouana  Heer,  FL  Foss.  Arct.,  vol.  6,  Abth.  2,  p.  88,  PL 

xxii,  Figs.  4,  6,  7,  11 ;  PL  xxiTi,  Pig.  3;  PL  XLV,  Figs.  3a,  3b. 
Liriodendron  MeeMi  var.  obcordaia   Heer  (loc.  cit.),  p.  88,  PI.  xxii.  Figs,  lb,  2;  PI. 

xsiii.  Fig.  4. 
Liriodendron  MeeJcii  var.  mucronulata  Heer  (loc.  cit.),  p.  88,  PL  xxii,  Figs.  3,  10. 

Leaves  of  medium  size,  somewhat  thick  but  not  coriaceous,  oblong  or 
obovate,  more  or  less  rapidly  narrowed  to  a  short  petiole,  entire,  emarginate 
at  apex,  rarely  enlarged  and  rounded  near  the  base ;  primary  nerve  percur- 
rent,  sometimes  emerging  as  a  shoi't,  small  mucro  in  the  middle  of  tlie 
notched  apex;  secondavies  oblique,  parallel,  passing  straight  or  curved 
toward  the  borders,  camptodrome  or  craspedodrome ;  angle  of  divergence 
30°  to  40°,  according  to  the  size  of  the  leaves. 


204  THE  FLORA.  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

The  leaves  vary  in  size  from  S.S""  to  6*="  long,  and  from  2<="  to  5"" 
broad  at  the  middle,  being  either  cuneifoi-m  or  rounded,  or  even  subtrun- 
cate  or  siibcordate  at  the  base.  The  secondaries,  mostly  simple,  pass 
obliqiiely,  either  straight  or  a  little  ci;rved,  toward  the  borders,  where  they 
become  eflfaced  or  a  little  curved  up,  seemingly  camptodrome,  while  a  few 
appear  to  run  directly  to  the  borders  as  craspedofbome. 

Leaves  of  this  kind  have  been  found  abundantly  in  the  Cretaceous  of 
Greenland  and  described  and  figured  by  Heer  as  quoted  above ;  some  also, 
but  fewer,  in  the  Dakota  Group  of  Kansas,  Nebraska,  etc.  In  all  these 
leaves  there  is  no  distinct  contraction  or  division  of  the  lamina  in  three 
lobes  as  in  the  following  species. 

Habitat:  Pipe  Creek,  Cloud  County,  Kansas.  No.  4090  (PI.  XXVI, 
Fig.  1)  of  the  collection  of  Mr.  R  D.  Lacoe.  Fig.  3  is  copied  from  Heer, 
Fl.  Foss.  Arct.  (loc.  cit);  Fig.  2  is  copied  from  Newberry  (loc.  cit). 

LiRIODENDKON   SEMIALATTJM  Lesq. 
PI.  XXV,  Figs.  2-4;  PI.  XXIX,  Fig.  3. 

Leaves  deltoid  in  outline,  truncate-rounded  or  broadly  cuneate  at  base, 
enlarged,  round-lobed  on  each  side  in  the  lower  part,  ovate,  obtuse  or 
obtusely  pointed  at  apex;  median  nerve  straight;  secondaries  parallel, 
numerous,  the  lower  pairs  in  the  lobes  craspedodrome,  the  upper  suljcamp- 
todi'ome. 

The  leaves  are  of  medium  size,  7''"'  to  S""  long,  but  the  round  upper 
part  of  one  seen  on  PI.  XXV,  Fig.  4,  apparently  belongs  to  a  much  larger 
leaf.  They  are  enlarged  in  the  lower  part  into  two  opposite  round  lobes, 
abruptly  rounding  or  cuneiform  to  the  petiole,  contracted  above  the  lobe  in 
more  or  less  definite  sinuses,  then  slightly  enlarged  upward  and  ovate  or 
oblong  rounded  to  an  obtuse  or  obtusely  pointed  apex. 

This  species  differs  essentially  from  L.  primcevum  and  the  other  species 
of  the  genus  by  the  entire,  not  emarginate  apex,  the  leaves  being  thus 
merely  once  lobed  on  each  side  of  the  enlarged  base  instead  of  bilobate  at 
the  apex,  and  also  by  the  numerous  proximate  secondaries,  simple  or  fork- 
ing near  their  extremities.  The  fragment  (PI.  XVI,  Fig.  4)  may  represent  a 
different  species.  It  has  the  secondaries  more  distant,  more  cui-ved  in  pass- 
ing toward  the  borders,  and  more  distinctly  camptodi'ome.^ 

•Prof.  Lesqaereux  has  left  a  very  brief  uote  relating  to  this  species,  ia  which  he  compares  it  to 
L.  Procaccinii  Ung.  (Saporta  and  Mariou,  Fl.  de  Mesimieux,  PI.  xxxili,  Figs.  3-5).  He  then  adds  that 
"if  these  are  same  as  L.  islandicum,  some  of  my  species  should  be  abandoned."-  As  he  has  given  no 
further  indication  of  his  wishes  I  have  preferred  to  retain  everything  as  he  left  it.— F.  H.  K. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  205 

Habitat:  Seveu  miles  from  Glascoe,  Kansas.  Nos.  425  and  472  of  the 
Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology  of  Cambridge,  Massachusetts.  No.  126 
of  the  collection  of  Mr.  R  D.  Lacoe,  from  Pipe  Creek,  Cloud  County, 
Kansas. 

LmiODENDKON  Meekii  Heer. 
PI.  XXVIII,  Figs.  5,  6. 

Phyll.  Oret.  du  Nebr.,  p.  21,  PI.  it,  Figs.  3,  4 ;  Newberry,  Illust.  Cret.  and  Tert.  PI.,  PI. 
VI,  Fig.  5 ;  Lesquereux,  Cret.  and  Tert.  FL,  p.  73. 

Leaves  small,  constricted  in  the  middle,  panduriform,  round,  lobate  at 
base,  deeply  emarginate;  lobate  at  apex. 

The  species  is  represented  only  by  the  two  figures  copied  in  Heer's 
Phyll  Crdt.  du  N^br.  (loc.  cit.),  from  figures  communicated  by  Dr.  F.  V. 
Hayden.  The  same  figm-es  have  also  been  reproduced  in  NewbeiTy's 
Illustr.  (loc.  cit.).  No  other  leaves  of  this  character  have  been  found  either 
in  Greenland  or  in  Kansas.  Prof.  Heer  has  considered  them  as  mere  vari- 
eties of  the  preceding  species,  of  which  the  leaves  have  been  abundantly 
found  in  Greenland,  and  has  described  them  in  Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  vol.  6,  Abth.  2, 
p.  89,  as  i.  Meekii  var.  gemdnum.  As  far  as  can  be  seen  from  the  figure  the 
difference  is  in  the  smaller  size  of  the  leaves  of  the  so-called  variety,  and 
the  contraction  in  the  middle  producing  two  round,  lateral,  basilar  lobes, 
and  by  emargination  of  the  apex  two  upper  lobes  of  the  same  character. 

These  leaves  do  not  appear  to  merely  represent  a  variety  but  a  species, 
derived  from  the  original  simple  form  by  median  contraction  producing 
more  complex,  lobed  leaves.  To  strengthen  his  supposition  that  the  lobate 
form  is  a  mere  variety.  Prof.  Heer  recalls  the  fa  ct  that  L.  tulipifera  L.  has 
not  only  leaves  of  very  different  size,  but  also  of  various  forms,  among 
them  some  nearly  circular  small  ones  not  at  all  lobate,  but  merely  flat  or 
emarginate  at  apex,  like  that  of  PL  XXIX,  Fig.  4.  But  the  small  leaves  of 
the  living  species  are  undeveloped  forms  appearing  later  at  the  base  of  the 
annual  branchlets,  and  always  very  few  in  number  in  comparison  to  those 
of  a  normal  form  and  of  a  whole  tree.  In  case  of  preservation  by  fossili- 
zation  they  should,  of  course,  be  very  rarely  found,  while  those  of  a  perfect 
state  of  conformation  would  be  most  common.  Here  we  have,  on  the  con- 
trary, an  abundance  of  the  entire  leaves  merely  emarginate  at  apex,  most 
of  all  being  larger  than  the  compound  ones.  I  therefore  regard  the  simple 
form  as  the  original,  the  others  as  local,  though  derived  from  it;  and  these 
of  course  may  be  admitted  as  varieties  or  as  species.     From  the  remarkablf^ 


206  THE  FLORA  OP  THE  DAKOTA  GEOUP. 

diversity  of  characters  seeu  in  tlie  leaves  of  Liriodeudroii  described  in  this 
vokime,  I  beHeve  that  no  botanist  woukl  be  disposed  to  consider  them  as 
mere  varieties  of  the  original,  obovate,  simple  leaves. 
Habitat :  Nebraska.     Specimens  not  seen. 

LiKIODENDRON   GIGANTBUM   Lesq. 

PI.  XXV,  Fig.  1;  PI.  XXVI,  Fig.  5;  PI.  XXVII,  Fig.  1. 
Cret.  FL,  p.  93,  PI.  sxii.  Fig.  2;  Oret.  and  Tert.  Fl.,  p.  74. 

Leaves  large,  broadly  bilobate  on  each  side,  deeply  emarginate  at 
apex;  lobes  at  riglit  angles  or  obliqne,  oblong,  obtuse;  sinuses  deep,  com- 
paratively narrow ;  lateral  nerves  simple,  oblique,  parallel,  straight,  and  stout. 

There  are  many  leaves  of  this  species,  all  large,  the  largest  (PL  XXVI, 
Fig.  3)  measuring  16.5"™  in  width  between  the  extremities  of  the  lower 
lobes,  lO*""  in  length  from  the  top  of  the  petiole  (broken)  to  the  apex  of  the 
median  nerve,  or  16™  to  the  top  of  the  upper  lobes.  The  secondaries, 
wliich  of  course  follow  the  angle  of  divergence  of  the  lobes,  are  at  an  angle 
of  50°  to  80°  to  the  median  nerve.  The  leaf  (PI.  XXV,  Fig.  1)  has  the 
lobes  more  oblique,  narrower,  while  that  shown  in  PL  XXVII,  Fig.  1,  has 
the  lobes  more  open  and  more  deeply  divided.  But  all  are  evidently  of 
the  same  species  and  of  tke  same  ckaracter  as  tke  one  described  in  Cret. 
FL,  p.  93,  PL  XXII,  Fig.  2,  which  is  only  a  fragment  of  the  upper  part  of 
an  apicial  lobe. 

Habitat:  Two  miles  from  Grlascoe,  Kansas.  Nos.  206,  335,  and  513  of 
the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology  of  Cambridge,  Massachusetts. 

LiKIODENDRON   GIGANTEUM  var.  CETJCLFOKME  Lesq. 

PI.  XXVIII,  Figs.  1,  2. 

Liriodendron  crimforme  Lesq.,  Cret  and  Tert.  Fl.,  p.  74 ;    Bull.  Mas.  Comp.  Zool., 
Cambridge,  vol.  7,  pt.  6,  1881,  p.  227. 

This  variety  as  seen  from  better  preserved  specimens  merely  differs 
from  the  normal  form  by  the  lobes  being  nearly  at  right  angles,  more  deeply 
cut  to  the  narrow  sinuses,  less  oblique  and  merely  obtusely  pointed;  the 
nervation  is  of  the  same  type. 

Habitat:  Elkkorn  Creek,  Kansas.  Nos.  192  and  197  of  the  Museum 
of  Comparative  Zoology  of  Cambridge,  Massachusetts. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  207 

LiRIODENDRON   INTERMEDItJM  Lesq. 

PL  XXV,  Fig.  5. 
Cret.  FL,  p.  93,  PI.  xx,  Fig.  5;  Cret.  and  Tert.  FL,  p.  74. 

Leaves  large,  naiTowly  bilobate  at  the  base,  deeply  emarginate  by  the 
upward  direction  of  the  upper  borders,  forming  oblong,  lanceolate  obtuse 
lobes  far  distant  from  the  lower  ones. 

Of  this  species,  which  as  yet  is  not  sufficiently  known,  a  second  speci- 
men has  been  obtained  representing,  like  the  fii"st  described  in  Cret.  Fl. 
(loc.  cit.),  merely  the  upper  part  of  a  leaf  The  space  between  the  upper 
and  lower  lobes  is  long,  and  thus  the  sinuses  which  separate  them  are 
scarcely  observable,  though  at  its  base  the  specimen  shows  an  evidently 
enlarging  part  or  the  oi'igin  of  a  lobe  apparently  large  and  at  right  angles. 
The  secondaries  are  less  distant  than  in  L.  semialatum  and  are  caniptodrome. 

Habitat:  Two  and  one-half  miles  from  Glascoe,  Kansas.  No.  504  of 
the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology  of  Cambridge,  Massachusetts. 

LtEIODBNDBON  ACUMINATUM  Lesq. 
PI.  XXVII,  Figs.  2, 3. 

Cret.  and  Tert.  FL,  p.  74;  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  Cambridge,  vol.  7,  pt.  6, 1881,  p.  227. 

Leaves  smaller,  about  half  as  large  as  those  of  L.  giffanteum,  cut  later- 
ally into  two  pairs  of  narrow,  linear,  acuminate  lobes. 

The  leaves,  which  are  not  coriaceous,  though  thickish,  are  rounded  or 
truncate  at  base;  the  lobes,  diverging  40°  to  50°  from  the  median  nerve, 
10""  to  12°"°  broad,  5™  to  7''°'  long,  are  separated  by  long  or  broad  sinuses; 
the  upper  ones  are  shorter  than  the  lower,  each  traversed  in  the  middle  by 
a  strong  craspedodrome  secondary  nerve  with  a  second  thin  and  campto- 
drome  nerve  near  the  basal  border.  None  of  the  nerves  are  branching;  no 
nervilles  are  distinct. 

Habitat:  Two  miles  south  of  Glascoe,  Kansas.  Nos.  504a  and  508  of 
the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology  of  Cambridge,  Massachusetts. 

LiRIODBNDKON  ACUMINATUM   Var.  BILOBATUM  n.  Viir. 
PL  XXVIII,  Fig.  4. 

Leaves  of  the  same  character  as  those  of  the  noi'mal  form,  differing  by 
the  lower  lateral  lobes  being  cut  to  the  middle  into  two  obliquely  diverging, 
lanceolate,  obtusely  pointed  lobes. 

This  form,  which  was  originally  considered  as  a  species,  is  really  a  mere 
variety  of  L.  acuminatum,  from  which  it  differs  by  the  subdivision  of  thQ 


208  THE  FLOEA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

lower  lobes,  like  that  often  observed  in  the  leaves  of  Aralia.  It  is  an 
anomaly  in  the  genus  Liriodendron.  Nevei'theless  a  subdivision  souiewhat 
like  that  of  this  leaf  is  remarked  in  the  leaf  of  L.  islandicum  Sap.  &  Mar. 
(Fl.  de  Meximieux,  PI.  xxxiii,  Fig.  a),  considered  by  some  authors  as  a 
variety  of  L.  Procaccmii  Ung.  It  has  the  lower  lobes  cut  into  two  sharply 
pointed  lobes,  though  the  base  of  the  leaves  is  generally  entire,  as  in  L.  Pro- 
caccinii  Uug.,  as  well  as  in  those  of  the  living  L.  tnUpifera  L.  The  char- 
acter of  nervation  is  the  same  in  the  variety  as  in  the  normal  form,  there 
being  merely  two  lateral  nerves  in  each  lobe  instead  of  one. 

Habitat:  Near  Fort  Harker,  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  Nos.  10b  and 
10c  of  the  museum  of  the  University  of  Kansas;  A.  Wellington,  collector. 

Liriodendron  Wellingtonii,  sp.  uov. 
PI.  XXVIII,  Pig.  3. 

Leaves  coriaceous,  of  medium  size,  divided  laterally  into  two  long, 
linear  obtuse  lobes  ascending  at  an  acute  angle  of  divergence,  the  lower 
nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  upper  ones,  curving  inside;  lateral  nerves  thin, 
parallel. 

This  fine  leaf  could  scarcely  be  understood  without  a  figure.  It  is 
broadly  wedgefonn  and  rounded  at  base  to  a  thin  petiole ;  the  lower  lobes, 
diverging  at  base  at  an  angle  of  40°,  soon  curve  inward,  ascending  nearly 
vertically  from  the  middle  to  the  somewhat  enlarged,  obtuse  apex ;  the 
upper  are  shorter,  at  an  angle  of  divergence  of  40°. 

Though  of  a  type  closely  related  to  that  of  L.  acuminatum^  this  leaf 
can  not  be  considered  as  a  variety  of  that  species,  except  by  admitting  that 
all  the  forms  described  here  are  mere  modifications  of  an  original  extremely 
variable  type  whose  leaves  could  all  have  been  growing  upon  the  same  tree 
and  are  therefore  not  separable  into  species.  From  the  diversity  of  the 
leaves  described  here  this  supposition  is  certainly  not  admissible. 

Habitat:  Near  Fort  Harker,  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  Collector, 
Mr.  A.  Wellington,  to  whom  the  species  is  dedicated.  Nos.  1 1  and  1 1  b  of 
the  museum  of  the  University  of  Kansas. 


DESOKIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  209 

LlEIODENDRON   PINNATIFIDUM   Lesq. 

PI,  XXVII,  Figs.  4,  5. 
Cret.  and  Tert.  Fl.,  p.  76 ;  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.  Cambridge,  vol.  7,  pt.  6, 1881,  p.  227. 

Leaves  coriaceous,  with  surface  polished,  hnear,  piuuately  alternately 
lobed ;  lobes  short,  obtuse  truncate  or  angular,  abruptly  narrowed  into  an 
obtusely  lobate  or  subtruncate  apex,  separated  by  broad,  unequal  sinuses. 

This  form  is  very  peculiar;  but  although  the  specimen  is  fragmentary, 
it  appears  clearly  defined  and  referable  to  this  genus.  The  fi-agment  pre- 
served is  lO""  long,  4""  broad  at  the  middle,  a  little  narrowed  upward  to  a 
truncate  apex  and  downward  to  the  rounded  base.  It  is  cut  on  each  side 
into  three  alternate  short  obtuse  or  truncate  lobes,  separated  by  broad,  flat 
or  half  round  sinuses,  the  lower  of  which  are  much  shorter  than  the  upper 
ones-  The  lateral  nerves  are  close,  numerous,  camptodrome,  often  forking 
near  the  borders,  where  they  become  effaced,  their  angle  of  divergence 
being  50°. 

The  fragment  (Fig.  5)  appears  to  be  referable  to  this  species,  tliough  its 
nervation,  which  is  of  the  same  type  as  that  of  PL  XXV,  Fig.  4,  is  differ- 
ent from  that  of  PL  XXVII,  Fig.  4.  The  nervation  of  this  last  fragment 
is  of  the  same  character  as  that  of  L.  semialatuin  as  seen  in  PL  XXV,  Figs. 
2,  3,  where  the  nerves  are  quite  as  proximate  at  the  same  angle  of  diverg- 
ence, forked  and  effaced  near  the  borders. 

Habitat:  Two  and  one-half  miles  from  Glascoe,  Kansas.  Nos.  526 
and  531  of  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology  of  Cambridge,  Massa- 
chusetts. 

LlEIODENDRON   SNOWII,  Sp.  DOV. 

PI.  XXIX,  Figs.  1,  2. 

Leaves  large,  ovate  in  outline,  emarginate  at  apex,  pinnately,  horizon- 
tally divided  into  linear,  obtuse  lobes,  distant  and  distinct  for  their  whole 
le;igth,  attached  by  their  whole  base  to  the  thick  median  nerve-like  pinnules 
of  a  compound  leaf,  curved  down  at  base  or  slightly  decurring  to  the  mid- 
rib, inclined  upward  and  somewhat  enlarged  to  their  outer  end,  each  with 
one  or  two  secondaries,  parallel,  the  upper  near  to  the  borders,  the  lower 
stronger,  more  prolonged,  both  joined  and  anastomosing  with  thin,  margi- 
nal tertiaries  which  follow  close  to  the  bordei's  in  festoons. 

The  leaves  are  so  remarkably  different  from  those  of  the  normal  form 
of  Liriodendron,  that  it  is  at  first  difficult  to  see  how  thev  are  identified 
with  the  genus.     Nevertheless,  considering  the  divisions  and  subdivisions 

MON  XVXI 14 


210  THE  FLORA  OP  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

of  the  lamina  into  linear,  acute  or  obtuse  lobes  in  L.  acuminatum,  L.  Well- 
ingtonii,  L.  phuiaillidum,  etc.,  one  is  forced  to  admit,  esi)ecially  from  the 
character  of  the  nervation,  that  they  pertain  to  Liriodendron. 

The  fragments  show  the  essential  parts  of  what  at  first  seem  to  be 
compound  leaves.  The  lobes  on  each  side  of  the  median  nerve  are  sub- 
opposite,  about  5"""  long,  1°™  broad  near  the  base,  17""  toward  the  apex, 
where  they  are  either  entire,  obtiise,  or  lobate,  separated  by  a  distance  about 
equal  to  that  of  their  width,  like  the  lobes  of  L.  pinnatifidum,  which,  how- 
ever, are  not  cut  deep  to  the  median  nerve.  This  remarkaljle  species  shows 
more  than  any  other  of  the  genus  the  tendency  to  variability  in  the  leaves 
of  the  Dakota  Group. 

Habitat:  Ellswoiih  County,  Kansas.  No.  4  of  the  museum  of  the 
University  of  Kansas ;  A.  Wellington,  collector.  Fig.  '2  is  that  of  a  speci- 
men recently  sent  from  Kansas,  now  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  R.  D.'  Lacoe. 

LlRIOPHYLLUM   OBCORDATUM   Lesq. 

PI.  XXVIII,  Fig.  7. 
Cret.  and  Tert.  FL,  p,  77. 

Leaf  obovate,  deeply  emarginate  or  split  at  apex,  in  the  direction  of 
the  midi'ib,  narrowed  and  cuneate  to  the  base;  median  nerve  narrow,  rigid; 
secondaries  few,  thin,  at  an  acute  angle  of  divergence,  simple,  oblique, 
effaced  near  the  borders. 

This  small  leaf,  by  its  deeply,  narrowly  emarginate  apex  and  by  its 
nervation,  has  its  affinity  more  distinctly  marked  with  Liriophyllum  than 
with  Liriodendron.  It  is  nearly  3'^'"  long,  not  quite  1.5"'"  broad  in  the  upper 
part,  with  two  pairs  of  thin  secondaries  ascending  high  at  an  angle  of  di- 
vergence of  30°  and  curving  at  a  distance  from  the  borders ;  the  jDetiole  is 
destroyed.  Though  comparable  to  some  of  the  figures  given  by  Heer  as 
varieties  of  Liriodendron  Meekii,  it  evidently  differs  in  essential  characters, 
viz,  the  prolongation  of  the  upper  pair  of  secondaries  to  near  the  apex  of 
the  upper  borders  or  lobes  of  the  leaf,  as  in  those  of  LiriophyUum  populoides 
Lesq.  (Cret.  and  Tert.  FL,  PI.  xi.  Figs.  1,  2). 

Habitat:  Near  Fort  Harker,  Kansas.  Specimen  in  the  Museum  of 
Comparative  Zoology  of  Cambridge,  Massachusetts. 

Liriophyllum  Beckwithii  Lesq. 

Oret.  and  Tert.  Fl.,  p.  76,  PL  x,  Fig.  1;  Hayden's  Auu.  Rept.,  1876,  p.  482. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  211 

LiRioPHTLLUM  POPULOiDES  Lesq. 

Cret.  and  Tert.  FL,  p.  76,  PI.  xi,  Pigs.  1,  2. 

Carpitbs  liriophylli  Lesq. 

Cret.  and  Tert.  FL,  p.  77,  PI.  xi,  Fig.  5. 

Dbwalquea  dakotensis,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  LIX,  Figs.  5,  6. 

Leaves  large,  compound,  with  a  main  petiole  somewhat  thick  as  seen 
frojn  the  fragment  figured,  pedate-digitate,  tripartite,  segments  or  leaflets 
petiolate,  lanceolate,  entire,  obtuse  or  apiculate,  broken  at  apex;  median 
nerve  stout;  secondaries  variable  in  distance,  parallel,  oblique,  and  camj)- 
todrome. 

One  of  the  leaflets,  which  is  half  as  long  as  the  others,  appears  to  be 
a  lateral  one,  being  gradually  enlarged  up  to  near  the  apex,  there  rounding 
to  a  short  mucro. 

These  fragments  are  comparable  to  the  leaflets  of  Dewcdquea  gelinden- 
ensis  Sap.  &  Mar.^,  being  especially  like  Fig.  3  of  this  last  plate,  the  leaves 
from  Kansas  having  the  leaflets  a  little  broader,  the  main  pedicel  slightly 
thicker,  the  pedicels  of  the  leaflets  of  the  same  size  and  length,  naked  from 
the  base  of  the  leaflets  which  are  narrowed  at  base  to  the  petiole  and  join 
it  without  decurring  to  it. 

The  leaflets  are  apparently  long,  but  the  upper  part  is  destroyed.  The 
preserved  fragment  is  8"°  long,  with  a  petiole  1"""  to  2™"  broad.  One  of  them 
(PI.  LIX,  Fig.  5)  bears  on  the  side  the  remains  of  the  common  petiole.  The 
leaflets  generally  become  narrowed  near  the  apex  to  a  short  acumen,  or 
become  mucronate,  as  in  the  smaller  leaflet  mentioned  above,  which  is  only 
^om  ^Qjjg  .^y^([  2'='"  broad  in  its  upper  part. 

None  of  the  species  described  by  Heer  from  the  Cretaceous  of  Green- 
land. D.  insignis  Heer,^  with  the  dentate  leaflets ;  D.  grcenlandica  Heer,^  also 
described  from  Patoot,  with  leaflets  gradually  narrowed  and  decurring  to 
the  petiole,  nor  B.  heldemiana  Sap.  &  Mar.,  described  from  mere  fragments 
in  the  Patoot  Flora,  have  even  a  distant  relation  to  the  species  from  Kansas. 

Habitat:  Kansas. 

1  V^g.  Mames  Heers.  Gelind.,  p.  61,  PI.  viii,  Figs.  3,  4;  PI.  ix,  Figs.  1-7. 

2P1.  Fobs.  Arct.,  vol.  6,  Abth.  2,  p.  86,  PI.  xxv,  Fig.  7;  PI.  xxxni.  Figs.  14-16. 

=>Loc.  cit.,  p.  87,  PI.  xxix,  Figs.  18,  19;  PI.  xlii,  Fig.  6;  PI.  xliv,  Fig.  11. 


212  THE  FLORA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

GENERA  AND  SPECIES  OF  UNCERTAIN  RELATION. 

ASPLDIOPHYLLUM  DENTATUM  Lesq. 

PI.  XXXIX,  Fig.  1. 
Cret.  and  Tert.  Fl.,  p.  88. 

Leaves  large,  palmately  thi-ee  nerved  from  above  the  base ;  five-lobate 
by  the  division  of  the  lateral  lobes;  lobes  oblong,  obtuse,  and  obtusely 
dentate  or  deeply  nndnlate  on  the  borders;  primaries  rather  narrow.  The 
leaf  is  constricted  at  base  into  a  fanlike  obtusely  five-toothed  shield,  cover- 
ing the  top  of  the  petiole. 

This  species  has  been  described  from  the  specimen  figured  here.  In 
comparison  with  the  leaves  of  A.  trilobatum  this  one  is  somewhat  smaller, 
but  a  large  leaf  nevertheless.  From  the  forking  of  the  primary  lateral 
nerves  above  the  base  it  is  evident  that  the  leaf  is  five-lobate ;  but  as  yet  I 
have  not  seen  any  specimens  indicating  the  form  of  these  lateral  lobes,  none 
of  the  leaves  of  A.  trilohatmn  showing  a  disposition  to  a  five-lobate  division. 
The  leaf  is  comparable  to  that  of  Sassafras  (AraliopsisJ  dissectum  (PL  XIV, 
Fig.  1),  the  form  of  the  median  lobe  and  the  disposition  of  the  secondaries 
being  about  the  same  in  both  leaves,  differing  much,  however,  by  tlie  basilar 
appendage  or  stipule  and  the  more  obtusely  dentate  or  lobed  borders. 

The  basilar  shield  of  Aspidiophyllum  has  a  great  aflfiuit}^  to  the  basilar 
expansion  remarked  upon  some  of  the  largest  leaves  of  Platanus  occiden- 
talis,  which  are  sometimes  prolonged  dowmward  to  a  round,  entire,  or  lobed 
stipular  base,  covering  the  upper  part  of  the  top  of  the  petiole  or  of  the 
median  nerve  in  its  continuation  to  the  petiole,  which  passes  underneatli. 
Tliis,  as  has  ali-eady  been  remarked,  is  not  the  only  point  of  affinity  that 
tlie  leaves  of  Sassafras  (Araliopsis)  and  Aspidiophyllum  have  with  those  of 
Platanus,  the  nervation  of  all  being  of  the  same  type. 

Habitat:  Probably  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  614  of  the  col- 
lection of  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology,  of  Cambridge,  Massa- 
chusetts. 

Aspidiophyllum  pxatanifolium  Lesq. 

Cret.  and  Tert.  FL,  p.  88,  PI.  ii.  Fig.  4. 

Aspidiophylltjm:  trilobatum  Lesq. 

Cret.  and  Tert.  Fl.,  p.  87,  PI.  xii,  Fig.  1;  PI.  xiii,  Pigs.  1-5 ;  PI.  xiv.  Fig.  1. 


BESCEIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  2V6 

Eremophyllum  fimbriatum  Lesq. 

Cret.  PL,  p.  107,  PI.  vii.  Fig.  1. 

Ficus  f  fimhriata  Lesq.,  Am.  Jour,  Sci.  and  Arts,  series  2,  vol.  46, 1868,  p.  96. 

Phtllites  ilicifolius,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  X,  Pig.  9. 

Leaf  thick,  coriaceous,  entire,  oblong  lanceolate,  rounded  at  base  and 
apex?  (destroyed);  median  nerve  very  thick,  disproportionally  so  in  com- 
parison to  the  lateral  nerves;  secondaries  distant,  straight  and  oblique  to 
above  the  middle,  there  abruptly  cm-ved  upward,  ascending  parallel  to  the 
borders,  but  at  a  distance  from  them,  emitting  from  the  back  of  the  bows 
oblique  or  curved  nervilles  toward  the  borders. 

The  conformation  of  the  leaf  is  peculiar.  Its  preserved  part,  which  is 
10""  long  and  5"™  broad  toward  the  base,  has  a  median  nerve  3°""  in  diam- 
eter in  its  lower  part,  above  the  short  petiole,  and  six  pairs  of  secondaries 
diverging  50°  to  60°,  going  straight  up  to  a  distance  from  the  borders  and 
anastomosing-  in  forming  flat  bows,  a  nervation  similar  to  that  of  the  leaves 
of  Hedycarya  arborea  J.  et  G.  Forst,  of  New  Zealand. 

The  leaf  has  a  distinct  affinity  to  Ilex  borealis  Heer,  of  which  a  leaf  is 
represented  in  PL  XXXV,  Fig.  8. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  208  of  the  collection  of  Mr. 
R.  D.  Lacoe. 

Phyllites  Lacoei,  sp.  nov. 
PL  XLV,  Fig.  6. 

Leaf  very  thick,  petioled,  flabelliform,  enlarged  on  the  side,  broader 
than  long,  subtruncate  at  base,  crenulate  all  around ;  primary  nerve  thick, 
percurrent ;  secondaries  inequi distant,  parallel,  seven  pairs,  the  lower  oppo- 
site, the  upper  alternate,  craspedodrome  with  their  few  branches;  areola- 
tion  very  small,  quadrate. 

This  leaf  has  some  likeness  to  that  of  PI.  XLV,  Fig.  2,  described  as 
Protophyllum  erassum,  but  by  its  form  only,  for  the  nervation  is  pinnate,  the 
lower  secondaries  from  the  base  of  the  leaf  oblique,  at  an  angle  of  diver- 
gence of  40°,  nuuiing  straight  to  the  boi'ders,  with  few  thinner  branches, 
all  craspedodi'ome. 

Habitat :  Kansas.     No.  4156  of  the  collection  of  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe. 


214  THE  FLORA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

Phyllites  Snowii,  sp.  uov. 
PI.  XXXVIir,  Fig.  2. 

Leaf  large,  of  thin  texture,  ovate,  obtuse,  truncate  and  inequilateral 
at  base,  minutely  dentate ;  primary  nerve  narrow,  secondaries  thin,  open, 
nearly  straight  and  parallel,  the  lower  branching. 

The  leaf,  which  is  10""' long  and  d"^  broad  in  the  middle,  has  the 
aspect  of  a  leaf  of  Platanus,  and  also  resembles,  in  some  characters,  leaves  of 
Protophyllum.  It  differs  from  both  by  its  abnormal  form,  being  inequilat- 
eral or  more  prolonged  at  base  on  one  side  than  on  the  other.  Its  nerva- 
tion is  pinnate,  the  secondaries  being  all  alternate,  eight  pairs,  at  an  angle 
of  60°,  the  lowest  branching  and  anastomosing  in  bows  along  the  truncate 
base  without  connection  to  a  basilar  veinlet;  the  others  craspedodrome  as 
well  as  their  divisions;  nervilles  distinct  and  distant,  simple  and  flexuous. 

I  do  not  know  of  any  distinct  relationship  of  this  leaf  to  any  fossil 
species.  It  is  comparable  to  Ahiifes  gramUfoVms  Newb.  (Illustr.  Cret.  and 
Tert.  PL,  Pl.  iv,  Fig.  2),  a  fragment  without  description,  in  which  the  rela- 
tion to  Alnus  is  very  obscure.  On  account  of  the  leaf  being  inequilateral 
it  might  rather  be  compared  to  some  species  of  Ulmus,  as_  U.  crassinervia 
Ett.  (Flora  v.  Bihn,  p.  63  (139),  PI.  xviii,  Figs.  28  and  29),  or  U.  diptera 
Steenstr.,  as  represented  by  Heer  in  Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  vol.  1,  p.  149,  PI.  xxvii, 
Fig.  3. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  765  of  the  museum  of  the 
University  of  Kansas ;  E.  P.  West,  collector. 

Phyllites  Vanon^  Heer. 
PI.  XX,  Fig.  9;  PI.  XLII,  Fig.  5. 

Phyll.  Cr6t.  du  Nebr.,  p.  22,  PI.  i,  Fig.  8;  Lesquereux,  Cret.  FL,  p.  113,  PI.  xx,  Fig.  7; 

PI.  xxviir,  Fig.  8. 

Leaves  of  this  species  of  medium  size,  entire,  ovate,  blunt  at  apex, 
generally  without  any  trace  of  nervation  as  described  (loc.  cit.),  are  not 
rare  in  the  Dakota  Grroup.  Those  I  have  figured  here  have  the  secondaries 
distinct  though  very  thin.  The  secondaries  are  opposite,  proximate,  se^-en- 
teen  to  eighteen  paus  on  one  of  the  leaves,  the  largest  more  distant  on  tli;^ 
other,  where  they  are  partly  effaced.  This  nervation  and  also  the  form  of 
the  leaves  seem  to  refer  them  to  Ficus  or  to  some  Leguminosites.  They 
are  comparable  for  their  form  to  Ficus  pulcJierrima  Sap.,^  which  has  the  sec- 

'fitudea,  pt.  1,P1.  VII,  Fig.  2. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  215 

ondaries  of  the  same  type  but  more  distant  and  more  curved,  and  also  to 
Leguminosites  phaseolites  Heer.^     All  of  these  leaves  are  fragmentary  and 
much  smaller;  Figs  8-10  have  the  secondaries  close,  at  an  acute  angle  of 
divergence,  camptodrome,  like  those  of  Fig.  9.     The  relation  is  distant. 
Habitat:  Kansas.     Represented  in  all  the  collections  named, 

Phyllites  laxjeencianus,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  XLIV,  Fig.  5. 

Leaf  small,  truncate  at  base,  lanceolate  acuminate,  not  coriaceous  but 
with  polished  surface,  pinnately  nerved;  median  nerve  rigid,  secondaries 
six  pairs,  equidistant  and  parallel,  arched  near  the  borders  and  incumbent 
in  marginal,  distinct,  simple  bows. 

This  leaf,  which  is  3"""  long  and  2*""  broad,  is  broken  at  the  base,  but  is 
apparently  truncate,  inequilateral,  slightly  curved  at  the  sharply  pointed 
apex.     No  relation  is  as  yet  found  to  it.^ 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  846  of  the  museum  of  the 
University  of  Kansas.     Collected  by  E.  P.  West. 

Phyllites  perplbxits,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  XXXVIII,  Fig.  1.5. 

A  transverse  fragment  of  a  compound  leaf  with  two  opposite,  very 
small  leaflets,  at  right  angles  to  the  rachis,  5""  long,  a  little  more  than  1""" 
broad,  linear,  entire,  obtuse,  slightly  curved  upward  with  a  thin,  median 
nerve  and  two  pairs  of  altei-nate,  oblique  secondaries  curving  toward  the 
borders.     Fragment  of  uncertain  relation. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  797  of  the  museinn  of  the 
University  of  Kansas  ;  E.  P.  West,  collector. 

Phyllites  celatus,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  LXI,  Fig.  1. 

Leaf  enlarged,  round,  oval,  entire  at  apex,  gradually  passing  down- 
ward into  a  naiTOw,  linear,  flat  coUum,  abruptly  enlarged  at  its  base  into  a 
broader,  round  appendage  or  pelta,  pierced  at  tlie  middle  and  traversed  l)y 
the  base  of  the  midrib,  which  passes  undei'iieath;  midrib  of  medium  size, 
straight  and  distinctly  marked;  secondaries  in  the  round  part  of  the  leaf, 
straight,  oblique,   equidistant,   strong,   parallel,   craspedodrome,    with  few 

1  Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  vol  3,  pt.  2,  p.  118,  PI.  xxxiv,  Figs.  7-11. 

"In  a  Bubsequeut  brief  note  Prof.  Lesquereux  adds :  "A  leaf  in  Engelhardt,  Nova  Acta,  vol.  ;58, 
1876,  PI.  XXVII,  Figs.  2.5-27,  named  Cassia  eordifolia  Hcer,  lias  form  and  sis-.e  of  my  Fig.  .'>,  PI.  XLIV, 
bnt  it  Las  no  nerves.     It  (mine)  can,  however,  be  named  Cassia  or  Legnminosites." — F.  H.  K, 


216  THE  FLORA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

branches,  tliose  of  the  cohimn  irreguhir,  at  right  angles  to  the  midrib,  curved 
upward;  those  of  the  pelta  descending  to  it  fi'om  the  base  of  tlie  midrib, 
there  diversely  ramose. 

Habitat:  Near  Fort  Harker,  Kansas.  No.  2722  of  the  U.  S.  National 
Miiseum. 

Phyllites  sp. 
PI.  LIX,   Fig.   7. 

A  mere  fragment,  being  only  the  lower  half  of  an  entire  coriaceous 
leaf,  which  is  lanceolate,  narrowed  to  the  base  of  the  midrib,  which  is 
slightly  enlarged  into  a  very  short  petiole,  penninerved ;  median  nerve  com- 
paratively strong;  secondaries  very  oblique,  parallel  and  equidistant,  straight 
or  undulate  in  passing  toward  the  borders,  camptodrome,  anastomosing  in 
short  bows  at  a  distance  from  the  borders,  which  they  follow  in  double 
areoles. 

The  divergence  of  the  secondaries  is  only  30°,  there  being  seven  pairs 
of  secondaries,  which  are  very  distinct  upon  the  fragment  of  a  leaf,  which 
is  only  5*""  long  and  about  3""  broad  at  the  middle.  The  secondaries  are 
deep  and  strong,  except  the  lowest,  which  are  comparatively  very  thin  and 
follow  the  borders,  where  they  anastomose  with  branches  of  that  above  it. 

The  fragment  is  comparable  to  the  leaf  of  Laurus  Haidingeri  Ett.,  as 
figured  in  Fl.  v.  Biliu,  pt.  1,  PI.  xxx,  Fig.  8,  at  least  for  its  peculiar  nervation. 

Habitat:  Kansas. 

Phyllites  stipxtl^formis,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  LXI,  Fig.  2. 

Apparently  the  upper  part  of  two  leaflets  of  a  compound  or  bifid  leaf 
whose  real  form  is  consequently  unknown.  The  fragment  is  of  coarse  tex- 
tm-e,  irregularly  ovate,  truncate  or  lacerate  at  base,  obtuse;  the  two  apices 
turned  toward  each  other,  the  nervation  very  coarse  and  irregular,  more  like 
that  of  a  double  leaf-like  stipule,  the  secondary  nerves  parallel  or  diverging 
above  Avith  short,  thick  branches,  straight  or  oblique  to  the  borders,  and 
deep  nervilles  variable  in  distance  and  direction. 

Habitat:  Kansas. 

Phyllites  erostjs,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  LXI,  Fig.  4. 

Leaf  of  medium  size,  coriaceous,  ovate,  lanceolate,  obtuse  at  apex, 
narrowed  and  cimeiform  at  the  base,  entire,  irregularly  cut  at  tlie  l:)order  as 
if  gnawed  into  by  animals,  petiolate;  midrib  percurrent;  secondaries  nearly 


DESCRIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  217 

at  right  angles  to  it,  slightly  curved  in  passing  toward  the  borders,  numerous, 
abruptly  curved  and  incumbent  near  the  borders,  camptodrome. 

The  leaf  could  be  compared  to  some  species  of  Ficus,  like  F.  multi- 
nervis  Heer,  by  its  nervation;  but  the  petiole  is  like  a  coiatinuity  of  tlie 
midi'ib,  being  flat  and  narrow.  The  secondaries  are  numerous,  nearly  at 
right  angles,  with  some  trace  of  thinner,  parallel  tertiaries,  which,  however, 
are  scarcely  observable;  the  areolation  is  totally  obsolete.  Tlie  leaf  is 
7.5"""  long,  nearly  3*""  broad  at  the  middle,  with  a  petiole  l.S"""  long,  appar- 
ently broken.  The  secondaries  are  3"""  to  4"""  distant  at  the  base,  and 
diverge  from  the  midi'ib  at  an  angle  of  70°. 

Habitat:  Near  Fort  Barker,  Kansas.  No.  2726  of  the  U.  S.  National 
Museum. 

Phyllites  amissus,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  LXII,  Fig.  1. 

Leaf  of  medium  size,  coriaceous,  elliptical,  emarginate  at  apex,  entire, 
slightly  narrowed  toward  the  base  and  rounding  in  joining  the  median 
nerve;  midrib  thick  or  rather  stout,  nearly  equal  its  whole  length;  second- 
aries eleven  to  twelve  pairs,  open,  diverging  60°  from  the  midrib,  slightly 
curving,  disappearing  before  reaching  the  borders,  apparently  camptodrome. 

The  leaf  is  d.d""^  long,  4"""  wide  in  the  middle.  The  leaf  is  emarginate 
at  the  apex  and  by  its  form  may  be  compared  to  Sapotacites  retusus  Heer,' 
but  the  nervation  is  of  a  far  different  type.  As  yet  the  generic  relation  is 
not  known.  Rather  referable  to  Bombax  and  comparable  to  B.  ohlonyifolium 
Ett.,^  from  which  it  differs  by  the  broader,  oval  size  of  the  leaves  and  the 
somewhat  longer  secondaries. 

Habitat:  Near  Fort  Harker,  Kansas.  No.  2756  of  the  U.  S.  National 
Museum. 

Phyllites  aristolochijEfoemis,  ap.  nov. 
PI.  LIX,  Fig.  8. 

Leaves  sagittate-hastate,  auricled  at  base,  tapering  up  from  tlie  base 
and  acuminate,  entire ;  texture  thin ;  midrib  narrow,  percurrent ;  seconda- 
ries oblique,  camptodi-ome,  very  thin;  uervilles  curved  and  branching  into 
a  large  irregular  areolation. 

This  leaf  is  5"""  long  and  3"™  broad  above  the  base,  where  it  is  rounded 
into  unequal  lobes  or  auricles,  only  one  descending  lower  than  the  base 

'PI.  Foes.  Arct.,  vol.  7,  p.  32,  PI.  i,xi,  Fig.  10. 
«F1.  V.  Biliu,  pt.  3,  PI.  XLli,  Fig.  10, 


218  THE  PLOEA  OP  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

of  the  midrib.  It  appears  of  thin  texture,  the  midi-il)  being  narrow ;  the 
secondaries  numerous,  jjarallel,  at  an  acute  angle  of  divergence  of  nearly 
50°,  and  a  little  curved  in  passing  toward  the  borders,  incumbent  and  camp- 
todrome. 

The  form  of  the  leaf,  at  least  in  its  lower  part,  is  verj  similar  to  that 
of  the  fragment  of  Aristolochia  mceqimUs  Heer  (Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  vol.  7,  PI. 
xcii.  Fig.  2),  from  the  Miocene  of  Bear  Island.  But  the  whole  leaf  does 
not  show  the  character  of  the  leaves  of  Aiistolochia,  as  all  the  secondaries 
appear  oblique  from  the  midi-ib,  none  of  the  lower  being  turned  downward 
into  the  lobes  or  auricles.  Except  for  this  difference  the  nervation  and 
areolation  correspond  to  that  of  the  leaf  figured  by  Heer  (loc.  cit.),  being 
also  similar  to  it  by  the  unequally  lobed  base. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  1246  of  the  collection  of 
Prof  F.  H.  Snow ;  E.  P.  West,  collector. 

Phyllites  dueescens,  sp.  uov. 
PI.  LXI,  Pig.  5;    PI.  LXII,  Pig.  3. 

Leaves  coriaceous,  flat  or  incurved  along  the  borders,  broadly  oval, 
entire,  undulate,  rounded  at  apex,  narrowed  to  a  long  petiole,  penninerved; 
midrib  straight  and  stout,  percurrent;  secondaries  equidistant,  parallel, 
oblique,  with  few  branches,  craspedodi'ome. 

These  leaves  are  of  large  size,  being  narrowed  and  prolonged  down- 
ward, their  borders  nearly  entire,  their  long  petiole  straight  down  as  con- 
tinuation of  the  raidi'ib  and  with  distant  parallel  secondaries.  They  are 
comparable  to  some  species  of  Terminalia,  like  T.  radobojana  Ung.,  of  the 
Miocene  of  Europe,  T.  rectinerva  Velen.,^  which,  like  that  of  the  Miocene, 
has  the  leaves  narrow,  but  the  secondaries  are  straight  in  passing  toward  the 
borders  and  craspedodrome.  The  relation  which  is  marked  in  the  general 
appearance  is  not  really  close. 

The  leaves  are  very  variable  in  size,  ranging  from  6.5''"'  iu  length  or 
more,  from  3.5"'"  to  6.5*"°  broad  in  the  middle,  the  larger  leaves  having  the 
petiole  like  a  continuation  of  the  midrib  3"""  long,  inflated  at  the  point  of 
attachrnent."  They  have  six  pairs  of  strong,  alternate,  oblique  secondaries 
diverging  40°  to  45°  from  the  midrib,  according  to  the  width  of  the  leaves, 
and  passing  straight  to  the  borders  with  few  branches. 

Habitat:  Probably  all  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  Fig.  3,  PI.  LXXIV, 
is  No.  2749  of  the  U.  S.  National  Museum. 


'Fl.  Bohm.  Kreide.,  pt.  3,  PI.  v,  Figs.  1,  2. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  219 

Phyllites  innectens,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  LXV,  Pig.  6. 

Leaf  small,  lanceolate,  obtuse,  enlarged  above  the  base  or  bossed  on 
one  side,  apparently  clasping  by  the  base  (destroyed) ;  midrib  conspicuous, 
percmTent;  secondaries  few,  very  thin,  oblique  at  base,  arched,  campto- 
drome,  distant,  forming  large  festoons  near  the  borders. 

A  fragment  of  peculiar  form  but  not  quite  determinable,  the  base  being 
desti'oyed.  It  is  3.5""  long,  obtuse,  enlarged  above  the  base  to  1.5'^'"  in 
width,  bossed  on  one  side,  inflexed  on  the  other.     No  analogy  i-ecognized. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  1143  of  the  collection  of  Mi-. 
R.  D.  Lacoe. 

Phyllites  khoifolius  Lesq. 
Cret.  Fl.,  p.  Ill,  PI.  XXII,  Figs.  5,  6. 

Phyllites  rhomboideits  Lesq. 
Cret.  Fl.,  p.  112,  PI.  vi,  Fig.  8. 

Phyllites  umbonatus  Lesq. 
Cret.  Fl.,  p.  113,  PI.  xix,  Fig.  4. 

Apparently  a  small,  deformed,  and  fragmentaiy  leaf  of  Liriophyllum 
populoides  Lesq.  (Cret.  and  Tert.  Fl.,  p.  76,  PI.  xi.  Figs.  1,  2). 

Phyllites  amokphus  Lesq. 

Cret.  Fl.,  p.  113,  PL  xxii,  Figs.  3,  4. 

Ptbnosteobus  nebrascensis  Lesq. 

Cret.  FL,  p.  114,  PL  xxiv,  Fig.  1. 

NORDENSKIOLDIA  BOREALIS  Heer. 
PI.  XLIV,  Fig.  6. 

Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  vol.  2,  pt.  3,  p.  65,  PI.  vii,  Figs.  1-13. 

Fruit  capsular,  dehiscent;  carpels  10  to  12,  woody,  verticellate  around 
a  central  axis;  seeds  small,  ovate. 

Under  this  name  and  as  described  above,  Heer  has  figured  a  largo 
number  of  globose,  capsular  fruits,  to  which  the  one  figured  liere  is  appar- 
ently referable.  I  have  seen  only  two  specimens  of  these  fruits  from  the 
Dakota  Grroup,  both  partly  embedded  in  a  hard,  ferruginous  sandstone  and 
closed,  except  the  upper  part  of  the  one  figured  here,  which  is  partly  broken. 


220  THE  FLOEA  OF  TH]B  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

It  is  composed  of  about  twelve  divisions  or  carpels  placed  around  a  central 
axis.  Of  the  numerous  figures  of  Heer  (loc.  cit.),  it  essentially  resembles 
Figs.  2c  and  10a,  being  only  a  little  larger.  But  Heer^  acknowledges  as 
representing  the  same  species,  fragments  of  still  larger  seed  than  the  one  I 
Iiave  figured.  He  considered  it  first  as  a  fruit  of  Diospyros.  He  compares 
the  fruits  to  those  of  Abeibopsis,  described  in  Fl.  Tert.  Helv.,  vol.  3,  PI. 
cxviii,  and  also  to  those  of  Cucimntes  variahUis  Bowerb.,  from  the  London 
clay.  The  relation  of  these  fruits  to  Nordenskioldia  may  receive  a  higher 
degree  of  axithority  from  the  fact  that  fine  leaves  of  Abeibopsis  have  been 
found  in  the  Dakota  Group  as  well  as  in  an  upper  stage  of  the  Cretaceous, 
as  described  below. 

The  identit)^  of  the  species  with  that  of  Heer  is  not  positively  ascer- 
tained, though  no  appreciable  difference  is  to  be  remarked. 

Habitat:  Kansas.     Collection  of  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe. 

Caepites  coedipormis,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  XXII,  Fig.  9. 

Fruit  deeply  impressed  into  the  stone,  cordiform,  separated  in  the 
middle  by  a  deep,  linear  furrow,  as  though  composed  of  two  narrowly 
obovate  OAiiles,  which  are  straight  and  confluent  in  the  middle,  rounded 
above,  curved  on  the  sides,  pointed  at  the  upper  end,  convex  on  the  surface. 

The  fruit  is  12"'"'"  long  and  10°"  broad  in  the  upper  part,  and  is  not 
flattened,  but  each  of  the  ovules  is  convex,  as  if  coimate  in  the  middle  along 
the  narrow  line  of  separation.  It  seems  thus  conformed  like  the  seeds  of 
Sapindus,  comparable,  for  example,  to  8.  falcifoliiis  as  figured  by  Heer  in 
Fl.  Tert.  Helv.,  vol.  3,  PI.  cxx.  Fig.  8,  which  is,  however,  smaller  and  oval. 
As  Heer  remarks,  p.  61  (loc.  cit),  in  some  species  of  Sapindus,  S.  saponarius 
L.,  for  example,  the  seeds  or  ovules  are  united  by  twos  along  a  thin,  linear 
clasp.  Of  the  simple,  detached  seeds  the  author  has  also  figured  a  nunaber 
(loc.  cit.,  PI.  cxxi,  Fig.  2c),  some  of  them  rounded  on  one  side,  straight  or 
flat  on  the  other,  of  such  a  shape  that  if  two  of  them  were  connate  along 
the  lineal  side  they  would  produce  a  fruit  like  that  described  above. 

As  the  leaves  of  Sapindus  are  abundantly  found  in  the  Dakota  Group, 
the  reference  of  this  fruit  to  that  genus  seems  authorized. 

Habitat:  Kansas.     No.  4111  of  the  collection  of  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe. 

'Fl.  Fobs.  Arct.,  vol.  1,  PL  xlvii,  Fig.  5f ;  vol.  7,  p.  125. 


DESGEIPTION  OF  SPECIES.  221 

Cakpites  tiliaceus'?  Heer. 
PI.  XXII,  Figs.  6,  7. 

Mioc.  Bait.  Fl.,  p.  101,  PL  xxx,  Figs.  42,  43. 

Fruit  globose,  with  five  carpels;  carpels  woody,  verticellate. 

Tliis  roimd,  small  seed,  as  represented  in  Fig.  6,  is  similar  to  that 
described  and  figured  by  Heer  (loc.  cit.).  The  identification  is,  however, 
very  uncertain,  like  that  of  those  rare  fossil  fruits  as  yet  found  in  the  shale 
of  the  Dakota  Group.  I  consider  Fig.  7  as  a  crushed  fragmentary  part  of 
the  same  species. 

Habitat:  Kansas.     In  the  collection  of  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe. 

Caepites  conigbk,  sp.  nov. 
PI.  'XXXVIII,  Fig.  17. 

Seed  round-conical,  rounded  at  base,  5°""  long,  and  as  large  in  the  mid- 
dle.    Relation  unknown. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  832  of  the  collection  of  the 
museum  of  the  University  of  Kansas.     Collected  by  E.  P.  West. 

Cakpites  obovatus,  sp.  nov. 
PL  LXII,  Fig.  5. 

Fruit,  hard,  subglobose  or  lenticular,  4°"°  long,  4°"°  broad,  subcuneate 
at  the  upper  slightly  broader  end,  covered  with  a  thick,  leathery  pulveru- 
lent surface. 

It  is  comparable  to  some  fruits  of  the  Laurinese.  It  is  also  like,  but  a  little 
smaller  than,  that  figured  by  Heer  without  name  or  remark  in  the  Miocene 
Bait.  Fl.,  PI.  XXII,  Figs.  18  and  19.  It  is  half  imbedded  in  a  piece  of  fer- 
ruginous sandstone  and  not  accompanied  by  remains  of  leaves. 

Habitat:  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.  No.  1190a  of  the  museum  of  the 
University  of  Kansas;  E.  P.  West,  collector. 

Cakpites?  sp.  Lesq. 

CarpoUthes?  Lesq.,  Oret.  FL,  p.  114,  PL  xxvn.  Fig.  5;  PL  xxx,  Pig.  11. 

CaxiYCites  sp. 
PL  XXII,  Fig.  8. 

Apparently  a  deformed  calyx,  with  linear,  short  divisions.  No  relation 
known  to  it. 

Habitat:  Kansas.     In  the  collection  of  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe. 


TABLE  OF  DISTRIBUTION. 


Table  showing  Ike  diatribation  of  plants  of  the  Dakota  Group, 


Aspleninm  Dicksoniannm  Heer 

Gleichenia  Kurriana  Heer 

Nordenskioldi  Heer  

l*odozamites  aDgastifolius  Schimp 

lanceolatas  Schimp 

Pious  Quenstedti  Heer 

Phyllocladus  subintegrifolius  Lx 

Seqaoia Reichenbacbi  Gein 

fastigiata  Heer 

condit-a  Lx , 

Glyptoatrobus  gracUUnms  Lx  .  

Populus  Berggreni  Hoer 

hyperborea  Heer. 

Stygia  Heer 

Quercns  (Dryopbyllum)  hieracifolia  Hos. 

u.  V.  Mark 

Myrica  emarginata  Heer 

longaHeer 

Jaglans  arctica  Heer 

craasipea  Heer 

Platanua  Heerii  Lx  

Liquidambar  integrifoUum  Lx 

Ficna  crassipes  Heer 

Kraasiana  Heer 

lanceolate -acaminata  Ett 

Artocarpidium  cretaceum  Ett 

222 


FORMATIONS  IN  WHICH  SPECIES  OF  THE   DAKOTA  GROUP  AKK  ALSO  FOUND. 


She- 
tic  or 
Lias. 


TABLE  OF  DISTRIBUTION. 


223 


Table  showing  the  distniuUon  of  plants  of  the  Dakota  Crroup — Contiuued. 


FORMATIONS  IN  WHICH  SPECIES  OF  THE   DAKOTA  GBOUP  ARE  ALSO  FOUND. 

Triassic. 

Jurassic. 

Cretaceous. 

Khetic. 

She- 
tic  or 
Liaa. 

Lias. 

Oolite. 

1 

.1 

i 

1 

.2    oo 
^    p, 

mat  Neocomian. 

Urgo- 
nian. 

Species  of  the  Dakota  Group  that  also 
occur  in  other  formations. 

1 

1 

■i 

£     s 
SI    X 

« 
■3 

■i 

B 
« 

3 

.S 

s 

Id 

1 

3 
1 

It 

a 
s 

1    ! 

i.          i 
•^3       p 

r  1 

OJ         1-3   M 

1 

h 
li 

i 

•i 
3 

1 

t 
1 

1 

5 

1 

<1 

ro    01  es    ap  noge 

aurus  p  ^^^^^^^.^"^^ 

-  *  "    flobumLx 

assatras  acu  i  o  u 

um  Scheuchzeri  Heer 

innamom 

D-         ros    rimajva  Heer 

X 

e  era  0  a        ^^^^ 

'roBnlandica  Heer 

1   ^t**  G  initzi-'  Heer 

o  u  ^^P^^^^^^  coronilloides'  Heer 

,,''"°  °f         ,      jj  er 

X 

_ 

P*"t  TuumLeconteannmrx 

X 

224 


THE  FLOEA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

Table  nhowing  the  distnbution  of  plants  of  the  Dakota  Group — Continued. 


FORAUTIONS  IN  WHICH  SPECIES  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP  ABE  ALSO  FOUND. 

Cretaceou8. 

Tertiary. 

CenomaDiaD. 

1 

a 

Senonian. 

2 

i 
s 

(a 

i 

o 

s 

Species  of  the  Dakota  Group  that  also 
occur  in  other  formations. 

1 

1 

■a 
O 

1 

fe. 

a 

s 

1 

1 

1 

1 

in 

■- 

i 

Is 

1 

i 

2  . 
go 

1" 

.2 

.a 

t 

H 

1 
1 

£    i 

z 

X 

X 

X 

X 

"                    1-  *      1  t      S  him    ^ 

Pinus  Quenstedti,  Heer 

X 
X 
X 
X 

X 
X 

X 

.     X 
<     X 

X 
X 

X 
X 

X 
X 

X 

X 

X 

X     . 

... 

X 
X 
X 

GI-  tostrobus    racilimus  Lx 

X 
X 
X 

X 
X 
X 
X 

X     . 
X     . 
X     . 

hyperborea  fleer 

Quercus  (Dryophyllum)  hieracifolia  Hos.  u. 

X 

loDga  Heer 

X 

X 

X 

X 

Ficus  craasipes  Heer 

X 
X 

X 

X 

X 

iancifolins  Heer 

X 

X 

X 

*    °^  n  brascensis  Lx 

X 

X 

.... 

u. 

X 

X 

X 
X 

X 
X 

X 

.     X 

ellip3oideum  Sap.  &  Mar 

X 
X 
X 

X 
X     . 

X 

Steenstrnpi  Hob 

X     . 

TABLE  OP  DISTRIBUTION. 


225 


Table  showing  the  distribution  of  plants  of  the  Dakota  Group — Continued. 


FORMATIONS  W  WHICH  SPECIES  OF  THE 

DAKOTA  GKOUP  ARE  ALSO  FOUND 

Cenoini 

Cretaceoas. 

Tertiary. 

inian. 

i 

"3 
S 

Seuonian. 

a 

i 

2 
1 

§ 

a 

i 

o 

i 

Species  of  the  Dakota  Groap  that  also 
occur  in  other  formations. 

1 

a 

1 

s 

1 

M 

■ 

1 
1 

1    & 

,£3 

k 

\  o' 

it 

3 

■a 

B 

H 

1 

1 
i 

i 

s 

X 
X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 
X 

X 

.     X 

X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 

Leguminosites  coronilloides  ?  Heer 

X 

Paliurus  ovalis  Dn 

Ilex  borealis  Heer 

X 

X 
X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 
X 
X 
X 
X 

X 

l--- 

MON  XVII- 


-16 


ANALYSIS  OP  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP  FLORA. 


The  Flora  of  the  Dakota  Group,  as  far  as  it  is  kiiowu  to  the  present 
time,  is  composed  of  460  species,  of  which  6  are  Ferns,  12  Cycads,  15 
Conifers,  8  Monocotyledons,  and  429  Dicotyledons;  wliile  that  of  the  schists 
of  Atane,  from  which  274  species  are  known,  has  31  Ferns,  8  Cycads,  27 
Conifers,  8  Monocotyledons,  and  197  species  of  dicotyledonous  plants,  mostly 
represented  by  leaves.  The  diversity  in  the  number  of  Ferns  and  Conifers 
in  these  floras  is  very  striking  and  seems  at  first  to  disprove  their  reference 
to  the  same  age.  But  that  disparity  is  merely  illusive  and  largely  due  to 
local  circumstances  (to  be  fm-ther  examined),  for  really,  exce^Jt  in  the  Ferns 
and  the  Conifers,  there  is  little  difference  in  the  composition  of  the  two 
floras.  That  of  Atane  has  1 1  per  cent  in  Ferns,  while  that  of  the  Dakota 
Group  has  only  1^^  per  cent,  with  3  J  per  cent  of  Conifers  against  10  per 
cent  in  Atane ;  the  Cycads  are  2f  per  cent  of  the  vegetation  in  the  Dakota 
Group  and  3  per  cent  in  that  of  Atane,  while  the  monocotyledonous  jjlants 
were  slightly  more  predominant  at  Atane,  and  the  Dicotyledons  form  91 
per  cent  of  the  Dakota  Group  flora  and  72  per  cent  of  that  of  Atane. 

In  considering  the  relative  distribution  of  the  dicotyledonous  plants  on 
which  we  have  essentially  to  rely  in  looking  for  the  degree  of  relationship  of 
the  floras,  we  find  all  the  essential  divisions  and  genera  of  plants  represented 
in  the  flora  of  the  Dakota  Group  and  in  that  of  the  schists  of  Atane,  and 
among  them  a  large  number  of  species  identical  in  both. 

Fu-st,  the  Apetalee  have  in  both  species  of  Myi-ica,  Betula,  Quercus,  Pop- 
ulus,  Platanus,  Ficus,  Proteoides,  Lomatia,  Laui'us,  Sassafras,  and  Ciimamo- 
mum;  the  Gamopetalse  have  in  both  species  of  Diospyros  and  Andromeda; 
the  Polypetalse  have  species  of  Aralia,  Hedera,  Cissites,  Comus,  Magnolia, 
Liriodendi'on,  Menispermites,  Sterculia,  A^jeibopsis,  Sapindus,  Celastro- 
phyllum,  Ilex,  Rhamus,  Juglans,  Rhus,  Eucalyptus,  and  some  Leguminosse. 
Of  the  genera  represented  in  the  Flora  of  the  Dakota  Group  and  not  in 
that  of  Atane,  the  most  important  is  Salix,  of  which  abundant  remains  of 
leaves  and  a  fruiting  catkin  have  been  found  in  Kansas  and  Nebraska, 
having  been  described  by  Heer,   Newberry,  and  myself;  Persea,  which 

226 


ANALYSIS  OP  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP  FLOEA.  227 

counts  little  by  its  absence,  as  the  leaves  of  related  species  of  the  Laurinete, 
indifferently  referred  to  Laurus  or  Persea ;  Ai'istolochia,  one  species  of 
which  is  described  by  Heer  from  a  single  leaf  in  the  PhyUites  Cretacees  du 
Nebraska;  Viburnum,  Acer,  Elseodendi-on  and  Crattegus,  which  may  belong 
to  more  recent  types,  as  they  have  representatives  in  the  Cretaceous  of 
Patoot;  Hamamelites,  Paliurus  and  Zizyphus,  of  which  the  few  species  ob- 
served belong  to  the  Dakota  Group,  and  are  also  represented  at  Patoot. 
The  genus  Protophyllum,  which  is  remarkably  abundant  in  the  Dakota 
Group,  takes  there  the  place  of  Credneria,  whose  remains  are  so  character- 
istic of  the  Cenomanian  of  Germany.  From  the  schists  of  Atane,  Heer  has 
described  as  Credneria  a  single  poorly  preserved  leaf,  possibly  referable  to 
a  peculiar  genus  derived  from  Protophyllum,  but  he  has  not  described 
species  of  Protophyllum.  Of  the  number  of  species  identified  in  both  the 
flora  of  the  schists  of  Atane  and  that  of  the  Dakota  Group,  we  have  in  the 
ferns  one  only,  Asplenium  Dicksonlanum  Heer,  which  was  first  described 
from  the  Lower  Cretaceous  of  Kome.  In  the  Cycads  nearly  the  same 
number  of  species  are  recorded  in  each  flora,  but  none  are  identical.  Of 
the  Conifers,  four  are  identical,  and  in  the  dicotyledonous  series  there  are 
identified  two  species  of  Myrica,  one  of  Quercus,  three  of  Populus,  one  of 
Platanus,  two  of  Ficus,  three  of  Laurus,  one  of  Cinnamomum,  one  of  Sas- 
safras, two  of  Diospyros,  two  of  Andi-omeda,  one  of  Cissites,  three  of  Mag- 
nolia, two  of  Liriodendron,  one  of  Juglans,  and  four  of  Leguminosse,  making 
in  all  thirty-four  species,  or  about  the  one-fourteenth  part  of  the  whole 
number  of  species  described  from  the  Dakota  Group.  The  proofs  of  the 
synchronism  are  really  conclusive.  For  if  we  consider  the  distance  between 
the  localities,  which  are  separated  by  at  least  35°  of  latitude,  and  conse- 
(piently  the  probable  difference  in  the  atmospheric  circumstances,  with  its 
bearing  upon  the  vegetation,  the  nature  of  the  ground,  etc.,  the  relation  of 
the  floras  appears  far  more  distinctly  marked  than  is  general  between  two 
groups  of  plants  of  the  same  geologic  age;  the  Miocene,  for  example, 
represented  by  unlike  species  even  at  localities  merely  a  few  miles  distant 
from  each  other.  But  how  can  we  explain  the  predominance  of  the  Ferns 
and  Conifers  in  the  Flora  of  Atane  and  the  scantiness  of  plants  of  this  kind 
in  tliat  of  the  Dakota  Group?  Atmospheric  humidity  governs  the  land 
vegetation  in  its  nature  and  distribution.  By  its  degree  it  regulates  the 
climate  and  the  seasons.  At  the  present  epoch  this  generally  known  fact  is 
evidenced  in  the  peculiar  character  and  habitat  of  some  groups  of  jjlants, 
the  Ferns  and  Conifers   especially,   which    generally  thrive  upon  moist 


228  THE  FLORA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GKUUP. 

or  tiliadv  ground,  or  upon  the  slopes  or  the  summits  of  mountains  loathed 
lJ^'  the  clouds,  or  along  shores  where  they  are  constantly  or  periodically 
moistened  by  the  misty  winds  of  the  ocean.  In  the  older  geological  times 
the  earth,  whose  heated  crust  by  contact  with  ^vater  caused  constant  and 
prodigious  Aaporization,  was  surrounded  by  a  thick  ^ail  of  A^apors  impen- 
etrable to  the  rays  of  the  sun.  This  rendered  the  climatic  conditions  unal- 
terable, not  only  locally  but  over  the  whole  surface  of  the  globe.  Hence 
the  uniformity  and  peculiar  character  of  the  vegetation  of  the  Devonian 
and  Cai'boniferous  ages,  composed,  as  they  are,  of  semi-aquatic  or  amphib- 
ious woody  plants  of  gigantic  size,  such  as  Ferns  and  L}-copods.  In  the 
floras  of  the  subsequent  ag-es,  first  the  Permian  for  example,  the  Conifers 
gradually  become  more  abundant;  then  in  the  Triassic  .and  Jurassic  the 
Cycads  increase  in  the  number  of  their  representatives,  and  thus  the  vege- 
tation shows  only  the  slow  and  gradual  modification  of  some  of  its  predom- 
inant groups.  But  until  the  beginning  of  the  Cretaceous,  the  variations 
relate  to  certain  specific  or  generic  forms,  but  do  not  affect  the  general 
character  of  the  vegetation  of  the  world,  being  still  under  the  influence  of 
a  superabundant  atmospheric  humidity.  The  vegetable  remains  are  always 
Acrogens,  the  Ferns  especially  being  the  predominant  and  less  diversified 
component  of  the  ancient  floras,  with  the  Conifers  and  the  Cycads  next  in 
order.  And  even  in  the  Wealden,  which  closes  the  Jurassic  period,  the 
plants,  as  far  as  they  are  known  by  fossil  remains,  are  still  referable  to  the 
same  groups  of  plants  as  those  of  the  Jurassic.  It  is  only  from  the  base 
of  the  Cretaceous  that  the  A^egetable  remains  show  by  certain  characters  a 
marked  diminiition  in  the  influence  of  atmospheric  humidity.  Then  the 
thickened  crust  of  the  earth  had  gradually  become  more  cooled;  the  misty 
atmosphere  was  clearer  and  allowed  the  raAS  of  tlie  sun  to  penetrate  and 
act  directly  upon  the  surface  of  the  earth,  which  served  to  bring  out  local 
or  periodical  alterations  of  climates,  conditions,  and  seasons,  and  thus  to 
force  under  this  new  influence  and  by  its  action  important  changes  in  the 
nature  and  aspect  of  the  vegetation  of  the  world,  first  by  the  introduction 
of  the  Monocotyledons  and  soon  after  by  that  of  Dicotyledons. 

Perhaps,  from  the  presence  of  one  monocotyledonous  sjjecies  in  the 
flora  of  the  Wernsdorf  shale  (Neocomian)  and  one  of  dicotydonous  leaf  and 
of  five  Monocotyledons  in  the  formation  of  Kome  (Urgonian),  from  the 
gi'eat  decrease  in  the  numljers  of  Cryptogams  and  Conifers  and  the  pro- 
digious multiplication  c>f  Dicotvledons  in  the  schists  of  Atane  (Cenomanian) 
immediately  superposed  upon  those  of  Kome,  and  in  the  formation  of  the 


ANALYSIS  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP  FLOEA.  229 

Dakota  Group,  we  have  an  indication  of  the  gradnal  march  and  develop- 
ment of  the  vegetation,  and  are  enabled  to  refer  the  origin  of  the  dicotyled- 
onous plants  to  the  beginning  of  the  Cretaceous  pei'iod.  For  the  leaves 
of  Populus  recognized  in  the  Kome  schists,  though  the  first  observed  fossil 
remains  of  a  dicotyledonous  plant,  probably  do  not  represent  the  species  of 
tliat  class  of  vegetation  first  produced.  The  active  influences  producing 
gradual  modifications  must  have  existed  for  long  periods  before  definite 
results  could  be  recognized  by  naturalists  in  the  remains  of  a  dicotyledonous 
flora.  We  can  not,  therefore,  expect  to  discover  and  recognize  the  first 
representative  of  the  new  race,  that  of  the  Dicotyledons ;  but  some  valuable 
conclusions  on  the  nature  and  subsequent  distribution  of  this  new  vegetable 
group  may  be  derived  from  studying  the  peculiar  character  of  some  of  the 
leaves  of  the  Cenomanian.  In  looking  over  the  leaves  of  the  Dakota  Group, 
which,  in  a  flora  of  460  species,  re23resent429  Dicotyledons,  one  can  but 
wonder  at  the  work  of  nature  which,  in  apparently  so  short  a  period,  has 
produced  such  an  immense  diversity  of  specific  forms  of  leaves.  The  word 
"specific"  may  seem  hazardous.  But  it  will  suflice  to  examine  the  character 
of  a  few  of  the  leaves  of  the  Dakota  Group,  to  recognize  not  merely  their 
prodigious  disposition  to  vary,  but,  at  the  same  time,  to  eifect  such  great 
modifications  in  character  that  the  result  of  the  variations  has  often  to  be 
admitted  as  implying  not  merely  specific  but  generic  differences  as  well. 

Considering  the  leaves  of  Liriodendron,  for  example,  Ave  find  them 
entire,  ovate  or  oblong,  always  truncate  or  emarginate  at  the  apex.  In 
Liriodendron  primcgvum  Newb.  (PI.  XXVI,  Figs.  1-4),  with  its  synonyms, 
Legiiminosites  Marcouanus  Heer  and  Phyllites  obcordatus  Heer  are  consid- 
ered by  Heer  as  varieties  of  L.  Meekii.  It  is  the  true  original  form  named 
again  L.  simpler)  by  Newberry,  in  bulletin  of  the  Torrey  Botanical  Club,  Jan- 
uary, 1887.  The  base  of  the  leaf  enlai-ges,  as  shown  in  Fig.  2,  but  the  specific 
relation  is  still  preserved.  Gradually  the  leaves  become  more  enlarged, 
rounded,  broadly,  distinctly  lobed  on  each  side  in  the  lower  part,  but  remain- 
ing ovate,  obtuse  or  obtusely  pointed,  instead  of  emarginate  at  apex,  clearly 
representing  a  new  species,  L.  semialattim  (PI.  XXV,  Figs.  2-4;  PI.  XXIX, 
Fig.  3).  Then,  as  seen  in  PI.  XXVIII,  Figs.  5,  6,  the  leaves  become  con- 
stricted in  the  middle,  deeply  emarginate  at  apex,  and  finally  fiddle-shaped 
or  bilobate  on  each  side  in  L.  Meekii  Heer.  Still  preserving  a  closely  allied 
form,  but  being  greatly  enlarged,  with  lobes  at  right  angles  or  oblique,  the 
leaves  represent  the  remarkable  L.  giganteum,  which  is  the  Cretaceous  type 
of  which  the  Tertiary,  L.  ProcaccinU,  and  the  living  L.  tuUpifera  are  repi'e- 


230  THE  FLORA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

sentatives.  This  species  is  fig-tu-ed  in  PI.  XXV,  Fig.  1 ;  PI.  XXVI,  Fig.  5,  and 
PI.  XXVII,  Fig.  1,  and  its  variety  cnicifornds  in  PL  XXVIII,  Figs.  1,2.  From 
it  is  derived  L.  intermedium,  a  species  with  large  leaves,  narrowly  bilobate  on 
each  side,  deeply  emarginate  at  apex  distinguished  by  the  obliqiie  direction 
of  the  iipper  lobes,  which  are  far  distant  from  the  lower,  as  shown  in  PI. 
XXV,  Figs.  2,  3,  and  by  the  forking  or  the  division  of  the  lower  lobes, 
the  variety  hUohata  (PI.  XXVIII,  Fig.  4).  Then  by  the  upper  lateral  lobes, 
which  are  simple,  linear,  obtuse,  and  ascending  in  an  acute  angle  of  diver- 
gence, while  the  lower  ones,  curving  upward,  reach  nearly  as  high  as  the  top 
of  the  upper,  the  leaves  take  a  peculiar  appearance,  like  that  of  some  species 
of  Aralia  as  seen  in  L.  Wellingfonii  (PI.  XXVIII,  Fig.  3).  And  now  another 
peculiar  mode  of  division  is  observable  in  tlie  leaves  of  tlie  genus.  They 
become  alternately  cut  into  a  number  of  lateral  lobes,  either  short,  round, 
obtuse,  or  truncate  at  the  sides,  as  in  PI.  XXVII,  Figs.  4,  5,  which  is  L.  pin- 
natifidtim ;  or  they  have  the  lobes  cut  not  merely  to  the  middle  of  the  lamina, 
as  in  the  last  species,  but  throughout  to  the  median  nerve,  and  are  naixower, 
being  long,  linear  or  rather  slightly  enlarged  from  the  base  to  the  rounded 
or  obtusely  lobateapex,  parallel  and  equidistant  at  base,  appearing  like  leaflets 
of  a  compound  leaf,  as  seen  in  L.  Snowii  (PI.  XXIX,  Figs.  1,  2).^  Add  to  these 
remarkable  specific  forms  those  described  by  Dr.  Newberry  in  bulletin  of  the 
Torrey  Botanical  Clulj,  January,  1887,  as  Liriodendron  ohlongifolium  and  L. 
qiiercifoUum,  leaves  which  are  oval,  bordered  with  long,  sharp  teeth,  and 
resembling  oak  leaves ;  then  the  leaves  described  as  L.  obcordatmm,  this 
volume  (PI.  XXVIII,  Fig.  7),  and  again,  those  of  L.  Beckwithii  and  L.  pop- 
uloides  Lesq.  (Cret.  and  Tert.  Fl.,  PI.  x.  Fig.  1 ;  PI.  xi.  Figs.  1,  2),  and  from 
the  whole  series  of  forms  there  are  evidently  represented  twelve  well  defined 
species  with  marked  varieties,  and  from  this  we  may  get  an  idea  of  the 
extraordinary  variability  of  the  leaves  of  Liriodendron,  at  or  near  the  oi'igin 
of  that  genus,  or  nearly,  as  far  as  we  know,  of  the  first  appearance  of 
dicotyledonous  plants. 

In  the  leaves  legitimately  referred  to  Sassafras  by  their  peculiar  char- 
acters, and  by  the  presence  of  fruits  found  with  them  in  the  same  strata, 
we  have  those  of  S.  Mudgei  and  8.  acutilobum  Lesq.  (Cret.  FL,  PL  xix),  all 
trilobate  with  entire  lobes.  In  S.  cretaceum  (loc.  cit.,  PL  xi.  Fig.  1),  the 
leaves,  which  are  also  trilobate,  have  the  borders  of  the  lateral  lobes  slightly 

^The  figures  of  this  species  of  Liriodendron  are  mucli  like  that  of  Artocarpus,  sp.  nov.,  in  Zittel's 
Handbucli  d.  Paleontologie,  vol.  2,  p.  478,  fig.  5,  -which  represents  a  leaf  discovered  in  the  Cretaceous 
of  Greenland  by  Prof.  Nathorst.     Generic  difference  is  shown  by  the  nervation  and  the  emarginate  apex. 


ANALYSIS  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP  FLOEA.  231 

dentate,  a  character  which  is  not  remarked  in  any  of  the  Laurinese  of  the 
present  epoch. 

But  these  leaves  are  very  similar  to  those  of  the  living  Sassafras  offici- 
nale Nees.,  showing  much  the  same  disposition  to  remain  entire,  or  merely 
lobed  on  one  side,  as  in  S.  subintegrifoUum,  PL  XIV,  Fig.  2,  of  this  work, 
that  one  can  but  consider  them  as  original  representatives  of  the  genus. 
Moreover,  a  number  of  specimens  of  the  same  kind  were  found  heaped  ■ 
together  as  though  derived  from  the  same  tree,  which  apparently  bore 
some  leaves  with  borders  entire,  and  others  having  leaves  with  the  borders 
mere  or  less  deeply  dentate.  Then  ^S*.  mirabile  Lesq.  (Cret.  FL,  PI.  xii. 
Fig.  1)  is  founded  upon  trilobate  leaves  of  the  same  shape  as  those  of  8. 
cretaceum,  but  more  distinctly  dentate  and  so  large  that  they  were  originally 
refeiTed  to  Platanus.  And  this  analogy  of  characters  or  double  affinity  is 
recognized  as  well  in  Platanus  recurvata  Lesq.  (Cret.  FL,  PL  x,  Figs.  4,  5), 
while  some  of  the  characters  of  Cissus  or  Cissites  are  seen  in  the  leaves  of 
8.  harkerianus  Lesq.  (loc.  cit.,  PL  xi),  and  those  of  Aralia  in  the  species  of 
Sassafras  (Araliopsis),  a  subdivision  necessarily  admitted  to  indicate  the 
double  or  multiple  characters  of  a  number  of  leaves  of  the  Dakota  Group. 
Even  this  dualism  of  generic  names  is  not  sufficient  to  point  out  and  clearly 
indicate  the  generic  relationship  of  some  of  these  leaves.  Is  Sassafras  (^Arali- 
opsis) platanoldes  Lesq.  (Cret.  and  Tert.  FL,  PL  vii.  Fig-.  1)  referable  to  Sas- 
safras, to  Aralia,  or  to  Platanus?  The  splendid  leaf  of  Sassafras  (Araliopsis) 
dissectum  (PL  XIV,  Fig.  1,  of  this  volume)  has,  in  the  divisions  of  the  lateral 
lobes,  the  character  of  Aralia,  while  by  the  size  and  the  general  outline  it 
is  a  Platanus,  and  still  further  by  the  basilar  prolongation  and  the  dentate 
lobes  it  is  merely  a  variation  of  Sassafras  mirabile.  In  these  leaves  •  the 
transformation  has  merely  acted  upon  the  division  of  the  lobes,  the  base,  in 
all  the  modifications,  remaining  prolonged  downward  in  narrowing  and 
decurring  to  the  petiole.  But  the  metamorphosis  further  passes  to  the  base, 
which  becomes  rounded  peltate  and  traversed  by  the  petiole,  as  in 
Aspidiophyllum  trilobatum  Lesq.  (Cret.  and  Tert.  FL,  PL  xiii),  and  takes  a 
new  character  allying  it  to  that  of  some  leaves  of  Meuispermites.  Never- 
theless, Aspidiophyllum  leaves  are,  by  their  upper  trilobate  part  and  entire 
lobes,  so  like  those  of  Sassafras  that  the  specimens  found  deprived  of  tlie 
basilar  portion  of  the  leaves  have  generally  been  referred  to  this  last  genus. 
And  now  what  is  Aspidiophyllum  dentatum  (PL  XXXIX,  Fig.  1,  this  vol- 
ume)"? It  is  a  distinctly  trilobate  leaf  with  bilobate  and  obtusely  dentate 
lobes  like  Sassafras  dissectum,  the  base  first  contracted  or  strangled  and  then 


232  THE  FLOE  A  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

enlarged  into  a  round  dentate  pelta,  traversed  by  the  petiole.  It  is  a  leaf 
of  Aspidiophyllum  by  the  general  outline  and  tlie  contracted  base,  while  the 
basilar  ai)pendage  or  pelta  is  like  a  primordial  form  of  the  stipules,  as  in 
PJafamis  hasUohata  Ward,  of  the  Laramie  Group,  P.  appmdiculata  Lesq.,  of 
tlie  auriferous  gravel  formation  of  California.,  and  definitively  in  P.  occi- 
dentaUs  of  the  living  flora.  The  leaves  of  this  last  species  preserve  mostly 
■the  characters  already  remarked  in  those  of  the  Dakota  Group  and  described 
as  belonging  to  Platanus  immava^  though  the  first  specimen  described 
(Lesquereux,  Cret.  Fl.,  PI.  vii.  Fig.  2)  was  only  a  mere  fragment,  and  lias 
in  its  outlines  some  likeness  to  Credneria.  Now  we  have  in  PI.  VIII, 
together  with  an  entirely  preserved  leaf  of  the  same  type,  a  raceme  of 
floAvers  evidently  warranting  its  reference  to  Platanus,  and  in  PI.  IX  two 
vai-ieties  of  leaves  equally  distinctly  dentate  like  those  of  P.  aceroidcs  of  the 
Miocene,  and  of  the  living  P.  occidentalis.  The  same  remark  on  the  varia- 
bility of  the  leaves  of  the  Dakota  Group  might  be  made  in  comparing  the 
forms  and  characters  of  those  which  have  been  described  as  Aralia,  Ster- 
culia,  Cissites,  Menispermites,  Protophyllum,  etc.  The  transformations, 
however,  are  not  always  so  distinct  or  so  widely  different.  In  Acerifea 
mnltiformis  (PI.  XXXIV,  Figs.  1-9),  for  example,  if  we  compare  the  extreme 
forms,  that  of  Fig.  1  and  Fig.  4,  the  leaves  seem  to  represent  two  well 
characterized  species.  But  in  pursuing  the  comparison  througli  the  inter- 
juediate  tbruis,  one  can  not  say  where  to  break  the  chain  of  relation  for 
the  introduction  of  a  new  species.  The  leaves  in  this  case  evidently  sliow 
a  disposition  to  metamorphosis,  but  it  is  limited  to  a  certain  degree  or  to 
gradiial  modifications,  comparable  indeed  to  what  is  observed  sometimes  at 
our  epoch  among  the  leaves  of  a  single  tree. 

It  is  difficult  to  understand  what  influences  have  acted  upon  the  plants 
of  the  Cretaceous  in  producing  the  transformation  recognized  in  the  appear- 
ance of  the  first  dicotyledonous  leaf  But  it  is  rational  to  admit  that  this 
influence,  once  in  activity,  has  been  continued  and  has  rapidly  multii)lied 
and  diversified  the  organization  of  the  first  representatives  of  the  Dicoty- 
ledons. 

But  how  is  it  that,  though  the  vegetable  types  are  so  easily  and  so 
diversely  modified  near  their  origin,  that  the  essential  characters  of  many 
of  them  remain  persistent  and  ma}^  be  recognized  in  the  plants  of  more 
recent  periods,  being  there  traced  by  their  generic  representatives  and 
even  recognized  in  the  flora  of  the  present  epoch?  I  have  already  as- 
serted that  most  of  the  types  of  the  arborescent  flora  of  North  America 


ANALYSIS  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP  FLOSA.  233 

were  present  in  that  of  the  Dakota  Group,  and  that  most  of  them  had  left 
remains  of  alhed  specific  or  generic  forms  in  the  intermediate  periods.  In 
support  of  the  assertion  I  may  be  excused  for  briefly  reviewing  the  distri- 
l)ution  of  the  more  important  types  of  the  flora  of  the  Dakota  Group  as  far 
as  they  are  recognized  in  the  succeeding  formations. 

The  Myricacese  have  only  the  genus  Myrica,  which  is  represented  by 
nineteen  species  in  the  flora  of  the  Dakota  Group,  two  of  wliich  are  iden- 
tified in  the  schists  of  Atane,  one  of  these  passing  also  to  the  Upper  Creta- 
ceous stage  of  Patoot.  Of  the  species  of  the  Dakota  Group  Mjirica 
emarginata  Heer,  recognized  at  Atane  and  Patoot,  has  its  relation  to  M. 
salicina  of  the  Miocene;  another,  M.  aspera  Lesq.,  is  the  type  of  Jf.  certfera 
Linn.,  the  baybeny  or  wax  mjTtle  now  inhabiting  the  sea  and  lake  shores 
of  the  United  States;  M.  Sferuhergii  has  its  afiinity  to  a  species  found  at 
Sezanne.  Leaves  of  Myrica  of  coriaceous  textm-e,  having  the  nervation 
more  or  less  obscured  by  immersion  in  the  thick  parenchyma,  are  generally 
of  difficult  determination,  and  their  generic  references  therefore  remain 
doubtful  in  some  cases  for  a  long  time.  Myrica  longa  Heer,  for  example, 
was  first  placed  in  the  Proteacese.  Now,  a  large  number  of  well  preserved 
leaves  have  been  recognized  by  their  nervation  as  truly  referable  to  this 
genus,  whose  presence  in  the  Cenomanian  flora  is  confirmed  by  seeds  and 
scales  of  catkins  abundantly  found  in  the  shale  of  the  Dakota  Group. 
Myrica  Torreyi  Lesq.,  a  species  also  recognized  in  the  Laramie  Group,  has 
remarkably  fine  and  distinctly  cliaracterized  leaves.  As  yet  its  afliliation 
with  Cretaceous  types  is  not  known.  Schimper  mentions  its  relation  to  M. 
longifolia  Sap.,  of  the  Oligocene  of  France,  and  this,  like  M.  Grccffil  Heer, 
is  closely  allied  to  the  living  M.  caMfornka  Cham. 

A  large  number  of  small  leaves,  very  finely  preserved  in  concretions, 
have  lately  been  collected  in  Kansas.  Considering  their  essential  charac- 
ters, the  form  and  nervation  of  the  leaves,  I  regard  them  as  related  to 
Betula,  and  have  described  them  under  the  name  of  Betulites.  Saporta, 
to  whom  a  number  of  specimens  have  been  sent,  is  disposed  to  refer  them 
to  Viburnum.  The  leaves,  as  mentioned  in  the  descriptions,  have  the  same 
facies  and  the  same  characters  as  those  of  om-  living  Betula  nigra,  and  I  am 
the  more  disposed  to  admit  them  as  the  original  representatives  of  the  genus, 
since  tkree  species  of  Betula  are  recognized  by  Heer  in  the  Senonian  flora 
of  Patoot,  in  leaves  that  are  all  remarkably  similar  in  form,  size,  nervation 
and  even  in  the  peculiar  dentation  of  their  borders,  to  those  of  the  Dakota 
Group.     The  same  remarkable  analogy  of  characters  is  observable,  espe- 


234  THE  PLOEA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GKOtJP. 

cially  in  Betiila  coryloklcs  Ward,  of  the  Laramie  flora,  and  henceforth  in 
numerous  species  of  the  Tertiary,  which  are  more  or  less  closely  allied  to 
those  of  the  present  flora  of  North  America.  Besides  the  three  species 
described  by  Prof.  Ward  from  the  Laramie,  one  other  has  been  described 
from  Golden,  two  from  the  Green  River  Group,  four  from  the  Miocene  of 
Alaska  and  Oregon,  and  one  from  the  auriferous  gravel  deposits  (Upper 
Miocene  or  Pliocene)  of  California.  In  all  these  species  the  original  type, 
represented  in  the  numerous  figures  of  leaves  of  Betulites,  this  volume  (PI. 
IV  and  PI.  V),  is  more  or  less  discernible,  as  well  as  in  some  of  the  eight 
species,  all  of  wide  distribution,  which  are  still  living  in  North  America. 
The  only  living  species  exclusively  pertaining  to  the  flora  of  California,  B. 
occidcntaUs  Hook.,  has  its  ancestor  in  B.  cequalis  Lesq.,  of  the  auriferous 
gravel  deposits  of  the  same  State. 

With  a  less  degree  of  evidence  we  may  follow  a  gradual  distribution 
of  the  species  of  Alnus  fi-om  the  Cenomanian  upward.  A  species  of  Alnites 
is  described  by  Dr.  J.  S.  Newberry  from  specimens  procured  in  the  Dakota 
Gi'oup  of  Nebraska,  and  another  by  Sir  William  Dawson  from  the  Milk  River 
series  of  Canada.  A  species  more  cleary  defined,  Alnus  profogfsa  Heer,  is 
from  Patoot.  Then  we  have  another  from  the  Laramie,  three  from  the 
Green  River  Group,  and  fom-  from  the  Miocene  of  Alaska  and  Oregon. 
Among  the  last,  A.  Kefersteinii  is  the  most  common  species  of  the  Miocene 
of  Europe  as  well  as  of  America.  Of  the  six  species  of  Alnus  now  living 
in  the  United  States  the  relation  of  A.  incana  Willd.,  especiall}^  the  variety 
virescens,  common  along  the  mountain  streams  from  Colorado  westward,  is 
clearly  marked  with  A.  Kefersteinii,  while  that  of  A.  maritima  Nutt.,  of  the 
Atlantic  States,  is  still  more  evident  with  A.  corallina  Lesq.,  of  the  Miocene 
of  Oregon. 

In  the  Cupulifer?e  a  large  number  of  vegetable  remains  of  the  Dakota 
Group,  especially  leaves,  are  referred  to  Quercus  or  Dryophyllum.  The 
leaves  are  generally  determined  by  distinct  characters,  which  are  easily 
followed  in  their  various  modifications  through  geologic  time.  Of  eighteen 
species  of  Quercus,  seven  of  the  subdi\asion  Dryophyllum  are  described 
from  the  Dakota  Group.  Heer  has  six  species  from  the  schists  of  Atane 
and  eight  from  the  Senonian  of  Patoot.  Of  these,  Q.  hieracifoUa  Hos.,  of 
the  Senonian  of  Westphalia,  is  present  in  the  schists  of  Atane,  in  the  Dakota 
Group,  and  in  the  flora  of  Patoot;  Quercus  hexagona  Lesq.  is  reproduced  in  Q_ 
troghdites  Heer,  of  the  Senon  of  Atanekerdluk.  In  the  specimens  obtained 
by  the  scientific  expedition  of  Princeton,  which  I  consider  as  referable  to  the 


ANALYSIS  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP  FLOKA.  235 

Seuonian,  I  have  found  nine  species  of  Quercus,  among  them  five  oi,  Dryo- 
phylhim,  all  more  or  less  closely  related  to  species  of  the  Senouiau  of  Belgium 
and  Westphalia;  then  Dawson  describes  Quercus  Victorice,  from  Vancouver 
Island,  and  I  have  recorded  three  species  more  from  the  specimens  collected 
by  Dr.  Evans  in  the  same  locality.  This  gives  us  forty  species  of  Quercus 
already  known  from  the  North  American  Cretaceous,  without  counting  those 
in  Dr.  Evans's  collection,  the  descriptions  of  which  have  never  been  pub- 
lished. We  have  besides  two  fepecies  of  Fagus  from  the  Dakota  Group  and 
one  from  the  Milk  River  series  of  Canada,  described  by  Dawson.  From 
different  stages  of  the  Laramie  Group,  Prof  Ward  has  four  species  of 
Quercus  and  as  many  of  Dryophyllum,  while  I  have  described  from  local- 
ities referable  to  the  Laramie  Group  ten  species  of  Quercus,  four  of  which 
pei'tain  also  to  the  Miocene  of  Europe,  and  two  of  Dryophyllum'.  We  have, 
besides,  from  the  Green  River  Group  eight  species  of  Quercus,  one  only 
exchisiA^ely  American,  one  of  Fag'us,  and  one  of  Castanea.  Then  from 
Miocene  formations  of  Alaska,  Oregon,  the  auriferous  g-ravel  deposits  or 
chalk  bluffs  of  California,  four  species  of  Fagus,  three  of  Castanea,  and 
twenty-five  species  of  Quercus  are  recorded. 

On  these  described  vegetable  remains  it  will  be  remarked  that  the 
affiliation  of  the  divers  types  observable  in  the  oaks  of  North  America,  is 
recognized  from  the  Cenomanian  upwards,  in  a  number  of  species.  For 
example,  the  Chestnut  oaks  in  Q.  primonlialis  and  Q.  latifolia  of  the  Dakota 
Group;  Quercus  Binkiana  Heer,  Q.  Warningiana  Heer,  Q.  thulensis  Heer,  of 
the  schists  of  Atane,  while  the  section  of  the  Salicifolise  of  Schimper,  to 
which  belong  the  willow  and  laurel  oaks,  is  represented  also  in  the  Dakota 
Group  by  Q.  ellsworthiana,  the  beautiful  Q.  Wardiana  Lesq.,  with  Q.  salicl- 
folia  Newb.,  all  types  reproduced  by  numerous  species  in  the  Upper  Ci'eta- 
ceous  of  Patoot,  of  Wyoming,  of  Vancouver  Island,  and  still  more  by  abun- 
dant forms  in  the  Laramie  flora  and  the  different  stages  of  the  North  American 
Tertiary.  The  only  types  of  our  living  oaks,  the  most  generally  repre- 
sented now  in  the  eastern  slope  of  the  United  States,  is  not  yet  recog'uized  in 
the  Dakota  Group,  and  indeed  has  not  been  seen  in  the  Cretaceous.  It  is 
that  of  the  white  and  water  oaks  with  sinuate,  lobate,  or  deeply  cut  lobate 
leaves.  Its  first  representatives  are  seen  in  the  Laramie  flora,  in  Q.  hicornis 
Ward,  and  Q.  angustiloha  Al.  Br.  This  last  species,  which  is  found  at 
Golden,  is  also  identified  from  the  Miocene  of  Europe.  In  the  Miocene  of 
North  America  the  leaves,  diversely  and  deeply  lobate,  are  still  rare.  The 
fine  Q.  pseudolyrata  Lesq.  has  been  figured  in  the  flora  of  the  amiferous 


236  THE  FLORA  OP  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

gravels  of  California,  from  specimens  doubtfull}"  referable  to  the  Upper 
Miocene  of  that  locality.  It  is  represented  by  nninerous  specimens  in  the 
collection  of  the  U.  S.  National  Museum  from  John  Day  Valley,  Oregon. 
Heer  has  not  found  remains  of  Fagus '  in  the  schists  of  Atane  nor  in.  those 
of  Patoot,  nor  have  any  been  observed  in  the  Laramie  Group.  The  distri- 
bution of  the  beech,  judg-ing  from  its  fossil  leaves,  is  remarkable.  That 
the  genus  was  already  present  in  the  middle  Cenoraanian  of  North  America 
is  proved,  not  only  by  the  leaves  of  two  species  described  from  the  Dakota 
Group,  leaves  which  are  positively  identified  by  the  peculiar  nervation 
which  characterize  those  of  the  genus,  but  also  by  a  fruit  figured  by 
Dawson  from  the  ]\lilk  River  series  of  Canada,  and  also  by  a  species 
described  by  Ettingshausen  from  the  Cenomanian  of  Niederschoena,  F. 
prison,  the  leaves  of  which  have  the  same  characteristic  nervation  as  those 
of  the  Dakota  Group.  In  Europe,  as  in  North  America,  no  traces  of  leaves 
of  Fagus  are  recorded  between  the  Cenomanian  and  the  middle  Tertiary. 
From  North  America  one  species  has  been  recorded  from  the  Green  River 
Group  and  five  from  the  Miocene.  The  species  in  more  recent  floras  grad- 
ually become  more  closely  allied  to  the  common  American  beech,  until  we 
find  in  the  Pliocene  or  Upper  Miocene  of  the  auriferous  gravel  deposits  of 
,  California  the  leaves  of  F.  Feronire  Ung.,  and  oi  F.  pseiido-ferrufiinea  Lesq., 
which  scarcely  differ  from  those  of  the  living,  indigenous  F.  ferruginea  Ait. 
Of  the  Salicinefe,  the  genus  Salix  (willow)  is,  as  far  as  known  now, 
represented  in  the  flora  of  the  Dakota  Group  by  numerous  leaves,  some 
of  them  with  obsolete  nervation,  whose  determination  is  not  positive;  some 
others,  like  S.  tiervUlosa  Heer,  S.  cleleta  Lesq.,  whose  relation  to  species  of  the 
present  flora  is  not  clear ;  and  by  others  still,  like  8.  protecefolia,  as  figured  in 
Lesq.,  Cret.  and  Tert.  Fl.,  PI.  i.  Figs.  14-lG,  distinctly  characterized  as  leaves 
of  Salix  by  their  form  and  nervation,  and  still  further  by  a  finely  preserved 
fruiting  catkin,  described  and  figm-ed  in  this  memoir  (PI.  VIII,  Fig.  6). 
Tlierefore,  the  presence  of  the  genus  in  the  Cenomanian  of  North  America 
can  not  be  disputed.  As  in  the  beech,  the  Cretaceous  origin  of  the  willow 
is  confirmed  by  the  presence  of  one  species  in  the  flora  of  Quedliubiirg 
and  one  in  that  of  the  Quader  of  Germany.  It  is,  however,  remai-hnble 
tliat  no  species  of  Salix  has  been  recognized  by  Heer  in  schists  of  Atane 
and  none  in  tlie  Senonian  of  Patoot.  One  only  is  mentioned  liy  Daw- 
son, from  tlie  Upper  Cretaceous  of  Vancouver  Island.  Higher  up  in  the 
measures,  one  species  is  recorded  in  the  Laramie  flora,  atz,  Sal'ix  infegra, 
which  is  common  in  the  European  Miocene,  and  is  also  found  at  Black 


ANALYSIS  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP  FLORA.  237 

Buttes,  Wyoming.  The  flora  of  the  Greeu  River  Group  has  five  species; 
that  of  the  Miocene,  eight ;  four  of  them  being  also  recorded  from  Alaska, 
the  others  from  Oregon  and  California.  From  this  it  is  observed  that  the 
original  type,  S.  proteafolia,  is  positively  recognized  in  the  Dakota  Group, 
but  that  its  affiliation  with  more  recent  floras  is  not  discovered  until  the  Mio- 
cene period  is  reached,  where  its  relation  is  marked  with  *S'.  tenera  Al.  Br., 
and  later  with  a  large  number  of  the  living  species. 

As  remarked  already,  the  first  traces  of  dictyledonous  leaves  in  the 
flora  of  the  world  were  discovered  by  Heer  in  the  Lower  Cretaceous  (Neo- 
comian)  of  Kome,  Greenland,  in  fragments  of  leaves  of  the  so-called  Populus 
primceva  Heer.  One  of  the  leaves  is  preserved  nearly  entire,  and  upon  the 
same  specimen  there  is  an  involucral  scale  which,  though  entire  and  without 
hairs  or  cilia,  apparently  belongs,  with  the  leaves,  to  a  species  of  Populus. 
The  reference,  which  is  generally  admitted,  is  confirmed  by  the  number  of 
leaves  of  species  of  Populus  found  in  the  Cenomanian.  From  the  schists  of 
Atane,  Heer  has  described  four  species,  which  are  also  recognized  in  the  Da- 
kota Group  with  four  others,  three  of  which  are  described  by  Dr.  Newberry. 
Three  more  are  described  as  Populites  from  their  analogy  to  leaves  of  Pop- 
ulus, and  belong  also  to  the  Dakota  Group.  As  far  as  they  are  now  known 
the  fossil  species  of  Populus  have  been  grouped  in  two  sections  according 
to  the  type  of  nervation  of  their  leaves :  First,  leaves  Avith  two  pairs  of 
basilar  primaries,  the  inner  stronger,  very  oblique,  curving  inward  in  ascend- 
ing; the  outer  or  lower,  shorter,  generally  parallel  to  the  borders,  witli  lowest 
secondaries  at  a  great  distance  above  the  primaries,  not  parallel  to  them; 
second,  leaves  with  lateral  primary  nerves  open  a  nd  lower  secondaries  about 
equidistant  and  parallel  with  the  primaries  and  upper  secondaries. 

The  first  type  is  represented  in  the  Dakota  Group  essentially  by  P. 
elliptica  Newb.  (Illustr.  Cret.  Tert.  PL,  PL  in.  Figs.  1,  2),  whose  leaves  are  so 
remarkably  similar  in  character  to  those  of  P.  arctica  Heer  that  this  last 
species,  which  is  extremely  common  and  variable,  being  mostly  Miocene, 
seems  really  a  mere  variety  of  the  former.  To  the  second  type  are  refer- 
able the  other  species  of  Populus  of  the  Cenomanian,  mentioned  above, 
with  two  species  from  Patoot,  one  of  which  is  identified  in  the  flora  of 
Atane  and  in  that  of  the  Dakota  Groiip.  In  the  Senonian  of  Wyoming  two 
species  have  been  found,  and  five  in  theupper  Cretaceous  of  Vancouver  Island. 
From  the  Laramie  Group  as  many  as  twenty-three  species  are  recorded, 
among  them  ten  new  ones  described  by  Prof  Ward  in  his  Laramie  Flora. 
Of  the  whole  lot  twenty  are  of  the  first  type  or  section,  which  may  be  called 


238  THE  FLOEA  OP  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

arctica,  as  its  first  aud  most  generally  distributed  species,  P.  arctica  Heer,  is 
represented  in  all  the  stages  of  the  Tertiary,  even  in  the  small  groups  of 
plants  of  the  auriferous  gravel  deposits  of  California,  by  inimerous  leaves 
of  P.  Zaddachi,  its  close  relative.  Of  the  second  type  or  section  the  Laramie 
Grroup  has  only  three  species.  From  the  Green  River  Group  six  species 
are  recorded,  belonghig,  with  one  exception,  to  the  fii'st  section,  and  most 
of  them  already  present  in  the  Laramie;  and  from  the  ten  species  described 
as  Miocene,  of  which  seven  are  from  Alaska  and  the  Bad  Lands,  six  are  also 
referable  to  the  first  section.  This  section,  which  con-esponds  to  that  of  the 
coriaceous  poplars,  has  no  representatives  in  the  present  North  American 
flora. 

The  first  leaf  of  the  Dakota  Group  referred  to  Platanus,  I',  'primoiva, 
is  described  and  figured  in  Lesq.,  Cret.  FL,  p.  60,  PI.  VII,  Fig.  2.  Its 
character,  form,  and  nervation  are  distinct,  and  theii'  affinity  to  those  of 
P.  aceroides  Gopp.,  of  the  Miocene,  and  P.  occidentalis,  of  the  present  North 
American  flora,  is  easily  recognized.  Prof.  Geinitz  foimd  in  the  general 
aspect  of  that  leaf  a  likeness  to  Credneria  leaves,  but  Saporta  has  admitted 
it  in  the  Monde  des  Plantes,  p.  202,  Fig.  2,  as  the  true,  primitive  type  of  Plat- 
anus.  Later,  as  is  seen  in  the  descriptive  part  of  this  volume,  numerous 
leaves  of  the  same  type,  some  of  them  very  large,  still  more  closely  allied 
by  their  noiTual  characters  and  their  varieties  to  those  of  P.  occidentalis,  have 
been  discovered,  together  with  a  flowering  raceme,  and  thus  the  presence  of 
this  gemis  in  the  Dakota  Group  is  fully  confirmed.  Besides  the  first-named 
species,  eight  others  are  described  from  specunens  of  the  Dakota  Group, 
two  of  wliich  have  been  recognized  in  the  schists  of  Atane  in  Greenland 
aud  in  the  Milk  River  series  of  Canada,  and  two  in  the  Upper  Cretaceous  of 
Patoot.  In  the  Upper  Cretaceous  plants  of  Wyoming  and  Vancouver  Island 
no  remains  referable  to  Platamis  have  as  yet  been  observed.  But  they 
have  been  most  abundantly  found  in  the  Laramie  Group,  where  the  form 
of  the  leaves  is  somewhat  modified  in  P.  Baijnoldsii  Newb.,  P.  Haydenii 
Newb.,  P.  uohilis  Newb.,  P.  rJiomboidea  Lesq.,  and  still  more  in  P.  hasUobata 
Wai-d,  the  leaves  of  which  are  adorned  by  basilar  appendages  somewhat 
like  stipules,  as  already  remarked. 

In  the  Laramie  Group  also,  leaves  of  P.  Guillelmai  Gopp.  have  been 
obsei-ved,  and  these  are  extremely  frequent  in  the  Miocene  of  Europe  aud 
North  America,  together  with  those  of  P.  aceroides.  P.  appendicukda  and  P. 
dissecia,  which  is  perhaps  a  variety  of  it,  are  so  closely  aUied  in  character 
to  those  of  the  living  P.  occidentalis,  the  North  American  Buttonwood,  that 


ANALYSIS  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP  FLORA,  239 

the  afHliatioii  of  the  genus  is  positively  recognized  from  the  Dakota  Group, 
through  all  the  more  recent  stages  of  the  formations,  to  the  present  epoch. 

Ficus  and  Morus  are  the  only  genera  of  the  urticaceous  tribe  Morese 
represented  in  the  present  flora  of  the  United  States.  Abundant  remains 
of  Ficus  have  been  i^ecognized  in  the  geological  formations  from  the  Ce- 
nomanian  upward,  but  none  of  Morus  ;  for  the  two  leaves  described  under 
this  generic  appellation  by  Massalongo,  from  the  Tertiary  of  Italy,  are 
still  of  uncertain  affinity.  Fruits  and  leaves  of  Ficus  have  also  been 
found  in  the  schists  of  Atane  and  still  more  abundantly  in  those  of  the  Da- 
kota Group. 

In  the  description  of  the  numerous  fossil  leaves  referred  to  Ficus, 
Schimper  separates  them  into  two  sections:  First,  those  that  are  23innately 
nerved;  second,  those  that  are  palmately  nerved.  The  first  section  has  by 
far  the  largest  number  of  representatives,  as  the  same  author  refers  forty- 
four  species  to  it  and  only  twenty-four  to  the  second.  Two  species  only  of 
the  palmately  nerved  leaves  are  represented  in  the  Dakota  Group  and  in 
the  schists  of  Atane,  one  by  Ficus  Hellamliana  Heer,  at  Atane,  the  other  by 
a  relative,  F.  deflexa  Lesq.  All  the  others  belong  to  the  section  of  pinnately 
nerved  leaves,  of  which  twenty  are  recorded  in  the  Dakota  Group  flora, 
and  two  in  that  of  Atane.  In  more  recent  geological  times  the  second 
group  is  represented  in  Patoot  by  F.  arctica  Heer,  and  in  the  Upper  Creta- 
ceous of  Wyoming  (Princeton  collection)  by  F.  deflexa,  already  present  in 
the  Dakota  Group,  and  by  the  beautiful  F.  prodticta  of  Montana.  This  last 
typically  represents  F. pulcherrinia  Sap.,  of  the  Sezanne  Flora;  F.  planicos- 
tata;  F.  pscndoiiopidus ;  F.wyomingiana  Lesq.,  of  the  Laramie;  F.  Schimperi 
Lesq.,  of  the  Mississippi  Eocene ;  and  is  still  recognized  in  the  difl"erent 
stages  of  the  Tertiary  of  both  continents,  especially  in  the  onniipresent  and 
most  variable  F.  tilicefoUa,  which  is  recorded  from  the  Laramie  flora,  and 
is  still  represented  in  the  Upper  Miocene  of  the  auriferous  gravel  deposits 
of  California. 

It  would  be  an  easy  task  but  would  take  too  long  to  follow  the  affili- 
ation of  the  pinnately  nerved  leaves  of  Ficus  from  the  Cenomaniau  to  the 
present  epoch.  I  may  mention  only  the  fine  leaves  of  F.  proteoides ;  F.  Ber- 
tJioudi,  of  the  Dakota  Group;  reproduced  in  their  essential  characters,  nerva- 
tion, form  and  size  of  leaves,  in  F.  elongatalLos.;  F.  longifolia  Hos.,  of  the 
Senonian  of  Westphalia;  in  jP.  arenaceci;  F.  Smithsoniana,  o(  the  Laramie; 
F.  lanceolata,  F.  nmltinervis,  the  beautiful  F.  Unf/cri,  and  other  species  of  the 
Green  River  Group ;  also  in  most  of  the  stages  of  the  Europeau  Miocene, 


240  THE  FLORA  OP  THE  DAKOTA  GiiOUP. 

etc.  No  species,  however,  of  piiiiiately  lobed  leaVes  of  Ficus  is  represented 
iu  more  recent  stages  of  the  Tertiarj^  of  North  America,  wliere  the  geuus 
seems  to  g-radually  disappear.  In  the  flora  of  the  auriferous  gravel 
deposits  of  CaHforuia,  numerous  leaves  of  F.  tUcefolUi  have  been  found  with 
some  others  described  as  new  species,  Init  with  characters  so  closely  allied 
to  those  of  the  normal  form  that  they  may  represent  mere  varieties  of  if. 
In  the  Pliocene,  as  in  the  present  flora,  the  Morea^,  forced  southward  by  a 
gradual  lowering  of  the  temperature,  have  left  the  continental  part  of  North 
America,  remaining-  still  present  represented  by  three  species  of  Ficus, 
which  inhabit  the  southern  end  of  the  peninsula  of  Florida,  while  two 
species  of  Morns,  recently  introduced  from  Japan  or  derived  from  F.  tilioi- 
folia,  remain  as  beautiful  trees  of  our  forests. 

The  family  Laurine?e  is  distinctly  represented  and  easily  i-ecognized  in 
the  flora  of  the  Dakota  Group,  not  only  by  the  peculiar  characters,  form, 
and  nervation  of  the  leaves,  but  still  more  by  the  presence  of  some  well 
preserved  fruits,  positively  referable  to  Laurus  or  another  genus  of  Laurinese. 
There  have  been  described  up  to  the  present  time,  from  vegetable  remains 
found  in  the  Dakota  Group,  eleven  species  referred  to  Laurus,  four  to  Persea, 
five  to  Cinnamomum,  one  to  Oreodaplme,  two  to  Lindera,  eleven  to  Sassa- 
fras, or  twenty-six  species  omitting  those  of  Sassafras  (Araliopsis),  eight 
species  which,  as  far  as  known  now,  have  an  equal  degree  of  affinity  with 
Sassafras  and  Aralia.  From  the  schists  of  Atane,  Heer  has  described  four 
species  of  Laurus,  one  of  Sassafras,  and  one  of  Cinnamomum.  Of  Laurus, 
two  species  are  identified  at  Atane  and  in  the  Dakota  Grouj),  and  one  Cin- 
namomum (C.  sczaiDioi^e),  is  recognized  not  only  in  the  Cenomanian  of 
Greenland  and  of  Kansas,  but  also  in  the  Senouian  of  Patoot  and  in  the 
Eocene  of  Se'zanne.  The  distribution  of  that  species,  or  its  presence  at 
Patoot,  is  the  more  remarkable  since  the  Laurinea?.,  as  yet,  are  compara- 
tively rare  in  the  American  Senonian,  where  three  s})ecies  only  are  recorded 
from  Patoot,  and  one  from  the  Princeton  collection  made  in  Wyoming.  In 
the  Laramie  Group  the  Laui'inefe  are  represented  by  eleven  species,  six  of 
them  described  by  Prof.  Ward;  a  single  one,  a  Cinnamomum,  has  been 
found  in  the  Green  River  Group.  From  the  Miocene,  especially  of  Cali- 
fornia and  Oregon,  five  species  of  Laurinea?  ai'e  recorded. 

The  leaves  of  Laurus,  though  variable  in  their  form  and  in  some  details 
of  their  nervation,  the  characters,  especially  considered  for  the  determina- 
tion "of  the  species,  are  mostly  of  the  type  of  Laurus  primigenia,  and  repre- 
sented in  the  Dakota  Group  in  the  leaves  of  L.  prlmgema  var  cretacea.     The 


ANALYSIS  OP  THE  DAKOTA  GHOUP  FLORA.  241 

common  form  of  L.  primigenia  is  recorded  at  Patoot  by  Heer  and  in  the 
flora  of  the  Laramie  Group  by  Ward.  The  type  is  represented  in  the  Miocene 
of  Oregon  and  Cahfornia  by  L.  californica,  passing  to  the  present  Laurus  or 
Persea  caroliniensis  by  the  leaves  described  as  L.  pseudo-caroliniana  from 
the  auriferous  gravel  deposits  of  California. 

The  species  of  Persea,  especially  P.  Sehimperi  and  P.  Hai/ana,  find  their 
analogy  in  P.  palcsomorpha,  of  the  flora  of  Gelinden;  Laurus  (Persea J 
Delessii  Sap.,  of  Suzanne;  L.  grandis,  of  Corral  Hollow,  California,  and  Per- 
sea caroliniensis. 

Three  species  of  Cinnamomum  of  the  Dakota  Group  are  identified  in 
more  recent  formations:  C.  Heerii  with.  C.  affine  of  the  Laramie  Gi'oup,  and 
C.  polymorplmni  of  the  Miocene;  G.  Scheachseri  and  C.  se^annense  by  truly 
identical  species  of  the  Eocene  and  of  the  Tertiary.  If  no  representative 
of  Cinnamomum  is  left  in  the  present  flora  of  North  America,  the  absence 
is  accounted  for  by  the  same  cause  which  has  forced  the  disappearance  of 
species  of  Ficus  and  of  a  few  other  groups  of  plants  which  now  inhabit 
countries  under  the  same  degree  of  latitude  but  with  a  climate  subject  to 
more  moderate  variations.  Cinnamomum  affine  has  an  allied  living  represent- 
ative in  C.  camphora  of  Japan. 

Sassafras  has  eleven  species  in  the  flora  o'f  the  Dakota  Group  and  two 
in  that  of  Atane.  One  of  these,  S.  arctica,  is  related  to  S.  cretaceuni;  the 
other,  referred  to  8.  recurvata  Lesq.,  of  the  Dakota  Group  flora,  is  founded 
upon  two  fragmentary  leaves  scarcely  identifiable  with  the  species.  In  more 
recent  formations  S.  Pfaffiana  Heer,  recorded  from  Patoot,  is  also  founded 
iipon  a  fragmentary  leaf  Its  relation  to  any  of  the  species  described  is  not 
well  defined.  Still  from  the  Upper  Cretaceous  one  species  is  recorded  and 
figured  by  Dawson  from  Vancouver  Island. 

From  the  Laramie  Gi'oup  aud  from  the  Tertiary  of  North  America  no 
other  species  of  Sassafras  are  recorded  except  8.  8elwyni  Daws.,  from  a 
Tej'tiary  locality  near  Souris  River  in  Canada.  In  Europe  the  first  leaves 
of  ;Sassafras  were  described  by  Saporta  from  Suzanne  as  8.  primigenia.  The 
affi.'^ity  of  this  species  is  with  Lindera  Masoni  of  the  Dakota  Grouj).  Besides 
the  species  of  Suzanne,  only  two  others  are  recorded  from  the  Miocene  of 
Eu^i'ope,  both  more  or  less  closely  allied  to  8.  cretaceum.  This  last  has  the 
greatest  affinity  with  the  living  8.  officinale,  being  represented  by  trilobate 
and  by  nearly  entire  leaves  in  the  same  manner  as  are  those  of  *S'.  officinale, 
being  either  simple  or  palmately  lobed.  The  leaves  of  Lindera  Masoni  are 
remarkably  similar  to  those  of  Lindera  (8assafms)  triloba  of  Japan. 

MON  XVII 16 


242  THE  FLORA  OP  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

Of  the  Ulnie.T?  no  remains  have  as  yet  been  observed  in  the  Ceno- 
inanian,  but  Heer  has  described  leaves  of  Phinera  from  Patoot,  and  Dawson 
records  a  fragment  doubtfully  described  as  Ulnms  dtibia,  from  the  Upper 
Cretaceous  of  Vancouver  Island.  As  Ulmus  leaves  are  found  abundantlyin 
the  Tertiary  measures  of  both  continents,  three  species  having  been  ah'eady 
described  from  Suzanne  b}^  Saporta,  it  is  probable  that  the  presence  and 
orig-in  of  the  g-enns  may  be  recog-nized  by  further  researches  in  the  fossil 
remains  of  the  Dakota  Group. 

Comparatively  few  fossil  remains  of  the  division  Gamopetalse  have  as 
yet  been  found  in  the  Cretaceous.  This  is  easily  accounted  for  by  the 
mostly  herbaceous  nature  of  the  plants  which  compose  it;  the  Compositae, 
for  example,  the  Rubiacefe,  Solanacea?,  Labiatse,  Scrophularinese,  Primu- 
lacese,  etc.,  are  all  plants  of  soft  tissues  that  are  rapidly  destroyed  by 
maceration.  Of  the  few  tribes  or  families  entirely  or  partly  composed  of 
woody  plants  like  the  Lonicerse,  Oleacese,  Ebenaceae,  Ericacese,  etc.,  abxni- 
dant  fossil  remains  are  found  in  the  Middle  and  Upper  Cretaceous  of 
Grreenland  and  of  North  America. 

In  the  Caprifoliacese  numerous  leaves  of  four  species  of  Viburuum  of 
the  types  of  the  living-  V.  nudum  Linn.,  of  L.  lantanoides  Michx.,  and  V. 
ellipticum  Hook.,  have  been '  described  from  the  Dakota  Grroup.  None  of 
this  genus  has  been  as  yet  recognized  in  the  flora  of  the  schists  of  Atane,- 
l:)ut  tlu-ee  species  are  described  by  Heer  from  Patoot,  which  are  also  typic- 
ally allied  to  some  of  the  species  composing  the  present  flora  of  the  United 
States;  and  another  is  represented  by  leaves  and  seeds  in  the  Upper  Cre- 
taceous of  Montana.  From  the  Laramie  Grroup  twenty-two  species  of 
Viburnum  are  recorded,  two  of  them  described  by  Dr.  Newberry,  eleven 
by  Prof  Ward,  and  the  others  by  myself,  with  still  four  species  from  the 
Tertiary  of  the  Bad  Lands,  two  of  them  recognized  also  as  in  the  Laramie. 
All  have  a  more  or  less  marked  degree  of  affinity  with  species  of  the  pres- 
ent flora  of  North  America.  Indeed,  from  the  numerous  representa^j^y-gs 
of  Viburnum  in  our  ancient  and  living  flora,  the  genus  appears  tc,  \)Q 
mostly  American,  for  in  Europe  nine  species  only  are  described  as  ft,j5sil 
of  which  number  three  are  from  the  Upper  Cretaceous  of  Gelinden,  ^me 
from  that  of  Westphalia,  and  six  from  the  Tertiary,  counting  one  descri'i^er^ 
from  Sezanne.  The  relative  proportion  is  preserved  in  the  flora  of  our 
epoch,  for  while  tln-ee  specie.s  only  of  Viburnum  are  known  in  Europe  we 
have  twelve  in  the  North  American  flora,  all  except  one  inhabiting  the 
Atlantic  slopes. 


ANALYSIS  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP  FLORA.  243 

Lea,ves  of  Diospyros  are  found  in  different  stages  of  the  geological 
formations  of  North  America  from  the  Cenomaniau  upwards  to  the  present 
epoch.  Seven  species  of  this  genus  are  recognized  and  described  in  the  flora 
of  the  Dakota  Grroup,  two  of  which  are  also  found  in  that  of  Atane,  and  two 
in  that  of  Patoot.  From  the  Middle  Cretaceous  of  Canada  Dawson  records 
one  species  and  one  from  the  Upper  Cretaceous  of  Vancouver  Island.  In 
the  flora  of  the  Laramie  Grroup,  the  genus  has  three  species  and  the  same 
number  in  that  of  the  American  Miocene.  No  species  of  Diospyros  is 
recorded  from  any  stage  of  the  European  Cretaceous  and  also  none  remain 
in  its  present  flora,  though  about  twenty  species  have  been  described,  either 
from  leaves  or  from 'fruits  and  calyces  from  the  Tertiary  of  that  continent. 
The  Persimmon,  Diospyros  virginiana  Linn.,  is  the  only  species  remaining  in 
the  present  North  American  flora.  It  reproduces  in  certain  characters  of 
its  leaves  those  of  some  of  its  ancestors  in  the  Dakota  Group. 

The  characters  of  the  leaves  of  the  Ericaceae  are  often  obscure  or  simi- 
lar to  the  leaves  of  plants  of  other  botanical  divisions,  therefore  the  references 
of  fossil  leaves  to  particular  genera  of  the  family,  or  even  to  the  order,  are 
often  subject  to  criticism.  As  far  as  known,  up  to  the  present  time,  the  Eri- 
cacese  are  represesented  in  the  Dakota  Group  by  five  species  of  leaves  of 
Andromeda,  two  of  which  are  also  found  in  the  schists  of  Atane.  None  are 
recorded  from  the  Upper  Cretaceous,  although  in  the  Tertiary  of  Greenland 
Heer  has  recognized  five  species  of  Andromeda  and  one  of  Vaccinium. 
From  the  Laramie  Group  only  one  species  is  described,  and  from  the  Ter- 
tiary measures  we  have  tlu-ee  species  of  Andi-omeda  and  one  of  Vaccinium 
from  the  Green  River  Group,  and  two  species  of  Vaccinium  from  the  Mio- 
cene, one  of  these  being  common  to  the  flora  of  the  Green  River  Group, 
and  one  Andromeda.  This  is  very  little,  inderd,  and  not  in  accord  with 
what  is  known  of  the  distribution  of  the  Ericaceae  in  Europe.  From  the 
Tertiary  of  that  continent,  seventy-two  species  distributed  in  eleven  genera 
have  been  described,  the  largest  number  of  them  made  from  leaves  of 
Andromeda  (Leucothoe)  and  Vaccinium.  In  the  flora  of  our  epoch,  Europe 
has  only  thirty  species  of  Ericaceae,  while  from  the  Atlantic  slope  of  the 
United  States  sixty-seven  species  distributed  in  twenty-eight  genera  are 
known,  and  from  the  Pacific  slope  forty-four  species  distributed  in  twenty 
genera,  or  fifty-four  species  in  all.  Twelve  of  the  whole  number  are  com- 
mon to  both  the  eastern  and  the  western  slopes.  From  this  it  Avould  appear 
that  a  large  number  of  Ericaceae,  especially  species  of  Andromeda  and 
Vaccinium,  have  been  introduced  into  our  flora  after  or  during  the  glacial 


244  THE  FLORA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

period,  while  the  preponderance  of"  EricaceiTe  in  the  European  Tertiary  is 
against  the  supposition  that  the  phuits  of  the  Gainopetalai  have  jiassed,  later 
than  those  of  the  two  other  divisions,  through  the  modification  of  their 
characters  and  are  thus  of  more  recent  origin. 

The  orders  of  the  division  Polypetalse  are  largely  represented  in  the 
flora  of  the  Dakota  Group,  especially  in  the  genera  to  which  belong  the 
woody  or  arborescent  plants  now  generally  or  even  exclusively  pertaining 
to  the  North  American  flora.  The  Araliacese  by  Aralia;  tlie  Ampelidese 
by  Cissus  or  Cissites;  the  Cornace£e  by  -Gornus;  the  Haniamelidese  by 
Hamanielites;  the  Magnoliacefe,  especially  by  Magnolia  and  Liriodendron; 
the  Menispermacese  by  Menispermites ;  the  Malvaceae,  by  Sterculia;  the 
Aceracese  by  Acerites  and  the  SapindacciB  by  Sapindus ;  the  Celastrinese 
by  Celastrus  and  the  Rhamnere  by  Ceanothus;  the  Juglandese  by  Juglans 
and  the  Auacardiacefe  by  Rhus. 

A  number  of  the  leaves  of  the  Dakota  Group  are  referred  to  the  genus 
Aralia  by  clearly  defined  characters  of  their  nervation  and  the  form  of  their 
palmately  lobed  leaves,  while  others,  which  have  been  separated  under  the 
generic  name  of  Araliopsis  are  like  some  leaves  of  the  other  Cenomauian 
prototypes  or  of  complex  character,  which  relate  them  indifferently  to  several 
genera;  to  Platanus,  by  the  size  and  shape  of  the  leaves;  to  Sassafras  by 
their  trilobate  form;  or  to  Aspidiophyllum  by  the  prolongation  of  their  base 
into  a  round  or  dentate  shield,  etc.  As  the  peculiar  polymorphism  of  these 
leaves  has  been  separately  examined,  the  present  remarks  are  limited  to  the 
distribution  of  the  leaves  of  Aralia.  Eleven  species  of  this  genus  are 
described  from  the  Dakota  Group  ;  tlie  finest  of  them,  A.  Saportanea  Lesq., 
represented  by  numeroui-  leaves,  reappears  in  its  more  essential  characters  • 
as  A.  Looziana  in  the  flora  of  Gelinden  and  in  that  of  the  Laramie  Group. 
Of  the  other  species  of  the  same  formation,  A.  tcnuinervis  Lesq.  is  re})re- 
sented  with  a  remarkable  affinity  of  characters  in  A.  angustiloha  Lesq.,  of 
the  auriferous  gravel  deposits  of  California,  and  also  in  A.  Jorgenseni  Heer, 
of  the  Tertiary  of  Greenland.  Heer  has  described  two  species  from  the 
schists  of  Atane  and  one  from  Patoot,  none  being  recorded  from  the  Ujjper 
Cretaceous  of  Wyoming  and  Montana.  From  the  Cenomanian  of  Bohemia 
two  species  of  Aralia  are  described  by  Velenovsky;  one  of  them,  A.  decur- 
rens,  is  apparently  identical  with  A.  Saportanea  of  the  Dakota  Group. 

None  of  the  fossil  species  of  Aralia  can  be  regarded  as  closely  allied 
to  any  of  those  of  the  present  flora  of  North  America.     A.  Whitneyi,  of  the 


ANALYSIS  OP  THE  DAKOTA  GEOUP  FLORA.  245 

auriferous  gravel  deposits  of  California,  allied  to  A.  notata  of  the  Laramie 
Group,  has  its  typical  relation  to  A: papyri/era  of  Japan. 

Seven  species  of  Aralia  ai'e  still  present  in  the  flora  of  North  America, 
one  of  them  only  pertaining  to  that  of  the  Pacific  slope. 

From  the  Eiu'opean  Tertiary  thirty-two  species  are  recorded,  five  of 
which  are  in  the  flora  of  Sezanne,  none,  however,  being  known  in  the  pres- 
ent flora  of  Europe. 

The  tribe  Hederese  is  represented  in  the  Dakota  Group  by  eight  species 
of  Hedera  and  in  that  of  Atane  by  four  species.  Two  of  these  which  I  refer 
to  Hedera,  H.  orhicuJata  and  H.  ovalis,  are  described  by  Heer  under  the  name 
of  Chondrophyllum,  one  of  them  being  also  recorded  in  the  Milk  River 
series  of  Canada.  Of  the  two  other  species  from  Ataue,  one,  H.  jJrimordialis, 
is  recognized  in  the  Cenomanian  of  Bohemia;  the  other,  H.  cmwata,  has  also 
been  found  at  Patoot.  Of  the  species  of  the  Dakota  Group,  one,  II.  creta- 
cea  (PI.  XVIII,  Fig.  1),  is  e^ddently  the  type  of  H.  Strozsii  Gaud.,  of  the 
Miocene  of  Tuscany,  and  of  the  living'  H.  helix  Linn.,  the  common  ivy,  which 
has  been  found  fossil  in  volcanic  tufa  of  Italy.  In  the  flora  of  the  Lara- 
mie Group  four  species  of  Hedera  are  described  by  Prof  Ward,  two  of 
which,  H.  parimla  and  H.  minima,  clearly  reproduce  the  tyjDO  of  H.  orhicu- 
Jata, and  another,  H.  Bruneri,  that  of  H.  cretacea.  In  more  recent  forma- 
tions, one  species,  H.  marginata  Lesq.,  is  described  from  the  Green  River 
Group,  its  relation  being  indicated  with  H.prisca  Sap.,  of  the  Sezanne  flora, 
and  is  also  typically  allied  to  H.  cretacea;  another,  U.  auriculata  Heer,  is 
from  the  Miocene  of  Alaska  and  the  Arctic  regions. 

The  genus  Cissites,  as  indicated  by  the  name,  is  not  precisely  defined, 
being  established  for  leaves  of  peculiar  form,  mostly  discovered  in  the  Cen- 
omanian, and  are  related  partly  to  Aralia  or  Araliopsis,  and  partly  to  Cissus 
and  Vitis.  Eleven  species  of  Cissites  are  described  from  the  Dakota  Group, 
one  of  them  also  being  identified  in  the  schists  of  Atane.  Of  two  other 
species,  described  by  Heer  in  his  Fl.  Foss.  Ai-ct.,  and  typically  allied  to  C. 
ingens  (PI.  XIX,  Fig.  2),  one  is  apparently  Tertiary,  the  other,  CpniJasokensis 
of  Puilasok,  is  Senonian.  From  tb.e  Upper  Cretaceoiis  of  Europe  nothing  is 
described  except  C.  lacerus  Sap.  and  I\Iar.,  Flora  of  Gelinden,  PI.  v.  Fig-.  7, 
which  is  only  a  mere  fragment  of  a  leaf  probably  digitate,  whose  real  form 
and  relations  are  unknown.  In  more  recent  formations  the  leaves  of  the 
Ampelidacese  become  more  defined  and  are  referred  to  the  genera  Cissus  and 
Vitis.  We  find,  therefore,  in  Lesq.,  Tert.  FL,  from  different  localities 
refeiTed  now  to  the  Laramie  Group,  two   species  of  Vitis,  three  of  Cissus, 


246  THE  FLORA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

one  of  which,  C.  lobaio-erenata  (loc.  cit.,  PI.  XLI,  Fig.  1),  is  closely  related 
to  Cissites  mgens  Lesq.,  luentioued  above  from  the  Dakota  Grroup,  and  also 
to  Vitis  Bnmeri,  described  by  Prof.  Ward  in  the  Laramie  flora,  with  three 
other  species  of  the  same  genus.  From  the  Green  River  Group  we  have 
one  Cissus  and  Ampelopsis  fertiaria  closely  allied  to  A.  quinqtiefolia  of  the 
present  North  Americnn  flora. 

The  reference  to  the  family  Hamamelidese  of  the  leaves  of  the  Dakota 
Group  described  under  the  generic  name  of  Hamamelites,  seems  legitimate, 
for  it  has  been  indicated  by  the  author  of  the  genus,  Saporta,  for  two  species 
first  described  as  Ahms  and  Alnites  Lesq.  (Cret.  Fl.,  PI.  lxii)  and  later  as 
HamanH'lifrs  qm'mfoUus  and  H.  cordatns  Lesq.  (Cret.  and  Tert.  Fl.,  p.  71). 
And  indeed  the  leaf  of  this  last  species  figured  (loc.  cit.,  PI.  iv,  Fig.  3), 
compared  to  some  of  those  of  the  liAnng  Hamamelis  virginica  Linn.,  shows  a 
striking  affinity  and  the  evidence  at  least  of  a  family  relationship.  Five 
species  of  Hamainelites  are  described  from  the  Dakota  Group,  and  two 
from  the  Upper  Cretaceous  of  Montana.  One  is  recorded  in  the  flora  ot 
Gelinden,  and  H.  fofliergillokles  Sap.  is  described  from  the  flora  of  Sezanne, 
and  has  been  identified  in  the  flora  of  the  Laramie  Group. 

Leaves  of  Cornus  are  generally  known  by  their  peculiar  acrodi'ome 
nervation.  The  species  of  the  genus  are  about  equally  distributed  in  the 
geologic  periods  of  Europe  and  North  America,  beginning  in  the  Dakota 
Group,  by  C.  prcBCOx  related  to  C.  Forchammeri  Heer,  a  species  described  by 
that  author  from  the  schists  of  Atane,  and  also  recognized  later  in  the  Upper 
Cretaceous  of  Montana.  The  type  is  preserved  in  C.  NuttaUii  Audub.,  now 
living  in  California,  and  C.  asperifolia  Michx.,  of  the  Atlantic  slope  of  North 
America.  The  flora  of  Patoot  has  two  species,  one  of  which  is  also  found 
among  the  specimens  from  Montana,  evidently  showing  the  affiliation  of  the 
species  in  the  Cretaceous  stages  with  the  original  type  in  the  Dakota  Group. 
In  more  recent  formations  we  have  four  species  in  the  Laramie  flora,  one  of 
them  also  identified  in  the  Miocene  and  one  in  close  relation  to  leaves  of 
the  auriferous  gravel  deposits  of  California.  From  the  Tertiary  of  Europe 
twelve  species  are  described,  one  only  from  Sezanne.  In  the  flora  of  our 
epoch  about  twenty  species  are  known  to  botanists;  of  these  fourteen  belong' 
to  the  North  American  flora,  six  pertaining  exclusively  to  that  of  the  Pacific 
States. 

The  family  of  the  Magnoliacese  may  be  considered  as  the  most  inter- 
esting of  the  paleontological  sei'ies  of  plants.  The  genus  Magnolia  first,  is 
represented  in  the  Dakota  Group  by  a  conical,  cylindrical  l)ranch  of  fruit- 


ANALYSIS  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP  FLOEA.  247 

bearing  carpels,  and  by  numerous  well-preserved  leaves,  which  are  easily 
identified  by  size,  form,  and  nervation.  "Nine  species  are  described  from 
leaves  of  this  genus  in  the  Dakota  Group  and  four  in  the  schists  of  Atane. 
Of  these,  two  pei'tain  to  both  localities  and  two  are  recognized  by  Daw- 
son in  the  Peace  and  Pine  River  series  of  Canada.  None  have  been 
observed  in  the  Senonian  of  Patoot.  But  one  of  the  species  of  the  Dakota 
Group,  M.  pseudo-acuminata,  has  been  identified  in  the  flora  of  the  Upper 
Cretaceous  of  Montana  (Princeton  collection).  From  the  Laramie  Group 
five  species  have  also  been  described  and  two  from  the  Upper  Miocene 
beds  of  the  auriferous  gravel  deposits  of  California.  As  the  essential 
characters  of  the  leaves  of  these  different  species  are  closelj^  allied,  and 
may  be  recognized  in  the  successive  formations  from  the  Cenomanian  to  the 
present  epoch,  the  affiliation  by  gradual  transition  of  different  characters  of 
the  species  is  put  in  full  evidence. 

Some  of  the  leaves  of  the  Dakota  Group,  for  example,  are  so  remark- 
ably similar  to  those  of  species  of  Magnolia  of  the  present  North  American 
flora  that  it  is  scarcely  possible  to  find  precise  characters  for  separating 
them.  Such  are  the  leaves  of  M.  pseudo-acuminata  mentioned  above,  com- 
pared to  those  of  M.  acuminata  Linn.,  the  well-known  and  common  cucumber 
tree  of  our  eastern  flora,  which  is  represented  in  the  Southern  States  by 
M.  cordata  Michx.,  considered  by  some  botanists  as  a  mere  variety  of  the 
preceding.  The  type  is  recognized,  as  already  said,  in  leaves  collected  by 
the  Princeton  expedition  from  Montana,  in  those  of  M.  ovalis  Lesq.  of  the 
Eocene  Flora  of  the  Mississippi,  and  in  those  of  M.  californica  of  the  Upper 
Miocene  of  the  auriferous  gravel  deposits  of  California.  It  is  the  same  with 
M.  tenu'ifolia,  whose  leaves  are  represented  in  the  Dakota  Group,  being  allied 
by  their  form  and  peculiar  nervation  to  those  of  the  liAdng  Magnolia  umhreUa 
Linn.,  of  the  Southern  States. 

The  genus  Liriodendron  is  represented  in  the  Dakota  Group  by  a  large 
number  of  leaves,  whose  characters  are  so  peculiar  and  so  diversely  modi- 
fied that  they  have  been  referred  to  ten  different  species.  The  diversity  and 
multiplicity  of  tlie  leaves  have  been  already  remarked  upon  ^A'ith  more 
details  and  put  in  full  evidence.  After  all  this,  is  it  not  remarkable  that  no 
remains  of  plants  referable  to  Liriodendi-on  have  as  yet  been  observed  in 
the  Cretaceous  of  Europe,  and  none  in  the  Upper  Cretaceous  of  Greenland 
and  of  North  America?  And  in  the  Tertiary  or  more  recent  geological 
formations,  the  genus  is  recognized  only  by  leaves  with  variations  so  little 
marked  that  they  are  all  generally  considered  as  referable  to  a  single  species. 


248  THE  FLOEA  OP  THE  DAKOTA  OROUP. 

It  seems  as  if  the  genus  had,  from  its  first  appearance,  gradually  lost  its 
power  of  differentiation  to  take  up;  by  its  leaves,  the  unalterable  characters 
under  which  it  is  known  and  described  from  the  different  stages  of  the  Ter- 
tiary as  L.  Procaccinii.  A  few  unimportant  deviations  from  that  specific  form 
have  been  described  under  different  names,  but  they  are  now  generally  rec- 
ognized by  authors  as  mere  varieties.  Under  the  name  of  L.  Procaccinii 
Ung.,  linger  and  Massalongo  have  described  leaves  from  the  Tertiary  of 
Italy;  Heer  from  the  Miocene  of  Greenland,  and  Saporta  and  Marion  from 
the  Pliocene  of  Meximieux.  These  last  authors,  however,  reproduce  the 
figure  of  the  leaf  in  Heer's  Fl.  Foss.  Arct,  vol.  1,  PI.  xxvii.  Fig.  5,  with  the 
name  of  L.  ishouiiciim,  considering  it  as  typical  of  the  living  L.  tuli])ifera 
Linn.,  while  the  leaves  described  in  the  flora  of  Meximieux  are  supposed 
to  represent  an  extinct  type.  But  the  deviations  from  the  normal  form  of 
the  Tertiary  leaves  are  unimportant;  therefore  L.  helveticum  Fisher-Ooster, 
figured  by  Heer,  Fl.  Tert.  Helv.,  PI.  cviii.  Fig.  6,  and  probably  also  the 
fragment  described  as  L.  Haueri  Ett,  Foss.  Fl.  v.  Bilin,  pt.  3,  p.  9,  PL  xli. 
Fig.  10,  of  which,  however,  the  essential  parts  of  the  leaf,  its  outlines,  are 
undiscernible  and  are  also  mere  varieties  of  L.  Procaccinii  Ung.  The  char- 
acters of  this  species,  derived  from  L.  giganteum  of  the  Dakota  Group,  are 
mostly  reproduced  in  the  North  American  L.  tulipifera  Linn.,  the  only  living 
species  of  oiu*  epoch. 

The  Dakota  Group  has  numerous  leaves  which,  by  their  characters, 
have  such  a  degree  of  affinity  to  those  of  Menispermum  and  Cocculus,  two 
genera  still  represented  in  the  North  American  flora,  each  by  .one  abun- 
dantly distributed  species,  that  it  is  not  possible  to  object  to  their  reference 
to  this  family  of  plants.  The  leaves  of  Menispermites  acerifolius  Lesq. 
(Cret.  FL,  PL  xx.  Figs.  1-4),  compared  to  those  of  Cocculus  carolinus  DC, 
and  of  Menispermum  canadense  Linn. ;  those  of  Menispermites  grandis,  M. 
cijclopliyllus,  etc.  (Cret  and  Tert.  FL,  pp.  79  and  80,  PL  v,  Figs.  1-3),  com- 
pared also  to  some  of  the  leaves  of  Menispermum  canadense,  and  by  their 
peltate  mode  of  attachment  of  the  petiole  to  those  of  Stephania  or  of  Cissam- 
pelos  pareira  of  Mexico,  show  that  relation  in  full  evidence. 

In  a  fossil  state,  nine  species  of  Menispermites  are  represented  by  leaves 
in  the  Dakota  Group,  two  in  the  schists  of  Atane  and  one  in  the  Peace  and 
Pine  River  series  of  Canada.  None  have  as  yet  been  found  in  the  Upper 
Cretaceous  and  from  more  recent  formations  one  species  only.  Cocculus 
Haydenianus  is  described  by  Prof.  Ward  and  figured  in  splendid  leaves  from 


ANALYSIS  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP  FLORA.  249 

the  Laramie  Grroup.  The  living  flora  of  Europe  has  no  representation  of 
the  Menispermacese. 

The  family  Stercnliaceaj  are  mostly  represented  in  paleobotany  by 
species  of  Sterculia.  The  plants  of  tliis  genus  have  leaves  generally  palm- 
ately  divided  from  below  the  middle,  the  primary  nervation  derived  from 
the  top  of  the  petiole  at  the  basal  borders,  palmately  tkree  to  five  parted, 
and  the  secondaries  numerous,  either  anastomosing  in  bows  quite  near  the 
borders  or  gradually  effaced  in  passing-  into  the  areolation  by  repeated 
anastomoses.  These  are  the  essential  points  which  I  have  considered  for 
the  atti'ibution  of  leaves  to  this  genus,  especially  as  distinctive  from  those 
of  the  leaves  of  Ai'alia,  whose  base  is  prolonged  or  decurring  along  the 
petiole  and  the  primary  nervation  being  palmately  trifid  and  supra-basilar. 
These  characters  may  be  considered  of  little  practical  value,  but  serve  as  a 
diagnosis  of  the  fossil  leaves  referred  to  Sterculia,  and  afford  the  means  of 
comparing  the  march  and  distribution  of  these  plants  through  the  geolog'ical 
ages  from  their  origin  in  the  Dakota  Grroup,  where  they  are- first  recognized. 

I  have  refen-ed  to  Sterculia  seven  species  or  forms  of  leaves  of  the 
.Dakota  Group,  some  of  them  related  to  S.  labrusca  Ung.,  a  common  and 
variable  species  of  the  European  Tertiary.  None  have  been  recorded  by 
Heer  from  the  schists  of  Atane,  but  one  is  recognized  by  Dawson  in  the 
Peace  and  Pine  River  series  of  Canada.  Fi'om  the  Upper  Cretaceous, 
Heer  has  described  leaves  of  Sterculia  variabilis,  first  described  by  Saporta 
in  his  El.  Foss.  de  Si^zanne,  p.  400,  PI.  xii,  Figs.  6,7;  and  S.  labrusca  Ung., 
a  species  commonly  found  in  the  Tertiary  of  Europe,  is  recognized  in  the 
flora  of  Gelinden  by  Saporta  and  Marion.  Finely  preserved  leaves  of  one 
species,  S.  modesta  Sap.  (Fl.  de  Sezanne,  p.  40,  PI.  xii.  Fig.  2),  have  been 
found  at  Grolden,  Colorado,  (Laramie  Grroup),  and  one  species  is  described 
from  the  Green  River  Group.  Though  sixteen  species  of  Sterculia  are 
recorded  from  the  Tertiary  of  Europe,  the  genus  is  without  representatives 
in  the  present  flora  of  Europe  and  of  America. 

Tilia  and  Grewia,  l^oth  well  cliaracterized  genera,  have  left  abundant 
remains  of  leaves  in  the  Tertiary,  and  have  representatives  in  the  flora 
of  the  present  epoch.  Grewiopsis  and  Apeibopsis,  with  less  definite  char- 
acters, related  as  indicated  by  the  names  to  Grewia  and  Apeiba,  are 
represented  in  palseobotany  from  the  Cenomanian,  but  become  extinct  in 
the  recent  stages  of  the  Miocene.  Applhopsis  Thomseniana  Heer  has  been 
described  from  the  schists  of  Atane,  and  leaves  scarcely  differing  from  those 
of  Atane  have  also  been  described  from  the  Dakota  Group  as  A.  ctfchplttfUa. 


250  •  'i'HE  FLORA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

At  a  higher  stage  of  the  Cretaceous,  in  Montana,  another  species  of  Apeihopsis 
is  also  found.  The  genus  Grewiopsis  is  less  positively  recognized.  Numerous 
leaves  of  the  Dakota  Grroup  have  been  referred  to  this  genus  under  the  spe- 
cific name  of  G.  Hai/denU.  By  their  nervation  they  have  a  degree  of  affinity 
to  those  of  Tilia.  A  fruit  also  of  Nordenskldld'm  Heer,  a  new  genus  whose 
relation  is  apparently  to  the  TiliaceiB,  is  described  from  the  same  formation. 
Taken  altogether,  these  remains  bear  testimony  to  the  origin  or  presence  of 
the  Tiliaceae  in  the  Dakota  Group.  Of  nine  species  to  Grewiopsis  recorded 
in  the  flora  of  the  Laramie  Group,  five  are  described  by  Prof.  Ward  and 
four  by  myself.  The  genus  Grewia  is  first  recognized  in  the  Laramie 
Group  by  four  species,  and  later  in  the  Miocene  of  Oregon  by  one ;  four 
species  of  Grewia  are  also  descriljed  by  Heer  in  his  Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  all  from 
the  Tertiary  of  Cape  Lyell,  Spitzbergen. 

Leaves  of  Tilia  have  not  been  observed  in  the  fossil  flora  of  North 
America  before  the  Tertiary.  T.  antiqua  Newb.  (Viburnum  tiUoides  Ward) 
is  from  Fort  Clark;  another,  T.  popuUfoUa  Lesq.,  is  from  Floi-issant,  in  the 
Green  River  Group.  Tilia  Malnujrmi  Heer,  and  T.  alashana  Heer,  are 
recorded  from  the  Arctic  Miocene,  or  Eocene  as  it  is  now  called. 

Ettingshausen  first  described  in  his  Kreideflora  of  Niederschoena,  as 
Acer  antiquum,  a  leaf  attributed  to  this  genus,  from  its  similarity  of  form  to 
those  of  A.  decipiens  Heer.  This  attribution  was,  however,  generally  con- 
sidered doubtful,  and  the  origin  of  the  genus  referred  to  Tertiary  age.  A 
number  of  leaves  recently  discovered  in  the  Dakota  Group  of  Kansas  and 
described  under  the  name  of  Acerites  multiformis  (PI.  XXXIV,  Figs.  1-9), 
confirm,  by  their  characters,  the  determination  of  Ettingshausen  and  prove 
the  existence  of  representatives  of  this  family  in  the  Cenomanian. 

No  remains  of  Acer  have  been  found  in  the  schists  of  Atane,  but  Heer 
has  recognized  two  species  in  the  Senonian  of  Patoot,  and  in  more  recent 
formations  from  the  base  of  the  Laramie  Group  fossil  remains  of  plants  of 
this  genus  have  been  found  in  abundance.  In  the  Tertiary  of  Greenland 
Heer  has  ten  species.  Prof.  Ward  has  described  two  in  his  Laramie  flora, 
and  I  have  found  seven  species  in  the  different  stages  referred  to  the  Lar- 
amie, and  two  species  in  Upper  Miocene  strata  of  the  auriferous  gravel 
deposits  of  California.  More  than  sixty  species  of  Acer  and  two  species  of 
Negundo  are  described  from  different  stages  in  the  European  Tertiary. 
In  the  living  flora  fifty  or  more  species  are  known,  mostly  inhabiting 
the  northern  hemisphere,  and  being  equally  distributed  between  Europe 
and  North  America;  seven  species  in  Europe,  five  in  the  Atlantic  States  of 


ANALYSIS  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP  FLORA.  251 

North  America,  three  in  the  Western  States,  with  one  species  of  Negiindo 
each  in  the  Western  and  Eastern  States.  Of  the  genus  Negundo  one 
Miocene  species  is  described  from  Europe  and  one  from  North  America, 
the  latter  from  the  Fort  Union  Group  by  Dr.  Newberry. 

I  have  also  described  as  Negmidoides  acutifolia  in  Cret.  Fl.  (p.  97,  PI. 
XXI,  Fig.  5)  fragments  of  two  leaflets  found  in  the  Dakota  Group,  and 
apparently  part  of  a  compound  leaf,  which  I  could  relate  only  to  the  leaves 
of  Negnndo  GaUfornicum  Torr.  and  Gray.  On  account  of  the  insufficient 
characters  of  these  fragments  it  is  not  possible  to  consider  them  as  original 
representatives  of  Negmido,  nor  even  perhaps  to  admit  them  in  the  Aceracese. 

The  Sapindacese  have  distinct  representatives  in  numerous  leaves  of 
Sapindus  in  the  Cenomanian  of  Greenland  and  of  North  America.  From 
the  schists  of  Atane  Heer  records  two  species  of  Sapindus,  one  of  them,  first 
desci'ibed  from  specimens  of  the  Dakota  Group,  is  also  found  in  the  Upper 
Cretaceous  of  Patoot.  No  other  species  is  known  from  the  Upper  Creta- 
ceous, but  the  genus  is  represented  in  North  American  Tertiary  by  eleven 
species,  two  of  them  recorded  from  the  Green  River  Group  and  two  from 
the  Fort  Union  Group.  At  this  epoch  the  Sapindacese  are  mostly  distributed 
in  the  tropical  regions.  One  species  of  Sapindus  only  remains  in  the  North 
American  flora  inhabiting  the  coast  of  Florida  and  Georgia. 

A  number  of  coriaceous  leaves,  whose  relation  to  Celastrus  is  indicated 
by  their  form  and  nervation,  have  been  referred  to  this  type  under  the 
name  of  Celastrophyllum.  Their  characters  are  not  clearly  defined  and 
therefore  their  relation  to  li-sdng  species  of  Celastrus  is  not  positive.  In  the 
leaves  of  the  Dakota  Group  I  have  recognized  tlu'ee  species  of  Celastro- 
phyllum, one  of  which,  G.  decurrens,  is  closely  related  to  G.  lanceolatum  Ett., 
of  the  Cenomanian  of  Niederschoena,  Saxony,  and  is  also  reproduced  with 
distinct  affinity  in  G.  Benedeni  Sap.  &  Mar.,  of  the  Senonian  of  France. 
Heer  has  described  tlu'ee  species  of  this  same  generic  division  and  one  of 
Celastrus  from  the  Senonian  of  Patoot.  The  genus  Celastrus  is  abun- 
dantly represented  in  the  more  recent  geological  formations.  From  the 
Laramie  Group  Prof  Ward  describes  seven  species  of  Celastrus,  and  from 
localities  referable  to  the  same  group  I  have  recorded  in  Tert.  Flora  two 
species  of  Celastrinites  with  three  species  of  Celastrus,  one  Celastrinites 
from  the  Green  River  Group  and  one  Celastrus  from  the  Miocene  of  Alaska. 
Gelastrns  scandens  Linn.,  is  the  only  living  species  remaining  in  the  North 
American  flora.     Though  more  than  sixty  species  of  Celastinis,  including 


252  THE  FLOE  A  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

four  of  Celastrinites,  have  been  described  from  the  Tertiary  of  Europe, 
no  Celasti-us  is  laiown  in  the  present  flora  of  that  continent.^ 

In  the  Ilicinese,  leaves  of  Ilex  are  distinctly  characterized  and  their 
generic  affinities  positively  ascertained.  I  have  described  five  species  of 
Ilex  from  the  Dakota  Group,  and  Heer  has  described  one  from  Atane  and 
two  from  Patoot.  Ilex  horecdis  Heer,  described  from  Patoot,  is  recognized 
also  in  the  Dakota  Group  and  represented  in  PI.  XXXV,  Fig.  8,  this  volume, 
while  Ilex  dakotensis  has  a  marked  affinity  to  /.  stenophi/lla  Ung.,  of  the  Mio- 
cene, and  especially  to  I.  glabra  Gray,  of  the  living  flora  of  Noi-th  America. 
Two  species  of  the  Dakota  Group,  I.  armata  and  I.  papulosa,  typically  repre- 
sent the  American  Holly,  Ilex  opaca  Ait.,  together  with  a  number  of  species  of 
the  Tertiary  which  have  coriaceous,  spinose  leaves.  No  species  of  Ilex  has 
been  as  yet  described  from  the  Laramie  Group,  but  we  have  ten  species 
from  the  Green  River  Group  and  one  from  the  chalk  bluffs  of  the  aurifer- 
ous gravel  deposits  of  California.  From  the  Tertiary  measures  of  Atane 
five  species  are  known,  and  two  from  Alaska.  Remarkably  enough,  the 
genus,  of  which  more  than  thirty  species  are  recorded  by  Schimper  from 
the  Tertiary  of  Eui-ope,  a  number  of  them  closely  related  to  the  species  of 
the  present  flora  of  North  America,  is  at  this  epoch  represented  in  the  flora 
of  Eui'ope  by  a  single  species,  while  ten  inhabit  the  Atlantic  slope  of  the 
United  States,  and  none  that  of  the  Pacific. 

Of  the  order  Rhamneae  fossil  remains  have  been  refeiTed  to  Paliu- 
rus,  Zizvphus,  Geanothus  and  Rhamnus,  all  genera  in  which  the  leaves  are 
easily  recognized  by  their  peculiar  nervation.  Five  species  of  Paliurus  are 
described  from  the  Dakota  Group,  one  of  which,  P.  cretacea,  is  closely 
allied  to  P.  affirm  Heer,  of  Patoot;  another,  P.  oralis,  is  recognized  also  in 
the  Peace  and  Pine  River  series  of  Canada  with  a  new  species,  P.  montamis 
described  by  Dawson.  Of  Zizyphus,  one  species  is  known  fi'om  the  Dakota 
Group  and  also  from  Patoot;  and  of  Geanothus,  none  as  yet  have  been  seen 
in  the  Dakota  Group,  but  Heer  has  one  species  from  Patoot  and  Dawson  one 
from  Vancouver  Island.  Of  Rhamnus,  the  Dakota  Group  has  five  species, 
and  Heer  has  two  from  Atane  and  one  from  Patoot.  i?.  similis,  of  the 
Dakota  Groiip,  is  remarkably  like  B.  rectinervis,  a  common  species  of  the  Ter- 
tiary of  Europe  and  America,  reproduced  with  characters  of  its  leaves  in  the 

'The  characters  of  Celastrus  are  difficult  to  fix.  In  the  leaves  of  C.  seandens  tlie  secondaries  curve 
quite  near  the  borders  iu  regular,  smooth,  or  slightly  angular  bows,  emitting  short  straight  nervilles 
directed  towards  the  borders,  indifferently  entering  the  small,  curved-up  teeth  or  any  p.art  of  the  bor- 
ders, even  the  sinuses  between  the  teeth.  The  size  of  the  leaves  is  very  disproportionate,  varying 
upon  the  same  bush  from  3<^™  to  l.'j'^"',  even  with  some  enlarged  leaves  measuring  IS"^""  in  width  and 
17<^™  in  length. 


ANALYSIS  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP  FLORA.  253 

living  Fraiigala  carol'miana  Gray;  while  R.  inceqwUatemlis,  also  of  the  Dakota 
Group,  is  typically  allied  to  B.  tuningensis  of  the  Mioceue  of  Europe.  Of 
the  RhamneiP,  Gelindeu  has  ouly  one  species,  aZizyphus.  But  the  different 
geuera  of  the  family  become  more  and  more  richly  represented  in  the  Lar- 
amie Group  and  the  more  recent  formations.  ■  From  the  Laramie  flora  Prof 
Ward,  besides  Berchemla  tiuiWrnervis,  a  species  common  in  the  Tertiary  of 
both  continents,  has  recognized  three  species  of  Zizyphus,  one  of  them,  new; 
three  of  Paliurus,  one  of  which,  the  most  common,  is  1'.  Colonihi  Heer. 
From  different  localities  referred  now  to  the  Laramie,  I  have  recorded  ten 
species  of  Rhamnus  and  one  of  Zizyphus,  besides  two  species  of  Paliurus,  one 
of  Zizyphus,  two  of  Rhamnus  from  the  Green  River  Group,  and  one  of  Zizy- 
jihus  and  two  of  Rhaumus  from  the  Upper  Mioceue  of  the  auriferous  gravel 
deposits  of  California.  A  fine  species  of  Rhamnus  is  also  described  in  the 
Mississippi  flora  (Eocene).  The  types  of  all  these  genera  represented  in 
the  Dakota  Group  may  be  followed  by  their  affiliation  and  clearly  recog- 
nized tlu'ough  the  geologic  ages  to  the  present  epoch,  where  the  flora  of 
North  America  has  still  in  the  Atlantic  States  one  species  of  Berchemia, 
three  of  Rhamnus,  and  four  of  Ceanothus,  while  it  has  on  the  Pacific  slope 
four  species  of  Rhamnus,  eighteen  of  Ceanothus,  and  one  of  Zizyphus. 
The  preponderance  of  species  of  Ceanothus  in  this  last  flora  is  remarkable, 
and  does  not  appear  to  result  from  ancestral  influence,  for  no  other  repre- 
sentative of  this  genus  has  been  observed  in  the  Tertiary  of  North  America, 
except  Ceanotlms  Meigsii  Lesq.,  of  the  Mississippi  Eocene,  a  species  dis- 
tinctly related  to  the  living  C.  Americanns  Linn. 

Of  the  order  Juglandepe,  Juglans  is  as  yet  the  only  genus  of  which 
leaves  have  been  observed  in  the  Dakota  Group.  One  species,  Juglans 
arctica  Heer,  first  described  from  the  schists  of  Atane,  has  been  later  recog- 
nized in  the  Dakota  Group  Avith  J.  primorclialis  Lesq.  and  two  other  forms 
of  leaves,  Avhich  have  been  described  under  the  generic  name  of  Juglaudites 
on  account  of  their  insufficiently  ascertained  relations.  Juglans  crassi2)cs 
Heer,  of  the  Cenomaniau  of  Moletein,  is  also  recognized  in  the  Senonian  of 
Patoot,  and  Dawson  has  described  J.  harivoodensis  from  the  Upper  Creta- 
ceous of  Vancouver  Island,  and  has  recognized  J,  cretacea  fi-om  the  Peace 
and  Pme  River  series  of  Canada.  In  more  recent  geological  times  the  genus 
becomes  more  abundantly  represented.  The  Laramie  Group  has  seven ' 
species  of  Juglans  and  one  Carya;  the  Eocene  of  the  Mississippi  two  species 
of  Juglans ;  the  Green  River  Group  has  five  species  of  Juglans,  with  one 
species  common  also  to  the  Laramie  Group,  and  four  opecies  of  Carya.     And 


254  THE  FLORA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

in  tlie  still  more  recent  formations  referred  to  the  Miocene  ten  species  are 
described,  four  of  which  are  from  leaves  found  in  the  auriferous  gravel 
deposits  of  California;  tins  in  a  flora  of  which  only  fifty-fom*  species  are 
known.  Cari/a  antiqua  Newb.,  ascribed  to  the  Laramie  Group,  has  been 
foimd  in  the  Bad  Lands  and  the  Fort  Union  Grrou^),  with  plants  of  Miocene 
type. 

The  Juglandete  show  a  constant  increase  of  their  representatives  in 
the  floras  of  the  Mesozoic  ages  in  passing  from  older  to  more  recent  forma- 
tions. The  present  flora  of  North  America  has  now  four  species  of  Juglans, 
two  on  each  slope,  and  seven  species  of  Qarya,  all  confined  to  the  Atlantic 
States.  The  predominance  of  the  Juglandeaj  upon  this  continent  is  the 
more  remarkable  in  that,  of  the  thirty  species  of  Juglans  still  living,  Eiu'ope 
has  only  one  species  and  this  in  cultivation,  and  as  far  as  known  introduced 
from  Persia,  while  thirty-four  species  have  been  described  from  leaves  or 
fruits  from  the  Em'opean  Jliocene,  with  eighteen  species  of  Carya  and  five 
of  Pterocarya.  The  original  type  of  Juglans  is  represented  in  the  Dakota 
Grroup  bv  leaves  with  entire  borders.  No  species  with  serrate  leaves,  like 
those  of  Juglans  and  Carya  of  our  present  flora,  have  been  observed  before 
the  end  of  the  Cretaceous. 

Of  the  Rosacese  we  have  in  the  Dakota  Group  well  preserved  leaves 
of  one  species  of  Crataegus,  one  of  P3^rus,  and  two  of  Prunus.  The  leaves 
of  Crataegus  have  distinct  characters  and  are  positively  detennined.  That 
of  Cratcegus  Laurenciana  (PI.  XXXVIII,  Fig.  1)  has  a  very  close  relation  to 
C.  antiqua  Heer  of  the  Tertiary  of  Greenland,  and  both  species  are  of  a 
type  evidently  reproduced  in  the  living  p.  tomentosa  Limi.,  of  the  present 
North  American  flora.  The  determination  of  Pynis  cretacea  Newb.,  based 
upon  the  form  of  one  leaf  and  that  of  Prunus  cretacea  Lesq.,  determined 
from  two  fruits,  may  be,  however,  questionable,  though  I  have  found  in  the 
Senonian  of  Wyoming  (Princeton  collection)  leaves  referable  to  two  species 
of  Pranus,  one  of  which  is  closely  related  to  P.  serrulata  Heer  of  the 
Sachalin  Tert.  Fl.  From  the  same  fi>rmation  a  number  of  leaves  have 
been  referred  to  Photinia  on  account  of  their  distinct  afiinity  to  those  of  the 
living  P.  arhutifolia  of  California,  and  others,  together  with  fine  large  stipules, 
to  Crataegus  on  account  of  the  affinity  of  their  characters  to  those  of  C. 
japonica.  Heer  has  not  recognized  any  kind  of  plants  referable  to  the 
Rosacese  in  the  schists  of  Atane,  but  has  desci'ibed  two  species  of  Crataegus 
from  the  Senonian  of  Patoot.  In  more  recent  formations,  considered  as 
Tertiary,  one  species  of  Amelanchier  is  described  by  Dr.  Newberry  from 


ANALYSIS  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GEOUP  FLORA.  255 

the  so-called  liguitic  strata  of  the  Yellowstone  River.  lu  the  Green  River 
Group  we  have  one  Amelanchier,  one  Crataegus,  one  Rosa,  and  one  Amyg- 
dalus,  and  frord  the  Miocene  strata  I  have  described  one  Crataegus  from 
Carbon,  Wyoming,  one  Spiraea  from  Alaska,  one  Prunus  from  the  Bad 
Lands,  and  one  Cercocarpus  from  the  auriferous  gravel  deposits  of  Cali- 
fornia.    Heer  records  fourteen  species  of  Rosacese  in  the  Arctic  Tertiary. 

The  Leguminosse,  which  are  richly  represented  now  in  the  vegetation 
of  our  globe,  are  as  yet  recognized  in  the  Cretaceous  merely  by  detached 
leaflets,  whose  generic  relations  remain  uncertain.  This  order  being  essen- 
tially composed  of  herbaceous  plants  with  compound  leaves,  with  the 
piimules  easily  detached,  specimens  have  frequently  been  preserved  as  fos- 
sil witnesses  of  its  ancient  origin.  Heer  has  found  in  the  schists  of  Atane 
seventeen  species  of  Leguminosse,  while  ten  have  been  described  from  the 
Dakota  Group.  Of  these  one  is  represented  by  a  large  legume,  whose 
generic  relation  is  still  unknown. 

Besides  the  plants  to  which  the  above  remarks  are  applicable  there  are, 
in  the  flora  of  the  Dakota  Group,  a  number  of  vegetable  remains  whose 
relation  to  any  of  the  vegetable  groups,  orders,  or  genera,  admitted  in  the 
flora  of  the  present  epoch,  has  not  been  recognized.  These  plants,  described 
under  peculiar  generic  names  (Protophyllum,  Aspidiophyllum,  Eremophyl- 
lum,  Anisophyllum,  etc.),  may  represent  short-lived  types  whose  disappear- 
ance is  far  more  easily  explained  than  their  origin.  For,  indeed,  their 
essential  characters  may  have  been  gradually  eifaced  by  rapid  modification 
and  so  intimately  mixed  with  others  that  they  have  become  unrecognizable ; 
or,  under  adverse  influences  may  have  become  really  extinct  as  races  unfit 
to  remain  associates  of  those  of  the  future. 

It  is  well  to  remark,  also,  that  though  some  types  of  the  Cenomanian,  as 
shown  by  the  leaves  of  the  Dakota  Group,  generally  remain  distinct  and 
plainly  defined  in  the  vegetation  of  some  of  the  subsequent  geological  for- 
mations, the  chain  of  evidence  is  not  always  continuous.  A  number  of 
these,  for  example,  still  remain  unrecognized  in  the  Upper  Cretaceous,  though 
present  in  more  recent  strata  of  the  Laramie  or  of  the  Tertiary.  We  know 
very  little  as  yet  of  the  flora  of  the  Senonian  or  of  intermediate  stages 
between  the  Dakota  and  the  Laramie  Groups.  But  judging'  from  recent 
discoveries  in  Wyoming,  Montana,  Canada,  and  Vancouver  Island,  we  have 
been  able  to  recognize  in  the  scanty  materials  obtained  the  presence  and 
therefore  the  persistence  of  some  of  the  primitive  or  more  ancient  types,  and 
it  is  most  probable  that  further  research  will  complete  the  evidence  of  the 


-256  THE  FLORA  OF  THE  DAKOTA  GROUP. 

persistence  and  representation  of  the  types  of  the  Dakota  Gronp  up  to  the 
Laramie,  as  clearly  as  it  is  observable  in  this  flora  and  tlnough  the  different 
stages  of  the  Tertiary  to  the  present  time. 

Already  the  evidence  obtained  from  the  study  of  the  Dakota  Group 
remains  warrants  the  conclusion  that  the  flora  of  North  America  is  not  at 
the  present  epoch,  and  has  not  been  in  past  geological  times  composed  of 
foreign  eleuTents  brought  to  this  continent  by  migration,  but  that  it  is  indig- 
enous. Its  types  are  native;  the  diversity  of  their  representatives  has  been 
produced  by  physical  influences;  their  affinities,  therefore,  or  the  relation  of 
their  modification  or  derived  forms  can  not  be  looked  for  in  the  vegetation 
of  distant  countries.  This  evidence  greatly  simplifies  the  researches,  and 
therefore  the  affinities  rest  upon  more  solid  ground.  These  conclusions  seem 
confirmed  by  the  great  analogy  of  climatic  circumstances  recognized 
as  existing  between  the  characters  of  the  flora  of  the  Dakota  Group  and  those 
which  now  govern  the  vegetation  of  the  North  American  continent.  All  the 
plants  of  the  American  Cenomanian,  except  those  of  Ficus  and  the  Cycads, 
might  find  a  congenial  climate  in  the  United  States  between  30°  and  40°  of 
latitude.  Even  the  exceptions  noted  above  may  be  omitted;  for  the  growth 
of  some  kinds  of  plants,  for  example  the  Cycads,  essentially  depends  on  a 
moderate  and  humid  climate,  without  striking  extremes  of  temperature,  and 
of  circumstances  like  those  governing  the  climate  of  the  southern  shores  of 
Florida,  where  species  of  Ficus  still  grow  luxuriantly. 

A  single  modification  of  the  character  of  the  vegetation  generally  fol- 
lows great  geological  disturbances  which  produce  pei'manent  changes  in  the 
atmospheric  conditions  of  a  country.  From  the  base  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains to  that  of  the  Alleghanies  the  land  surface,  with  an  expanse  of  more 
than  140,000  square  miles,  has  remained  unbroken  by  any  chain  of  moun- 
tains or  even  by  hills  of  moderate  altitude,  from  the  beginning  of  the  Cre- 
taceous period.  Even  the  absence  of  di-ift  deposits  upon  a  great  portion  of 
these  vast  plains  shows  how  little  the  Glacial  Period  influenced  their  physi- 
cal conditions.  The  result  has  been  a  prolonged  uniformity  of  climate  and 
of  course  the  preservation  of  the  original  types  of  the  flora,  subjected  to 
some  modification  of  their  original  characters,  without  destroying  them  or 
forcing  their  removal  by  the  introduction  of  strange  or  exotic  forms. 


PLATES 


MON   XVII 17 


PLATE  L 


PLATE    I. 

Page. 

Fius.  1, 1((.  Asplenium  Dicksouianum  Hccr 24 

•2,'.',.  Ptei-is  dakoteiisis,  s)".  iiov. ,.  24 

4.  Podozamites  aiigustilblius  Eichw 27 

.'),(>.  Poilozaiuites  lauceolatus  (L.  &  H.),  Brougn 28 

7.  Podozamites  Steuopus,  sp.  nov 27 

8.  Zamites  species 26 

y,  10.  Dammarites  candatus  Le^q 32 

11 .  Dammarites  emarginatus  Lesq 33 

12.  Kucepbalartos  cretaoeus,  sp.  uov 29 

13.  Bromelia?  tenuifolia,  sp.  uov 41 

14.  Cycadeospermuiii  lineatiim,  sp.  uov - 30 

•260 


PLATE   II. 


PLATE    II. 

Page. 

1,  2,  3.  Phyllocladus  subinte%ritolius  Lesq 34 

4.  Sequoia  Keichenbachi  Heer 35 

5.  Braobyphyllum  crassum,  sp.  nov 32 

G.  Cycadites  pungeDS,  sp.  no7 30 

7.  Phyllites  zamiieformis,  sp.  nov 28 

8.  Pbragmites  cretaoeas  Lesq 37 

9,9a.  Williamsonia  elocata,  sp.  nov 87 

10.  Alismacites  dakoteusis,  sp.  nov 37 

11.  Myrica  aspera,  sp.  nov - 66 

12.  Myrica  Schimperi,  sp.  nov — 66 

262 


MONOGRAPH  XVII      PLATE  li 


y^x 


.-w> 


IH         ttlS^ 


PLATE   III. 


PLATE    III. 

I'IGS.  1-6.  Myrica  longa  Heer 67 

7.  Salix  Hayei,  sp.  uov 48 

8.  Salix  deleta,  sp.  iiov :..  4!) 

9-11.  Populns  byperborea  Heer : Ci 

12.  Populus  stygia  Heer 44 

13.  Ficns  (leflexa,  sp.  iiov 8ii 

14.  QiiiTcus  (Dryopbylliini)  Hosiaua,  sp.  nov  Til 

15.  Quercns  (Diyoj)byllnm)  hieracifolia  (Deb.),  &  Hos.  &  v.  d.  Marck M 

16.  Betula  Beatriciana  Lesq 59 

264 


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PLATE   IV, 


PLATE  IV. 

Page. 

Figs.  1-4.  Betulites  Westii  var.  subintegrifolius 61 

5-8.  Betulites  Westii  var.  obtusus 61 

9-11.  Betulites  Westii  var.  latifolius 61 

12-16.  Betulites  Westii  var.  rotun'datus ;..  61 

17-19.  Betulites  Westii  var.  oblongus 61 

20-22.  Betulites  Westii  var.  mnltinervis 62 

266 


,   GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


\ 


10 


/"^X, 


21 


13 


14 


^ 


18 


19 


PLATE   V. 


PLATE  V. 

P»ge. 

F1G8.  1-4.  Betulites  Snowii,  sp.  nov 64 

5.  Betulltes  Westii  var.  reuiformis 62 

6,  7.  Betulites  Westii  var.  rhomboidalis 62 

6.  Betulites  Westii  var.  cuneatas 62 

9.  Betulites  Westii  var.  quadratifolius 62 

10-13.  Betulites  Westii  var.  insequilateralis 62 

14.  Betulites  Westii  var.  lanceolatus 62 

15-17.  Betulites  Westii  var.  crassus 63 

18.  Stipules  of  Betulites 65 


.   S.   GEOLOGICAL  S 


MONOGRAPH  > 


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PLATE   VI. 


PLATE  VI. 

Page. 

Figs.  1,2.  Betiilites  popnlifolins,  sp.  nov 64 

3-5.  Betulites  rugosua,  sp.  nov — 65 

6.  Qiiercus  glascoena,  sp.  nov 55 

7.  Sassafras  (Araliopsis)  papillosum,  sp.  nov 102 

270 


U.   S.   GEOLOGI 


PLATE  YII. 


,   PLATE  VII. 

Page. 

Fig.  1.  Qaercus  Wardiana,  sp.  uov 53 

'2.  Galla  quercina,  sp.  nov 58 

3.  Quercus  alnoides,  sp.  nov ^4 

4.  Quercus  dakotensis  Lesq 56 

5.  Quercus  hexagona  Lesq 56 

6.  Ilex  Masoni,  sp.  nov 179 

7.  Popnlites  litigiosus  (Heer),  Lesq 46 

8,9.  Populites  Sternbergii,  sp.  nov 45 

273 


PLATE   VIII 


MON   XYII 18 


PLATE   VIII. 

Page. 

Fig.  1.  Popiilns  hyperborea  Heer '. 43 

2-4.  Popiilus  Berggreni  Heer 42 

r>.  Populites  litigiosus  (Hcei')  Lesq 4G 

G.  Fruiting  Ciitkiu  of  Salix .■ 51 

7.  Platan  us  priuiasva  Lesq 72 

f',  6'>.  Flowers  of  Platanus  prinuevaLesq 72 

274 


U.   S.   GEOLOGICAL 


PLATE   IX. 


PLATE   IX. 

Page. 

Figs.  1,  "i.  Plat  amis  prim^va  Lesq.,  var.  graiidiileutata 7:3 

3,4.  Platauus  prim;Eva  Lesq.,  var.  subintegrifolia 73 

276 


.   8.   GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


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PLATE   X. 


PLATE   X. 

Page. 

Fig.  1.  Platanus  priraceva  Lesq 72 

2.  Platanus  obtusiloba  Lesq 74 

■.5-6.  Ficns  aligera,  sp.  nov , 84 

7,8.  Frnits  of  Fiona * 85 

9.  Phyllites  ilieifolius,  sp.  dov 213 

278 


PLATE   XI. 


PLATE    XI. 

Page. 

Fig.  1.  Ficns  iiiacropliylla,  sp.  nov 76 

2.  Persea  Leconteana  Lesq 104 

3.  Laiirns  antecedens,  sp.  nov  , 92 

4.  Cinnamomum  Sclieuchzeri  Heer 104 

5.  Litsea  faloifolia,  sp.  uov 97 

280 


U.   8.   GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


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PLATE   XII. 


PLATE    XII. 

Page. 

Fig.  1.  Myrica  emarginata  Heer 67 

2.  Ficus  proteoides,  sp.  i:ov 77 

3.  Ficus  Berthoudi,  sp.  nov 78 

4.  Ficus  Mudgei,  sp.  uov 83 

5.  Ficus  ?  uudulata,  sp.noY - 84 

6,7.  Cinnamomum  sezanuense  Watelet 107 

8.  Laurus  Hollas  Heer 93 


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PLATE   XIII. 


PLATE    XIII 


Figs.  1,2.  Ficns  glascoena  Lesq 76 

:i.  Ftous  crassipes  Heer 79 

4.  Ficus  lauceolato-acnminatae  Ett 85 

5,6.  Laurus  plutouia  Heer 91 

7.  Laurophyllura  ellsworthianum  Lesq 95 

8,9.  Cohitea  primordialis  Heer 148 

1'.  Legnmiuosites  corouilloides  ?  Hear 149 

11.  Legumlnosites  podogonialis,  sp.  uov.... 14S 

284 


,   GEOLOGICAL  J 


MONOGRAPH  ) 


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PLATE  XIV. 


PLATE    XIV. 

Page. 
Pig.  1.  Sassafras  (Araliopsis)  dissectnm  Lesq 101 

2.  Sassafras  siibintegvifolium  Lesq 99 

3.  Diospyros  apiculata,  sp.  uov - 110 


PLATE   Xy. 


PLATE    XV. 

Page. 

Fig.  1.  Cinnamomum  Heeri  Lesq 105 

2.  Litsea  cretacea,  sp.  nov 96 

3.  Aralia  subemargiuata  Lesq 133 

4.  Aralia  Masoni,  sp.  nov ? 133 

5.  Proteoidea  lancifolius  Heer 90 


PLATE   XVI, 


MON   XVII —19 


PLATE    XVI, 


1,  2.  Lindera  venusta,  sp.  nov 95 

3.  Ficus  deflexa,  sp.  uov 80 

4.  Ficus  magnoliiB folia  Lesq 79 

5.  Persea  Scbimperi.sp.  aov 103 

6.  Persea  Hay  ana,  sp.  nov 103 

7.  Lanrus  angnsta  Heer 93 

6.  Laurus  (Carpites)  microcarpa,  sp.  nov 93 

9.  Diospyros  Steenstrupi?  Heer Ill 

10.  Sassafras?  primordiale, sp.  nov 100 

11.  Aralia  berberidifolia,  sp.  nov 135 

290 


U.   S.   GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH  XVII       PLATE  > 


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P"  .7 


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PLATE   XVII. 


PLATE    XVII. 

Pape. 

Figs.  1-7.  Populus  kaasaseaua,  sp.  nov _.  42 

8-11.  Diosi)yros  rotuudifolia  Lesq 112 

12-14.  Hedera  orbiculata  (Heer)  Lesq 129 

15.  Heilera  ovalis  Lesq 129 

16.  Andromeda  Suowii,  sp.  nov 117 

17,18'.  Andromeda  cretaoea,  sp.  nov 117 

292 


I  ' 


f 


m. 


\ 


T 


/^:>. 


15 


14-  i 


\   I'        / 


17  18 


PLATE   XVIII. 


PLATE   XVIII. 

Page. 

Fig.  1.  Hedera  cretacea,  sp.  nov 127 

2,3.  Hedera  microphylla,  sp.  nov '. - 127 

4,5.  Hedera  Schimperi,  sp.  nov 127 

6.  Hedera  decurrens,  sp.  nov — 1.30 

7,8.  Andromeda  Pfaffiana  Heer 116 

9, 10.  Lindera  Masoui,  sp.  nov 96 

11.  Cissites  Brownii  Lesq... 162 

12-14.  Cissites  populoides,  sp.  nov '• •  162 

294 


PLATE   XIX. 


PLATE    XIX. 

Page. 

Fig.    1.  Andromeda  Parlatorii,  Fleer 115 

2,2a.  Cissites  iugeus,  sp.  nov 159 

3.  Juglans  arcliea,  Heer 68 

296 


,   GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


r 


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PLATE   XX. 


PLATE  XX. 

Paga 

Figs.  1-3.  Diospyros  primsevaHeer - 109 

4-(i.  Viburnum  rohustum,  sp.nov - 120 

7.  Diospyros  ?  celastroides,  sp.  nov 113 

8.  Laurelia  priiuiieva,  sp.  nov 118 

9.  Pliyllites  Vanonas  Heer : 214 

10-12.  Persoonia  Lesquereuxil  Knowlton,  sp.  nov ......... 89 

298 


.   S.   GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


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MONOGRAPH  XVII      PLATE  > 


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PLATE  XXI. 


PLATE  XXI. 

Page. 

Fig.  1.  Alalia  Wellingtoniana,  sn.  nov 131 

2,  3.  Viburuam  inmquilaterale,  sp.  uov 119 

4.  Viburuum  grewiopsideum,  sp.  uov 120 

5.  Cissites  formosiis  Heer 161 

6.  Viburunm  ellswortliiauum,  sp.  uov 121 

7.  Leguminosites  trmicatus  Knowltoa,  sp.  nov , 150 

:<oo 


PLATE   XXII. 


.      PLATE    XXII. 

Page. 

Fig.  1.  Diospyros  pseudoauceps  Lesq Ill 

2,3.  Aralia  Welliugtoniana,  8p.  nov 131 

4.  Sterciilia  aperta  Lesq 135 

5.  Laurus  platoniaHeer 91 

6,7.  Carpites  tiliaceus?  Heer 221 

8.  Calycites  species 221 

9.  Carpitc3  cnrdiformis,  sp.  nov 220 

302 


PLATE  XXIII. 


PLATE    XXIII 

Page. 

Figs.  1,2.  Aralia  Saportanea  Lesq.,  var.  deformata,  n.  var 131 

3,4.  Aralia  Towneri  Lcsq 132 

5.  Cornus  priEcos,  sp.  nov 1'25 

6.  Cissites  alatus,  sp.  nov 160 

304 


PLATE  XXIV. 


MON   XVII -0 


PLATE    XXIV. 

Page. 

Fig.  1.  Magnolia  tenuifolia  Lesq 198 

2.  Magnolia  pseudo-acumiuata,  sp.  nov 199 

3.  Magnolia  amplifolia  Heer 200 

4.  Liiiodendron  primaevum  Newb 203 

5.  Andromeda  oretaoea,  sp.  nov 117 

306 


U.   S.   GEOLOGICA 

SURVEY 

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MONOGRAPH  XVII       PLATE  > 


PLATE  XXV. 


PLATE    XXV 

Page. 

Fig.  1.  Liriocleudrou  gigantoum  Lesq 20() 

2,  3,  4.  Liriodeuiliou  semialatum  Lesq ". 204 

5.  Liriodendrou  iuteimedium  Lesq 207 

6.  Apeibopsi.s  cyclophylla,  sp.  nov 180 

308 


iLOeiCAL  SURVEY 


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PLATE  XXVI, 


PLATE  XXVI. 

Page. 

Figs.  1-4.  Liriodendron  primnevum  Newb 203 

5.  Liriodendron  giganteum  Lesq 206 


MONOGRAPH  XVII      PLATE  > 


PLATE   XXVII. 


PLATE  XXVII. 

Page. 

Fig.  1.  Liriodendron  gigantemii  Lcsq 200 

2,3.  Liriodendron  acuminatum  Lesq 207 

4,,i.  Liriodendron  pinnatifldum  Lesq 20t> 

312 


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PLATE   XXVIII. 


PLATE   XXVIII. 

Figs.  1,2.  Liriodendron  gigantenm  var.  cruciforme  Lesq 206 

3.  Liriodendron  Wellingtonii,  sp.  nov 208 

4.  Liriodendron  acuminatum  var.  bilobatum,  n.  var 207 

5, 6.  Liriodendron  Meekii  Heer 205 

7.  Liiiophyllum  obcordatum  Lesq 210 

314 


PLATE   XXIX. 


PLATE   XXIX. 

Page. 

Figs.  1,  2.  Liriodendron  Snowii,  sp.  nov 209 

3.  Liriodendron  semialatnm  Lesq 204 

4.  Liriodendron  tulipifera  Linn , 20,'j 

5,  6.  Parrotia  ?  A¥inchelli  Lesq 140 

7.  Menispermites  rugosus,  sp.  nov 196 

8.  Hex  armata,  sp.nov 176 

9,10.  Ilex  papulosa,  sp.  nov 177 

11.  lies  dakotensis,  sp.  nov 178 

316 


U.   S.   GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


PLATE  XXX. 


PLATE    XXX. 

Page. 
Figs.  1-4.  Sterculia  mucronata,  sp.  nov 182 

5.  Sterculia  Snowli,  sp.  nov -      183 

6.  Parrotia  Canfieldi,  sp.  nov 141 

318 


MONOGRAPH  XVII 


PLATE   XXXI. 


PLATE    XXXI. 

Page. 

Fig.  1.  Aralia  Towneri  Lesq 132 

2.  Steroulia  Snovrii,  sp.  nov 183 

2a.  Sphairia  pioblematica  KuowltoD   jp.  nov ...' 23 

3.  Sterciilia  Snowii  ?  sp.  nov 163 

320 


PLATE   XXXII, 


HON  XVU 2i 


PLATE    XXXII. 

Page. 
Fig.  1.  Sterculia  Snowii,  sp.  ijov ...,., , 183 

322 


PLATE   XXXIII. 


PLATE     XXXIII. 

Page. 

Figs.  1-4.  StercnliaSnowii,  sp.  uov 183 

5.  Cissites  obtusilobus,  sp.  no  v.  ..., ,...,...., 161 

324 


PLATE   XXXiy. 


PLATE     XXXIV. 

Page. 
Figs.  1-9.  Acerites  multiformis,  sp.  nov 15C 

10.  Sterculia  reticulata,  sp.  nov 185 

11.  Magnolia  alternans  Heer '. 201 

326 


GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


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PLATE   XXXV. 


PLATE   XXXV. 

Page. 

Figs.  1,2.  Sapindus  Morrisoui  Lesq 158 

3.  Paliurus  cretaceus,  sp.  nov 165 

4.  Paliurus  auoeps,  sp.  nov 166 

5.  Paliurus  membranaceus  Lesq " - 167 

6.  Paliurus  oboTatus,  sp.  nov " 165 

7.  Paliurus  ovalis  Dawson 166 

8.  Ilex  borealis  Heer 176 

9-11.  Jnglaudites  sinuatus,  sp.  nov 71 

12,13.  Eharanus  similis,  sp.  nor 168 

14.  Ebamnus  prnnifolius  Lesq 169 

15.  Juglanditesprimordialis,  sp.  nov 70 

328 


,   S.   GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


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PLATE  XXXVI 


PLATE   XXXVI. 

Page. 

Fig.  I.  Celastrophyllura  decuriens,  sp.  nov 172 

2,  :i.  Kla'odeuilron  speciosum,  sp.  uov 175 

4-7.  Zizypbus  dakoteusis,  sp.  nov 167 

8.  Daphnophyllum  anguatifolium,  sp.  nov 98 

9.  Protophyllum  denticulatum,  sp.  nov. 193 

10.  Hedera  Scliimperi  Lesq 127 

11.  Protophyllum  crednerioides  Lesq 194 

330 


PLATE   XXXVIL 


PLATE    XXXVIT. 

Pago, 

Fig.  1.  Juglandites  ellswortbiaur.s,  sp.  nov 10 

2-3.  Ehamnus  Mudgei,  sp.  nov 169 

4-7.  Ehamnus  iuiBquilateralis,  sp.  nov 170 

8-13.  Ehaumites  apiculatus,  sp.  nov 171 

14-19.  Eucalyptus  dakotensis,  sp.  nov ^ 137 

20.  Eucalyptus  Geinltzi  Heer 138 

332 


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PLATE   XXXYIII. 


PLATE    XXXVIII. 

Page. 

Fig.  1.  Cratagua  laurenciana,  sp.  nov. , 142 

2.  Phyllites  Snowii,  sp.  uov 214 

3.  Cassia  problematica,  sp.  nov 146 

4.  Leguminosites  omplialobioides,  sp.  nov 149 

5.  Leguminosites  dakotensis,  sp.  no v 150 

t).  Rhanmus  tenax  Lesq 170 

7.  Andromeda  teuuiuervis,  sp.  nov.   - 116 

8.  Callistemopliyllum  Heorii  Ett I'M 

9-10.  Rhns?  Westii  Knowltou,  sp.  nov, 154 

11.  Andromeda  affinis  Lesq 118 

12-14.  Celastrophyllum  crotaceum,  sp.  nov 1715 

15.  Phylli  tes  porplexus,  sp.  nov 215 

16.  Leguminosites  podogonialia,  fruit  of. 148 

17.  Carpites  couiger,  sp.  nov 221 

334 


U.   S.   GEOLOGICAL  SUR 


MONOGRAPH  XVII       PLATE  XXXVIII 


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PLATE  XXXIX. 


PLATE    XXXIX. 

Page. 

Fig.  1.  Aspidiophyllum  dentatumLesq 21'<J 

2-4.  Parrotia  grandideutata,  sp.  nov 140 

5.  Juglans  arctioa  Heer 68 

336 


PLATE   XL. 


MON  XVII 22 


PLATE    XL. 

Page. 
Fig.  1.  Protophylhim  Leconteanu:u  Lesq 187 


.   GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH  ) 


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PLATE  XLI. 


PLATE    XL'I. 

Fig.  1.  Piotopbyllum  tlimorphuiu,  sp.  uov 190 

•2,  3.  Protophyllum  prsestans,  sp.  nov. , 188 


,   S.   GEOLOGICAL  S 


MONOGRAPH  > 


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PLATE   XLII. 


PLATE    XLII. 

Page. 

Fig.  1.  Protophyllum  Sternbergii  Lesq , 189 

2.  Protopbyllum  uudulatiim,  sp.  uov 189 

3-4.  Protopbyllum  prsestans,  sp.  nov 188 

5.  Phyllites  Vanonse  Heer 214 

342 


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PLATE   XLIII. 


PLATE    XLIII. 


Page. 
Fig.  1.  Protopliyllum  Haydenii  Lesq 192 

2.  Protophyllum  nmltinerve  Lesq 191 

3.  Protopliyllnin  iutegerrimnm,  sp.  uov 192 

4-5.  Protophyllum  crednerioides  Lesq. 194 

344 


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PLATE    X  LI  V. 

Page. 

Figs.  1,2.  Protophyllum  Haydenii  Lesq — ,-  — -.-.-.- 192 

3.  Legarainosites  coustrictus,  sp.  nov 151 

4.  Leguminosites  convolutus,  sp.  nov 151 

5.  Phyllites  laureuoianus,  sp.  nov 215 

6.  Nordenskioldia  borealis  Heer » 219 

7,  8.  Cycadeospermum  columnare,  sp,  nov. . 31 

346 


MONOGRAPH  ) 


PLATE   XLV. 


PLATE    XLV. 

Page. 
Figs.  1-4.  Viburnites  crassus,  sp.  nov 124 

5.  Viburnites  Masoni,  sp.  nov 125 

6.  Pliyllites  Laooei,  Bp.  nov 213 

348 


U.   S.   GEOLOGICAL  SURVEV 


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PLATE   XLVI 


PLATE    XLVI. 

Page. 

Fig.  1.  Arispema  cretacea,  sp.  nov 38 

2.  Smilax  undulata,  sp.  nov 39 

3.  Smilax  grandil'olia-cretacea,  sp.  nov , 40 

4.  Populus  harkeriana,  sp.  uov 44 

5.  Popnlites  elegans  Lesq 47 

6.  Populites  litiigiosus  (Heer)Lesq 46 

350 


PLATE   XLYII. 


PLATE    XL  VII. 

Page. 

Fig.  1.  Populites  litigiosus  (Heer)  Lesq 46 

2,  3.  Populites  elegans  Lesq 47 

4.  Populites  litigiosus  (Heer)  Lesq 46 

5.  Popnlus  hyperborea  Heer 43 

6.  Fagus  orbicnlata,  sp.  nov 51 

7.  Quercns  suspecta,  sp.  nov 52 

352 


GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH  XVII      PLATE 


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PLATE    XLVIII 


MON   XTII 23 


PLATE    XLVIII. 

Page. 

Figs.  1,2.  Quercns  shspecta,  sp.  nov 52 

3.  Quercns  spurio-ilex  Knowlton,  sp.  nov 53 

4.  y uercus  rbamnoides,  sp.  nov 57 

5.  -Jnglandites  Lacoei,  sp,  nov ''1 

354 


PLATE  XLIX. 


PLATE    XLIX. 

Page. 

Figs.  1-3.  Jnglans  crassipes  Heer 69 

4.  Platauus  iiriniiBva Lesq.,  var.  integrifolia 74' 

5.  Fious  priBOursor,  sp.  uov .■  81 

6-8.  Fious  iniiequalis,  sp.  uov 82 

3.56 


MONOGRAPH 

KVI,       PLATE  XUX 

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n 

PLATE   L. 


PLATE    L. 

Page. 

Fi©.  1.  Ficus  Sternbergii,  sp.  nov 83 

2.  Ficus  melanoiihylla,  sp.  nov 83 

3.  Ficus  in;equalis,  sp.  nov 82 

4.  Lanrus  Knowltoni,  sp.  nov 94 

5.  Ficus  Krausiana  Heer 81 

6.  Ficus  injequalis,  sp.  nov 82 

7.  Artocarpidium  cretaceum  Ett 86 

8.  Proteoides  lancifolius  Heer :...  90 

•  9.  Laurus  teliformis,  sp.  nov 94 

358 


U.   S.   GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH  XVI!       PLATE  L 


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PLATE  LI. 


PLATE    LI. 

Page. 

Figs.  1^.  Daphnophyllum  dakotense,  sp.  nov 99 

5.  Sassafras  cretaoeum  Newb.,  var.  grossidentatum  Lesq.,n.  var 101 

6,7.  Cinnamomnm  Marioni,  sp.  nov 106 

8,9.  Cinnamomum  ellipsoideum  Sap.  &  Mar 105 

10.  Bumelia?  rbomboidea,  sp.  nov 113 

360 


U.   S.   GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


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PLATE   LIT. 


PLATE   LII. 

Paga. 

Fig.     1.  Daphnopbyllnm  dakotense,  sp.  nov 99 

2,3.  Myrsine  crassa.sp.  uov 114 

4.  Myrsiuites  ?  Gaudiui,  Lesq 115 

5.  Andromeda  linifolia,  sp.  uov 118 

6.  Andromeda  Parlatorii,  Heer 115 

7.  Andromeda  Pfaffiana,  Heer 116 

8.  Viburnum  Lesquerenxii  Ward,  var.  rotnndifolium  Lesq.,  n.  var 122 

9.  VibnrnumLesquerensii  Ward,  var.  cordifolium  Lesq.,  n.  var 122 

10.  Viburnum  Lesqnereuxii  Ward,  var.  latius  Lesq.,  n.  var 123 

11.  NyBsa  Snowiana,  sp.  nov 126 

362 


MONOGRAPH  XVd       PLATE  I 


PLATE   LIII. 


PLATE  LIII. 

Page. 

1.  Viburnum  Lesquereuxii  Ward,  var.  longifolinm  Lesq.,  n.  var 122 

2.  Viburnum  Lesquereuxii  Ward,  var.  commune  Lesq.,  u.  var 122 

3.  Viburnum  Lesquereuxii  Ward,  var.  lanceolatum  Lesq.,  n.  var 123 

4.  Viburnum  sphenophyllum  Knowlton,  sp.  nov 123 

5-9.  Eugenia  primneva,  sp.  nov 137 

10.  Myrtophyllnm  Warderi,8p.  nov 136 

364 


U.  S.   GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH  XVII      PLATE  Llll 


PLATE   LIV. 


PLATE    LIV. 

Page. 

Figs.      1-3.  Aralia  grronlandica  Heer. 134 

4.  Legurainosites  insularis  Heer — - 152 

5-7.  Crataegus  tenuinervis,  sj).  uov 1'42 

8.  CratsBgus  aceroides,  sp.  nov 143 

366 


.   GEOLOGICAL  SURVEV 


PLATE   LV. 


PLATE   LV. 

1.  CratsBgiis  aoeroides,  sp.  nov 143 

2,3.  Hymeua^a  dakotana,  sp.  nov 145 

4.  Prunus  (Amygdalus)  ?  anteoedens,  sp.  nov 144 

5,6.  Phaseolites  formns,  sp.  nov '. 147 

7-9.  Leguminosites  hymenophyllus,  sp.  nov 152 

10.  Leguminosites  pbaseolitea  ?  Heer 153 

11.  Inga  cretacea,  sp.  nov 153 

19.  Phaseolites  fonnus,  sp.  nov  147 

368 


GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


PLATE    LVI. 


MON    XVII 24 


PLATE    LVI. 

Paga. 

Figs.      1,2.  Hymenrea dakotana,  sp.  nov 145 

3.  Leguminosites  hymenophyllus,  sp.  nov 152 

4,5.  Khus  Powelliana,  sp.  nov 155 

370 


U.   S.   GEOLOGIC 


MONOGRAPH  ) 


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PLATE   LYII. 


PLATE    LVII. 

Page.. 

1.  Anaeardites  antiquus,  sp.  nov 156 

■2.  Rhus  Uddeni,  sp.  nov 154 

3,4.  Cissites  ingens  Lesq.,  var.  parvifolia,  u.  var - 160 

5.  Celaatrophyllum  obliqiium  Kuowlton,  sp.  nov 173 

6,7.  Celastrophylluni  crassipes,  sp.  nov 174 

8,9.  Celastrophyllam  myrsiuoides,  sp.  nov 174 

372 


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PLATE    LVIII. 


PLATE   LVIII. 

Page. 

1.  Cissites  acerifoliuB,  sp.  nov 163 

2.  Ilex  Scudderi,  sp.  nov - 178 

3.  Ilex  papillosa,  sp.  nov 177 

4.  Grewiopsis  sequideutata,  sp.  nov .- 1*^0 

5.  Pterospermitesmodestus,  sp.  nov 186 

6.  Sterculia  Snowii,  var.  disjnncta,  n.  var 184 

374 


,   GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH  XVII       PL.    LVltl 


PLATE   LIX.  • 


PLATE    LIX. 

Page. 

1.  Protophyllnm  pterospermifolium,  sp.  no v 195 

2.  ProtoiJbyllum  pseudospermoides,  sp.  nov 194 

3.  Pterospermites  loDgeacuminattis,  sp.  nov 186 

4.  Macclintockia  cretacea  Heer 197 

4".  Sclerotium  ?  species 23 

5,6.  Devralquea  dakotensis,  sp.  nov 211 

7.  Phyllites  species 216 

8.  Phyllites  aristolochiaeformis,  sp.  nov 217 

376 


MONOGRAPH  > 


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V 


PLATE   LX. 


PLATE    LX. 

Page. 

Fig.  1.  Magnolia  Lacoeana,  sp.  nov 201 

2.  Magnolia  Boulayana,  sp.  nov 202 

3,4.  Magnolia  speciosa  Heer 202 

.5,6.  Magnolia  obtusata  Heer 201 

378 


,   S.   GEOLOGICAL 


MONOGRAPH  XVll      PLATE  I 


A-- 


PLATE   LXI. 


PLATE    LXI. 

Page. 

Fig.  1.  Phyllites  celatns,  sp.  nov 215 

2.  Phyllites  stipulseformis,  sp.  nov 216 

3.  Platanus  cissioides,  sp.  nov 75 

4.  Phyllites  erosus,  sp.  nov 216 

.5.  Phyllites  dnresoens,  sp.  nov 218 

360 


MONOGRAPH  XVII       PLATE  LXI 

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PLATE   LXII. 


PLATE   LXII. 

Page. 

Fig.  1.  Pliyllites  amissns,  sp.  nov 217 

2.  Hymenea  dakotana,  sp.  nov 145 

3,4.  Pbyllites  durescens,  sp.  nov  218 

5.  Carpites  obovatus,  sp.  nov £21 


,   GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH  J 


PLATE   LXIII. 


PLATE    LXTII. 

Page. 

Figs.  1,2.  Protophyllnm  denticulatum,  sp.  nov lO-' 

3.  Khamnus  iBoequilateralis,  sp.  nov 170 

4.  Protophyllura  minus  Lesq I'JS 

5.  Ehamnites  apicnlatus,  sp.  nov -•.- ^71 

6.  riex  Masoni,  sp.  nov - 179 

384 


MONOGRAPH  ) 


PLATE   LXIV. 


MON    XVII 25 


PLATELXIV. 

Page. 

Figs.  1-3.  Salix  proteiefolia,  var.  linearifolia  Lesq 49 

4,5.  Salix  protean  folia,  var.  flexuosa  Lesq 50 

6-8.  Salis  proteirfolia,  var.  liiaceolata  Lesq 50 

9.  Salix  proteaifolia,  var.  longifolia  Lesq 50 

10.  Betiilites  Westii,  var.  grenviopsideus 63 

11.  Apocynophylluin  sordidum,  sp.  uov 109 

12.  PaliBOcassia  laurinea,  sp.  nov 147 

13.  Viburnum  Lesquereuxii  Ward,  var.  teuuifblium,  n.  var I)i3 

14.  Crataegus  Lacoei,  sp.  nov 143 

15.  Coruus  platvphylloides,  sp.  nov 126 

16.  Myrica  obliqua  Knowlton,  sp.  nov -. C8 

17.  Andromeda  Wardiana,  sp.  nov 119 

18.  Sapindus  diversifolius,  sp.  nov. 158 

19.  Andromeda  Parlatorii,  Heer,  var.  ibugifolia,  n.  var 116 

386 


PLATE   LXV. 


PLATE     LXV. 

Page. 

Fig.  1.  Protophyllam  multinerve  Lesq 191 

2.  Magnolia  Boulayana,  sp.  nov 202 

3.  Sapotacites  species 114 

4.  Protopbyllum  crassum,  sp.  nov 193 

5.  Ehamniis  revoluta,  sp.  nov 171 

6.  Phyllites  innectens,  sp.  nov 219 

7.  Protopliyllnm  crenatum  Knowlton,  sp.  nov 190 

3ti8 


PLATE   LXVI. 


PLATE     LXVI. 

Page. 

Fig.  1.  Magnolia  Capellinii?  Heer 203 

1.  Crataegus  Lacoei  ?  sp.  uov 143 

3.  Grewiopsis  Mudgei,  sp.  no v 181 

4.  Cissites  dentato-lobatus,  sp.  nov 164 

390 


U.  S^ GEOLOGICAL  S 


MONOGRAPH  XVII       PLATE  I 


INDEX, 


[Genera  and  all  higher  groups  are  printed  in  small  capitals  ;  synonyms,  in  italics.    Heavy-faced  figures  refer  to  pages  on 
which  descriptions  are  given,  or  to  pages  on  which  the  species  appear  in  their  proper  systematic  position.] 


Alismace^ 31 

ALIBM  ACITES 37 

dakbten3isLesq.,Pl.II,  Fig.  10 37 

lancifolius  Sap 38 

ALISME  JE 37 

Alnites 59 

grandifolius  Newb 59,  214 

pseudincana  Gopp 54 

quadrangularis  Lesq 139 

Alnns  corallina  Lesq 234 

incanaWilld 234 

fcrt?isasea?ia  Lesq 139 

Abietine^ 33 

Abietites  curvifolius  Dunk 32 

Ernestinte  Lesq 36 

Acer  antiquum  Ett 157,  250 

deoipiens  Heer 157,  250 

indivisum  Web 157 

pseudocampestre  Ung 157 

pseudomonspessulanum  Ung 157 

vitifolium  Ludwig 157 

ACERACEjE 150 

acerites  156 

multiformis  Lesq.,  PI.  XXXIV,  Figs.  1-9..  156,  232,  250 

Alnus  Kefersteinii 234 

maritima  Nutt - 234 

protogaea  Heer 234 

AMPELIDACE.ffi 159 

AmpelidEjE 159 

Ampelophyllum 164 

attenuatum  Lesq 164 

ovatum  Lesq 165 

Ampelopsis  quinquefolia  Lesq  246 

tertiaria  Lesq 246 

Anacardiace^e 154 

Anacardites 156 

antiquus  Lesq.,  PI.  LVII,  Fig  1 1 56 

Anaphreniura  longifolium  Bernh 156 

ahdeomede.e 115 

Andromeda _ 115 

affinisLesq.,  Pl.XXXin.  Fig.  11 117, 118 

linifolia  Lesq., PI.  LII,  Fig.5 118 

cretacea  Lesq.,  PI.  XVII,  Figs.  17, 18;  PI.  XXIV, 

Fig.5 iir 

Parlatorii    Heer,   PI.  XIX,   Fig.   1 ;   PI.   LII, 

Fig.6 115 

Parlatorii  Heer,  var.  longifolia  Lesq.,  PI.  LXIV, 

Fig.  19 116 


Androjieda— Continued. 

Pfaftiana  Heer,  PI.  XVIH,  Figs.  7,  8 ;  PI.  LII, 

Fig.7 116,  117 

protogasaUng 117,118 

revoluta  AL  Br 119 

8ubprotog?ea  Sap 119 

Snowii  Lesq.,  PL  XVII,  Fig.  16 117 

tenuiuervis  Lesq.,  PI.  SXXVIII,  Fig.  7 116 

vaccinifolia  Ung 118 

Wardiana  Lesq.,  PI.  LXIV,  Fig.  17 119 

Anisopiiyllum 195 

semialatum  Lesq 195 

Anona 198 

cretacea  Lesq 198 

ANONACEiE • 198 

Apeiue.e 180 

ApEUiOPsis 180 

cyclophylIaL6sq.,Pl.XXV,Fig.6 180,249 

Thomseniana  Heer 180,249 

APOCYNOPH  YLLUJI 1 09 

sordidum  Lesq.,  PI.  LSIV,  Fig.  11 109 

Apios  tuberosa  L 147 

AKACE.E  38 

ArALI  ACE.E 127 

Aealia 131 

angustiloba  Lesq 133,  244 

berberidifolia  Lesq.,  PI.  XVI,  Fig.  11 135 

decurrens  Velen , 244 

formosa  Heer 131 

grojnlandica  Heer,Pl.LIV,  Figs.1-3 134,  133, 185 

Jorgenseni  Ung -.  133,244 

Looziana  Sap 244 

Masoni  Lesq.,  PI.  XV,  Fig.  4 133 

notata  Lesq 245 

papyrifera 245 

quinquepartita  Lesq 130 

radiata  Lesq 136 

Saportanea  Lesq 131,  244 

S.aportanea    Lesq.,  var.    deformata   Lesq.,    PI. 

XXIII,  Figs.  1,2 131 

subemarginata  Lesq.,  PI.  XV,  Fig.  3 1 33 

tenuinervis  Lesq 136,  244 

Towneri  Lesq.,  PI.  XXIII,  Figs.  3,  4 ;  PI.  XXXI, 

Fig.l ....- 13a 

TsciiuIymeDsis  Heer 132 

Wellingtoniana   Lesq.,    PI.   XXI,    Fig.   1;    PI. 

XXIL  Figs. 2,3 131 

Whitneyi  Lesq 244 

391 


392 


INDEX. 


ARALIE.E 131 

Araucarieje 32 

Arascakia 32 

spatulata  Newb 33 

Araucarites 35 

Heichenbacki  Gein r ,. 35 

Aris^.ma  38 

cretaeeaLesq.,  PI.  XLVI,  Kg.  1 3S 

Aristolochia  inivqualis  Heer 218 

AltlSTOLOCHlE^E 109 

Aristolochitks 109 

dentataHeer lOO 

ARTOCAKPE/E 76 

Artocakpidium 86 

cretaceum  Ett,  PI.  L,  Fig.  7 86 

ARUNDISE.E 37 

AePimOPHVLLUM 212 

denlatum  Lesq..  PI.  XXXIX,  Fig.  1 813 

platauifolium  Lesq 212 

trilobatum  Lesq 101,313,2.51 

AsPLESi  e;e 24 

ASPLENIUM 24 

acutum  Borg 25 

Dicksoniaoum  Heer,  PI.  I,  Figs.  1,1a 24, 227 

Dignim  L 25 

Atherospekme^ 108 

BALANOPHOREiE 87 

Berberis  trifoliata  Leaq 135 

Berchemia  mnltinervis  "Ward 253 

Betula 59 

?equali3  Lesq -- 234 

Beatriciana  Lesq.,  PI.  HI,  Fig.  16 59 

coryloides  "Ward 234 

nigra  L .- -. "9,  233 

occidentalis  Hook 234 

vetusta  Heer 64 

BETU  LE^ 59 

Betulites 59 

denticulatus  Heer 59, 65 

populifoliiis  Lesq.,  PI.  VI,  Figs.  1,  2 64 

ragosusLesq.,Pl.  VI,  Figs.  3-5 65 

Snowii  Lesq.,  PI.  V,  Figs.  1^ 64 

stipules  of,  PI.  V,  Fig.  18 65 

WestiiLesq 60 

Westil  var.  crassus  Lesq.,  PI.  V,  Figs.  15-17 63 

"Westii,  Tar.  cuneatns  Lesq.,  PI.  V,  Fig.  8  . . .  62 
Westii,  var.  grewiopsideus  Lesq.,    PI.   LXIV, 

Fig  10 - 63 

"Westii,  var.  insequilateralis  Lesq.,  PI.  V,  Figs. 

10-13 62 

"Westii,  var.  lanceolatus  Lesq.,  Pl.V,  Fig.  14 63 

"Westii,  var.  latifolius  Lesq.,  PI.  IV,  Figs.  9-11..  61 
"Westii,    var.  mnltinervis  Lesq.,  PI.  IV,  Figs. 

20-22 62 

"Westii,  var.oblongusLesq.,Pl.IV,Figs.l7-19..  61 

"Westii,  var.  obtnsus  Lesq. ,  PI .  IV,  Figs.  5-8 61 

"Westii,  var.  populoides  Lesq 63 

"Westii,  var.  qnadratifolius  Lesq.,  PI.  V,  Fig.  9  . . .  63 

Westii,  var.  reniformis  Lesq.,  PI.  V,  Fig.  5 62 

"Westii,  var.  rhomboidalis  Lesq.,  PI.  V,  Figs.  6, 7.  63 
"Westii,  var.   rotundatus  Lesq.,  PI.    IV,  Figs. 

12-16 61 

Westii.  var.  subintegrifolius  Lesq.,  Pi.  IV,  Figs.  ■ 

1-4 61,123 

Bignonia  capreolataL 179 

Bombay  oblongifolium  Ett ---  217 


BRACMVPniLLUM 32 

.     orassum  Lesq.,  PI.  II,  Fig.  5 ^33 

Moreauanura  Brongn 32 

Bromelia 41 

Gaudini  Heer 41 

UenuifoliaLesq.,  Pl.I,  Fig.  13 41 

Bromeliace,!! 41 

BromeliE/E 41 

EUMELIA 113 

Marcouana  (Heer)  Lesq 203 

OreadumUng    114 

Jrbomboidea  Lesq.,  PI.  LI,  Fig.  10 113 

BUMELIE/E 113 

C.«SALrisE.«; .-  145 

Callistemophyllum  138 

Heerii  Ett.,  PI.  XXXVIII,  Fig.  8 138 

melaleucffiformo,  Ett  139 

Calycites  sp.,  Lesq.,  PI.  XXII,  Fig.  8 221 

caprifoliace.je 119 

Caepites 221 

coniger  Lesq.,  PI.  XXXVIII,  Fig.  17 33 1 

cordiformis  Lesq.,  PI.  XXII,  Fig.  9 220 

liriopbylli  Lesq 211 

obovatus  Lesq.,  PI.  LXII,  Fig.  5 321 

tiliaceus »  Heer,  PI.  XXII,  Figs.  6, 7 231 

?sp.,Lesq 331 

Carya  antiqua  Newb 254 

Cassia 146 

Berenices  Heer 146 

cordifolia  Heer 215 

lignitum  Ung 146 

pbaseoHtes  Heer 151 

polita  Lesq 146 

problematica  Lesq.,  PI.  XXXVIII,  Fig.  3 146 

Cassieje 146 

Ceanotbus  americanua  L 253 

Meigsii  Lesq 253 

Celastrixe« 172 

Celastrophyllum 172 

Acherontis  Ett 174 

belgicum  Sap.  &  Mar 113 

BenedeniSap.  &  Mar 113,251 

crassipes  Lesq.,  PI.  LVII,  Figs.  6, 7 174 

cretaceum  Lesq.,  PI.  XXX"VIII,  Figs.  12-14 irS 

decnrrens  Lesq.,  PI.  XXXVI,  Fig.  1 172,251 

?  ensifolium  Lesq 173 

lanceolatum  Ett 172,251 

myrsinoides  Lesq.,  PI.  LVII,  Figs.  8, 9 174 

obliquum  Knowlton,  PI.  LVII,  Fig.  5 1 73 

Celastrus  Bruckmanni  Heer 149, 175 

minatalus  AI.  Br 175 

PyrrhieEtt 17* 

scandens  L 251 

Oeltisf  oiiafaLesq 165 

Ceratonia  siliqua  Caronbier 146 

Chondrophyllum  NordmskioldiJ  Heer 129 

oriiculatum  Heer 129 

Cmnamomuji 1"* 

aifineLesq ^41 

campboraL 107,241 

ellipsoideum  Sap.  &  Mar.,  PL  LI,  Figs.  8,  9 105,106 

Heerii  Lesq,  PI.  XV,  Fig.  1 105,241 

Marioni  Lesq  ,  PI.  LL  Figs.  6,  7 106 

polymorphum  ( Al.  Br.)  Heer 94, 106, 241 

Scheucbzeri  Heer,  PI.  XI,  Fig.  4 97, 104, 106, 241 


INDEX. 


393 


CiNNAMOMUM — Continued. 

sezanncinse  "Watelet,  PI.  XII,  Figa.  6,  7 lOr,  240, 241 

Keylanicum  107 

Cissampelos  pareira ..- 248 

CiasiTES 159 

ac6rifoliusLe3q.,Pl.LVIII,Fig,  1 163 

acntninatus  LescL ■ .   164 

afiinisLesq 164 

a]ata3Le3q.,Pl.XXIII,Fig.6 160 

aflanticaEtt 163 

Brownii  Lesq.,  PI.  SVIII,  Fig.  U 163 

dentato-lobatns  Lesq.,  PI.  LXVI,  Fig.  i 164 

formosus  Heer,  PI.  XXI,  Fig.  5 159,161 

harlterianus  Lesq 161,164 

Heerii  Lesq 161,164 

ingens  Lesq.,  PI.  XIX,  Figs.  2,  2a 159,  245,  246 

ingens  Lesq.,   var.  parvifolia  Leaq.,  PI.  LVH, 

Figs.  3,  4 160 

insignia  Heer 159 

lacerus  Sap 245 

lobato-crenata  Leaq 246 

obtusilobu3Lesq.,Pl.XXXni,Fig.  5 161 

NimrodiEtt 163 

populoicles  Lesq.,  PI.  XVIII,  Figs.  12-14 162 

pnilasoliensia  Heer 159, 245 

salisburi^foUus  Lesq 164 

Cissus  vitifolia  "Velen 159 

Coccoloba  floridana  Meisner 112 

punctata 112 

Cocculns  carolinus  DC 248 

Haydenianus  Ward 248 

COLOCABIOIDEJE  ...    38 

COLDTEA 148 

coronilloides  Heer 149 

primordialis  Heer,  PI.  XIII,  Figs.  8,  9 148 

CONIFEEiE 32 

Coliifera  of  nncertain  relation 36 

COKKACE.» 125 

COKNUS 125 

aaperifolia  Mx 246 

BuoliiiHeer 125 

Forcbammeri  Heer 126,246 

Nuttallii  Aud 246 

platj-pbylla  Sap' 126 

platypbylloides  Lesq.,  PI.  LXIV,  Fig.  15 136 

prajcox  Lesq.,  PI.  XX til.  Fig.  5 135,  246 

Corylopsia  multiiiora  Sap 123 

Ckat^gus    • 142 

aceroirtes  Lesq.,  PI.  LIV,  Fig.  8 ;  PI.  LV,  Fig.  1  . .      143 

antiqua  Heer 142,  254 

ativina  Heer     143 

LaooeiLesq.,  PI.  LXIT,  Fig.  11;  PI.  LXVI,  Fig.  2.      143 

lanrenciana  Leaq,  PI.  XXX  VIII,  Fig.  1 143,  254 

oxyacantha  L. 144 

palseocautba  Sap 144 

spatbulata  Michx 143 

tenninervis  Lesq.,  PI.  LIV,  Figs.  5-7 143 

tomentoaa  L 142,  254 

Ceyptogamia 23 

Cucuraitea  variabilis  Eowerb 220 

CUPKESSINE.E 36 

CUPULTFERiE 51 

CYCADACEjE 26 

Cycade.« 30 


Cycadeospekmum 30 

columnareLe3q.,PI.  XLIV,  Figa.7,  8 31 

hettangense  Sap 30 

impresaum  Natb 30 

lineatnm  Lesq.,  PI.  I,  Fig.  14 30 

Pomelii  Sap 31 

Cycadites 30 

Lorteti  Sap 30 

pungens  Lesq.,  PI.  II,  Fig.  6 30 

Cytisiis  cretaceua  Dunk 168 

Dammara  robuata  Moore 33 

DAMM.\KITE3 32 

borealis  Heer 33 

caudatus  Lesq.,  PI.  I,  Figs.  9, 10 32 

emarginatus  Lesq.,  PI.  I,  Fig.  11 33 

microlepis  Heer 33 

Daphne  protogEea  Ett 99 

Daphnogene  sezannensis  (Wat. )  Sap.  &  Mar - .  107 

Daphnophyllum 98 

angustifoliura  Lesq. ,  PI.,  XXXVI,  Fig.  8 98 

dakotense  Lesq.,  PI.  LI,  Figs.  1-4,  PI.  LII,  Fig.  1 .  99 

Dewalquea  211 

dakotensisLesq.,  PI.  LIX,  Figs.  5,  6 311 

gelindenais  Sap.  &.  Mai  211 

groenlandica  Heer  21x 

heldemaiana  Sap.  &  Mar 93,211 

insignis  Heer 211 

DiCOTYLBDONES 42 

DiOSCOEEA 41 

?  cretacea  Lesq 41 

DlOSCOKEACE^ 41 

DiOBPYROS 109 

ambiguaLesq IIO 

ancepa  Lesq 110,  111 

apiculata  Lesq.,  PI.  XIV,  Fig.  3 110 

?  celastroidea  Lesq.,  PI.  XX,  Fig.  7 113 

palaeogsea  Ett 113 

prim»va  Heer,  PI.  XX,  Figa.  1-3 109, 110 

psendoanceps  Lesq.,  PI.  XXII,  Fig.  1 Ill 

rotnndifolia  Lesq.,  PI.  XVII,  Figs.  8-11 43, 113 

Steenstrupi?  Heer,  PI.  XVI,  Fig.  9 Ill 

virginiana  L 243 

Distribution,  Table  of 222 

Dryopbyllum  aquamarum  "Ward 58 

EodrysDeb 57 

Ebenace 109 

ELjEODENURON 175 

australe  Vent 175 

sagorianum  Ett 175 

speciosum  Leaq.,  PI.  XXXVI,  Figa.  2,  3 175 

EMBOTHRIE.E 89 

ENCEPHALARTtiE 26 

Encephalartos 29,  88 

cretaceusLesq.,  PI.  I,  Fig  12 29 

Gorceisianu.s  Sap 29 

Equisetites  groenlandicus  Heer 28 

Squiseium  nodosum  Lesq 37 

Ekemophyllum 213 

firabriatum  Lesq 313 

EUMYESINEjB 114 

Ericace.e 115 

Eucalyptus 137 

acervulaLieb 136 

angusta  Velen 138 


394 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Eucalyptus— Continned. 

aakotensla  Lesq.,  PI.  XXXVH,  Figs.14-19 137 

floribnnda  Endl 136 

Geinitzi  Heer,  PI.  XXXYU,  Fig.  20 137, 1 3S 

euencephalaktbje 29 

Eugenia 137 

lijiringiana  Ung 137 

primajva  Lesq.,  PLLIII,  Fig3.5-9 137 

Fac.us  51 

Antipofii  Abich 52 

cretacea  Newb 51 

deucalionis  TJng 52 

FeroniiB  Ung 236 

ferruginea  Ait 236 

orbictaatum  Lesq.,  PI.  SLVII,  Fig.  6 51 

polyclada  Losq 51 

pseudo-ferruginea  Lesq 236 

FESTUCE..E 37 

FlCE^ .  "6 

Ficus 76 

AglajaeUng 82 

AizoonTJDg (^3 

aligeraLesq.,  PI.  X,  Figs.  3-6 84 

amei'icana  Dabl .-• 83 

?  luignstata  Lesq 80 

arctica  Heer  239 

arenacea  Lesq 239 

atavina  Heer 79,  84,98 

Beckwitbii  Lesq SO 

bengalica 80 

Berthoudi  Lesq.,  PI.  Xn,  Fig.  3  77,78,81,95,239 

bumelioides  Ett 85 

cestrifolia  Scbott 84 

crassipes  Heer,  PI.  XIII,  Fig.  3 79 

deflexa  Lesq.,  PI.  in.  Fig.  13  ;  PI.  XVI,  Fig.  3 .  -  -  80,  239 

degener  Ung 98 

Deaori  Heer 78 

distortaLesq 85 

elongata  Hos 77,78,239 

Falconieri  Heer 78 

fjimbTiata  Lesq 213 

fruits  of,  PI.  X,  Figs.  7, 8 85 

glascoena  Lesq.,  PI.  XIII,  Figs.  1,  2 76, 85 

Hailiana  Lesq SO,  239 

inasqaalis Lesq.,  PI.  XLIX,  Figs.  6-8;  PI.  L,  Fig.  3.         S'J 

Jynx  Ung 82 

Krausiana  Heer,  PI.  L,  Fig.  5 81 

lanceolataLesq 239 

lanceolato-acaminata  Ett.,  PI.  XIU,  Fig.  4 85 

lanropbylla  Lesq 85 

lentiginosa  VabI  ...  83 

longifolia  Hos 239 

macrophylla  Lesq.,  PI.  XL  Fig.  1 76 

magnoliajfolia  Lesq.,  PI.  XVI,  Fig.  4 79,83 

melanopbylla  Lesq.,  PI.  L,  Fig.  2 83 

Mobliana  Heer 78 

Mudgei  Lesq 85 

multinervis  Heer 77,  98,  217,  239 

nitidaThunb 83 

planicostata  Lesq 239 

prajcursor  Lesq.,  PI.  XLIX,  Fig.  5 81,82 

primordialia  Heer 80, 170 

productaL 187,239 

proteoides  Lesq.,  PI.  XII,  Fig.  2 77,239 

protoga;a,  Ett 85 

psidiopsis  Massal 169 


Page. 
Ficus— Continued. 

pulcherrima  Sap 81,82,214,239 

rectinervis  Ett 76 

Schimperi  Lesq 239 

Smithsoniana  Lesq 239 

Sternbeigii  Lesq.,  PI.  L,  Fig.  1 82 

superstitioaus  L 187 

s.ycomorus  L 83 

tenas "  81 

tiliasfolia  Lesq 239,240 

1  undulata  Lesq.,  PI.  XII,  Fig.  6 84 

UngeriLesq 239 

wyomiDgiana  Lesq 239 

FiLICES 24 

Flabeli.aria 39 

?minimaLesq 39 

Frangula  caroliniana  Gray 168,253 

Fungi 23 

Galege.e 148 

Galla 58 

queroinaLesq.,Pl.  VII,  Fig.  2 58 

Geinitzia  sp.  Heer 36 

Glbichenia 25 

Kurriana  Heer 25 

Nordenslcioldi  Heer - 25 

Gleichenie^ 25 

Glyptostrobiis  gracillinius  Lesq 36 

Gramise^is 37 

Grewie.e    ISO 

Grewiopsis 180 

ajquidentataLesq.,  PI.  L VIII,  Fig. 4 ISO 

auisomera  Sap 181 

credneripeformis  Sap 181 

Haydenii  Lesq 64,180,250 

Mudgei  Lesq.,  PI.  LXVL  Fig.  3 181 

orbiculata  Sap fi3 

Gtmnospeeile 26 

Hakea  arctica  Heer 197 

Hama-MELIDE.e 139 

Hamamelis  Tirginica  L 246 

H  AMAMELITES 139 

?cordatas  Lesq 139,246 

fothergilloides  Sap 55,246 

liansaseanus  Lesq 139 

quadrangularis  Lesq 139 

quercifolius  Lesq 139,246 

tenuinervis  Lesq 139 

Hedeea 127 

aaricnlata  Heer 127,130,245 

BrnueriWard 245 

cretacea  Lesq.,  PI.  XVIII,  Fig.  1 127, 245 

cuneata  Heer 245 

cuneifolia    130 

I         decuiTensLesq.,  PLXVIII,Fig.  6 130 

Gaudicbaudi  Gray 130 

Helix  L 127,245 

marginata  Lesq 245 

micropbjlla  Lesq.,  PI.  XVIII,  Figs.  2,  3 127 

minima  Ward 129,245 

orbicnlata  ( Heer),  Lesq.,  PI.  XVIL  Figs.  12-14. .  129, 245 

OTaUs  Lesq.,  PI.  XVII,  Fig.  15 139,  245 

parvnla  Ward 129,245 

platanoidea  Heer 128,130,141 

primordialis  Heer 245 

prisma  Sap 245 

StrozziiGaud 127,245 


INDEX. 


395 


Hedehej; 127 

Hed  j-cara  arborea  J.  et  G.  Forat   213 

Helicteee^ 186 

HyjieNjEa  145 

dakotana  Lesq.,  PI.  LV,  Figs.  2,  3;  PI.  LVI,  Figs. 

1,  2;  PI.  LXn,  Fig  2 145 

priraigenia  Sap 145 

Ilex 176 

armata  Lesq.,  PI.  XXIX,  Fig.  8 176,252 

borealis  Heer,  PI.  XXXV,  Fig.  8  . .  110, 176, 179,  213,  252 

(lakotensisLe8q.,Pl.  XXIX,  Fig.  11 178,252 

dryandrfe folia  Sap 177 

glabra  Gray 252 

longifolia  Heer 178,179 

Masoni  Lesq.,  PI.  VII,  Fig  6  ;  PI.  LXIU,Fig.  6..  179 

opaca  Ait 252 

papulosa  Le.sq.,  PI.  XXIS,  Figs.  9, 10 ;  PI.  LVni, 

Fig.  3  177,2.52 

Sondrteri  Lesq.,  PI.  LVIII,  Fig.2 178 

stenophylla  Une 178 

strangulata  Lesq 178 

lLICINE.ffi 176 

INGA 153 

cretacea  Lesq.,  PI.  LV,  Fig.  11 15.5 

Inolepis  sp.,  Lesq S6 

JUGLANDE.S; 68 

JUGLANDITES 70 

Ellsworthianus  Lesq.,  PI.  XXXVII,  Fig.  1 70 

Lacoei  Lesq. ,  PI.  XLVIII,  Fig.  5  71 

peramplus  Sap 70, 

primordialis  Lesq.,  PI.  XXXV,  Fig.  15 70 

sinuatns  Lesq.,  PI.  XXXV,  Figs.  9-11 71 

JUGLANB - 68 

acnminata  Al.  Br 69,70. 

arctica  Heer,  PL  XIX,  Fig.  3;  Pl.XXXIX, 

Fig.  5 68,253 

crassipes  Heer,  PI.  XLIX,  Figs.  1-3 69, 253 

cretacea  Dn 253 

dabia  Ludw 70 

harwoodensis  Dn 253 

primordialis  Lesq 253 

Ungeri  Heer 69 

Laflbnia  lielvetica  Heer 31 

Laurelia 108 

aroioatica  Poir 108 

primseva  Lesq.,  PI.  XX,  Fig.  8 108 

rediviva  Ung 108 

Laurelia  sempervire^is  Tul io8 

LAUEixEa; 91 

Laurophtllum 95 

Ellsworthianum,  Lesq. ,  PI.  XIII,  Fig.  7 95 

Lauhus 91 

angusta  Heer,  PI.  XVI,  Fig.  7    9S 

antecedens  Lesq.,  PI.  XI,  Fig.  3 93 

californica  Lesq 241 

canariensis  Willd.,  var.  angustifolia 104 

canariensis  Willd.,  var.  latifolia 104 

caroliniensis 241 

cretacea  Ett 92 

Delessii  Sap 241 

dermatopliyllon  Weber 94 

grandis  Lesq 241 

Haidingeri  Ett 216 

Holte  Heer,  PI.  XII,  Fig.  8  9a 

KuowItODi  Lesq.,  PI.  L,  Fig.  4 94 

luacrocarjia  Lesq 93  95  ! 


Laubub — Continued. 

<Carpites)  microcarpa  Lesq.,  PI.  XVI,  Fig.  8 93 

nebrascensis  Lesq : 91 

Odini 92 

plutonia  Heer,  PI.  Xin,  Figs.  5,  6;  PI.  XXII, 

Fig.5.. 86,91,92,93,110 

primigenia  Ung 86,  86,  91,  93,  133,  240,  241 

primigenia  Ung.,  var.  cretacea,  Lesq 98,  240 

proteaifolia  Lesq 93 

pseudo-caroliniana  Lesq 241 

resargens  Sap 94 

EeussiiEtt 93 

superba  Sap 94 

teliformis  Lesq.,  PL  L,  yig.9 94 

Legumixosje 145 

Legumiuosie  of  uncertain  relation 148 

LEGU.MIXOSITES 148 

constrictus  Lesq.,  PI.  XLIV,  Fig.  3 151 

coronilloides »  Heer,  PI.  XIII,  Fig.  10 149 

cultriforuiia  Lesq 15*.3 

dakotensis  Lesq.,  PI.  XXXVIII,  Fig.  5 150 

emargiuatus  Heer  150 

Fiscberi  Heer 150 

hymenopbj  llu3  Lesq.,  PL  LV,   Figs.   7-9;    PI. 

LVI,Fig.3 153 

insularis  Heer,  PI.  XLIV,  Fig.  4 153 

Marcouanus  Heer 203,  229 

ompbaloliioidea  Lesq.,  PI.  XXXVIII,  Fig.  4 149 

phaseolites .'  Heer,  PI.  LVI,  Fig.  10 153,  215 

podogonialis     Lesq.,     PI.    XIII,    Fig.    11;    PI. 

XSXVIII,  Fig.  16 148 

Proserpinie  Heer 149 

trunoatus  Knowlton,  PI.  XXI,  Fig.  7 1 50 

Ungeri  Heer 153 

LEPTOSPERME.S 137 

LlLIACE.;!; 39 

LiNDERA 95 

Masoni  Lesq.,  PI.  XVIII,  Figs  9, 10  96.  241 

triloba  Blume 96  241 

venusta  Lesq.,  PI.  XVI,  Figs.  1,  2 95 

LiQUIPAMBAB 75 

europa?uni  miocenum  Sap.  &  Mar 183 

integrifolium  Lesq 75, 134 

LlEIODENDRON 203 

acuminatum  Lesq.,  PI.  XXVII,  Figs.  2,  3  -.307,208,210 
acuminatum  var.  bilobatum  Lesq.,  PI.  XXVIII, 

Fig  4 207 

Beckwitbii  Lesq 230 

Celakovskii  Velen igi 

cruciforme  Lesq 206 

Gardneri  Sap jeo 

giganteam  Lesq.,  PI.  XXV,  Fig.  1;  PI.  XXVL 

Fig.  5 ;  PI.  XXVII,  Fig.  1 306,  207,  229,  248 

giganteum,  var.  cruciforme  Lesq.,  PI.  XXVIII, 

Figs.  1,2 306 

Haueri  Ett 248 

helveticnm  Fish.-Oost 248 

intermedium  Lesq.,  PI.  XXV,  Fig.  5 307,230 

islandicum  Sap.  &  Mar 2O8,  248 

Meekii  Heer,  PI.  XXVIII,  Figs.  5, 6 305, 229 

Meekii,  var.  genuinum 205 

Meekii,  yar.  miicronulata  Heer 203 

Meekii,  Y&Y.MarcouanaKetiT 203 

Meekii,  var.  oftcorrfff (a  Heer 203 

obcordatnm  Lesq 230 

oblongifolium  Newb 230 


396 


INDEX. 


LiRIODENBBON— Continned. 

pinnatifidam  Lesq.,  PI.  XXTH,  Figs.  4, 5  . .  .a09, 210, 230 

popiiloides  Le.sq 230 

primffivum  Kewb.,  Pl.XXIV,  Fiff.*;  PI.  XXVI, 

Figs.  1-4 303,204,229 

Procaccinii  Heer 229,248 

quercifoliam  Newb 230 

semialatum  Lesq.,  PI.  XXV,  Figs.  2-4 ;  PI.  XXIX, 

Fig.  3 204,207,209,229 

simplex  Newb 22D 

Snowii  Lesq.,  PI.  XXIX,  Figs.  1,2 209,230 

TalipiferaL 205,208,229,248 

WeUingtonii,  Lesq  ,  PI. XXVIII,  Fig.  7  ..208,  210,230 

LiRIOPHTLLUM 210 

BecliwitMi  Lesq 210 

obcordatnoi  Lesq.,  PI.  XXVII,  Fig.  7 310 

popnloides  Lesq 311,  219 

LiTSEA 96 

cretaceaLesq.,?!.  XV,Fig.2 96 

elatinervis  Sap.  &  Mar 97 

espansa  Sap.  &:  Mar 97 

falcifoliaLesq.,Pl.XI,  Fig  5 9r 

glauca  Siebold 97 

lauriaoides  Hos  &  Marclc 97 

LiTSEACEiE 91 

LOM.\TIA 89 

Saportanea  Lesq 89 

Saportanea  var.  longifolia  Lesq 89 

ltgodiace.e 25 

Ltgodium 25 

tricbomanoides  Lesq — 35 

Macclintockia  cretacea  Heer 23 

MAGNOLIA-- 198 

acuminataL 199,200,247 

ampUfolia  Heer,  PI.  XXIV,  Fig.  3 200,  202 

alternans  Heer,  PI.  XXXIV,  Fig.  11 201 

Botaa.vanaLe3q.,Pl.  LX,  Fig.  2 202 

califoniica  Lesq 247 

Capellinii  Heer,  PI.  LXVI,  Fig.  1  ....199,  201,  202,  20:I 

cordata  Mx - 247 

Inglefleldi  Heer -■---  199,2*1 

Lacoeana Lesq.,  Pl.LX,Fig.l 301 

longepetiolata  Et t 202 

LudwigiiEtt 202 

obovata  Xewb 303 

obtu3ataHeer,Pl.  LX,  Fig3.5,6 301 

ovalisLesq 247 

pseudoacuminata  Lesq.,  PI.  XXIV,  Fig.  2 199,  200, 

201,  247 

speciosa  Heer,  PI.  LX,Figs.3,4 303 

tenuifolia  Lesq.,  PI.  XXIV,  Fig  1 104, 198,  247 

umbrellaL 199,247 

(carpites)  sp.,  Lesq 303 

Magnoltace-e 198 

MESISPEESIiCE-i; 196 

MESISPEK.MITE3 196 

acerifolius  Lesq -- 196,  248 

acutilobus  Lesq 196 

cretacea  Heer 197 

cyclopbyllns  Lesq  .' 196,248 

dentatnsHeer 197 

grandisLesq 196,197,248 

obtnsilobns  Lesq. 196 

obtTisilobus  Lesq.,  Tar.  ? 196 

ovalis  Lesq 196 

populilolius  Lesq 196 


Menispkrmites— Continned. 

rugosus  Lesq.,  PI.  XXIX,  Fig.  7 196 

salinensis  Lesq 196 

Menisperraum  canadense 248 

MONIMl  ACE.E 108 

mokocottleuones 37 

Myrica 66 

asperaLesq.,Pl.n,  Fig.ll 66,233 

bilinicaEtt 68 

californica  Cham 233 

oerifera  L 66,233 

cretacea  Lesq 66,  68 

dakotensis  Lesq 68 

emarginata  Heer,  PI.  XII,  Fig.  1 66,67,233 

GrseffiiHeer 233 

longa  Heer,  PI.  Ill,  Figs.  1-6 50,67,233 

longifolia  Sap 233 

obUquaKnowlton,Pl.XLIV,  Fig.l6 68 

obtusa  Lesq 68 

proxima  Ett - 68 

SchiraperiLesq.,  PI.  II,  Fig.  12 66 

?semina  Lesq 68 

Sternbergii  Lesq 68,233 

StaderiHeer 68 

thulensis  Heer 66 

TorreyiLesq 233 

Mtricace.e 66 

Mykbi-\e 114 

antiquaUng 130,175 

borealis  Heer 114 

crassa  Lesq.,  PI.  LII,  Figs.  2,  3 114 

grandis  Ung 115 

melanopblea  E.  Br 114 

salicoides  Al.  Br 174 

UrvilleiDC 114 

MYESINE-E ,- 114 

Mybsixites 115 

Myrsinites  ?  Gaudinl  Lesq.,  PI.  LIT,  Fig.  4 115 

Myktace.e 136 

Myrtophyllum 136 

GeinitziHeer 136,138 

pulchrnm  Sap 136 

WarderiLesq,  PI.  LIII,  Fig.lO 136 

Negnndo  californica  Torr.  &  Gray 251 

Negundoides 156 

acutifolius  Lesq  156,  251 

Nordenskioldia  borealis  Heer,  PI.  XLIV,  Fig.  6- . .  .319,  250 

Nyssa 126 

europiea  TjDg 126 

Snowiana  Lesq.,  PI.  LII,  Fig.ll 136 

Nyssidium  grcenlandioum  Heer 127 

Oreodaphse 108 

cretaceaLeaq  108 

Ottelia  parisiensis  Sap 39 

Paljsocasbia 147 

angustifoliaEtt..... 147 

lanceolata  Ett 147 

lanrinea  Lesq.,  PI.  LXIV,  Fig.  12 147 

Paliurvs 165 

affinisHeer. 165,262 

ancepsLesq.,  PL  XXXV,  Fig.  4 166 

colombiHeer 167,253 

oretaceus  Lesq.,  PI.  XXXV,  Fig.  3 165, 252 

membranaceus  Lesq.,  PI.  XXXV,  Fig.  5 166, 167 

montanus  Dn 252 

obovatus  Lesq., PI.  XXXV,  Fig,6 165 


INDEX. 


397 


Palidrub— Continued. 

ovalis  Dawson,  PI.  XXXV,  Fig.  7 166,252 

tenuifolina  Heer 165 

PAL5LB 39 

Pandanug  ornatug 41 

PAI'ILIONACEjE 147 

Parroti A 140 

Canfleldi  Lesq.,  Pl.  XXX,  Fig.  6 141 

grandidentata Lesq., PI.  XXXIX,  Figs,  i-i  ....  140, 157 

pristiuaEtt 140 

1  WinoliemLesq.,  PI.  XXIX,  Figs.  5,  6 140 

PECOPTERIDEjE 24 

Pecopterib 24 

nebrasliana  Heer 34 

Peesea 103 

Braunii  Heer 103 

caroliniensis 241 

HayanaLesq.,  Pi.  XVI,  Fig.  6 103,104,241 

Leconteana  Leaq.,  Pl.XI,Fig.2 104 

nebrascensis  Leaq 91 

palieomorplia  Sap.  &  Mar 103,  241 

Schimperi  Leaq.,  PI.  XVI,  Fig.  5 103, 104,  241 

specioaa  Heer ..-  103 

Sternbergii  Leaq 104 

perbeack.s 103 

Peesoon'IA 89 

Heerii  Pilar 89 

laurina  Heer 90 

Lesquereuxii  Knowlton,  PI.  XX,  Figs.  10-12 89 

pek600nieje 89 

Phanerogamia 26 

PHASEOLEiE 147 

Phaseolitkb 147 

formua  Leaq.,  PI.  LV,  Figa.  5, 6, 12 147 

glycinoidea  Sap -  147 

PHRAGMITE9 37 

cretaceua  Leaq.,  PI.  II,  Fig.  8 37 

cBjiingenais  Al.Br 37 

Phyllites  213 

amissaa  Leaq.,  LXII,  Fig.  1 317 

amorphua  Leaq 319 

ariatolocliiieformia  Leaq.,  PI.  LIX,  Fig.  8 317 

betuUBfoIius  Leaq 66 

celatu3Leaq.,PI.  LXI,Fig.l ■ 315 

ciseoides  Leaq 75 

dnreacena  Leaq. ,  PI.  LXI,  Fig.  5 ;  PI.  LXII,  Fig.3 .  318 

erosna  Leaq.,  PI.  LXI,  Fig.  4 216 

innecten3Lesq.,Pl.  LXV,  Fig.6 319 

Lacoei  Leaq.,  PI.  XLV,  Fig.  6 _ 313 

laurencianua  Lesq.,  PI.  XLIV,  Fig,  5 31 5 

o&cordaiz(S  Heer 203,  229 

perplexua  Lesq.,  PI.  XXXVIII,  Fig.  15 215 

rhoifolins  Ledq 319 

rhomboideua  Leaq 219 

SnowiiLe3q.,PI.  XXXVni,  Pig.2 214 

stiputeformis  Lesq.,  PI.  LXI,  Fig.  2 216 

umbouatus  Leaq 319 

Vanonae  Heer 214 

zamiseformia  Leaq.,  PI.  H,  Fig.  7 38 

sp.  Lesq.,  PI.  LIX,  Pig.  7 316 

Phyllocladub 34 

Phyllocladua  aubintegrifoIiuaLeaq.,  PI.  II,  Figa.  1-3.  34 

platanace.s: 72 

Platasus 72 

aceroidea  Gijpp 232, 238 

a#»ii»  Leaq 110,164 


Platanus— Continned. 

appfvndiculata  Lesq , 72, 232, 238 

baailobata  Ward 188, 232, 238 

ciasoides  Lesq.,  PI.  LXI,  Fig,  3 75 

diminutiva  Leaq 75 

dissectaLesq 238 

GuillelmiB 73,  238 

Haydenii  Newb 72,238 

Heerii  Lesq 75 

latiloba  Newb 102 

Newberriana  Heer 64,  74, 110 

nobilis  Newb 238 

obtuailoba  Leaq.,  PI.  X,  Fig.  2 74, 160 

occidentalia  L 72, 212,  232, 238 

primasva  Leaq.,  PI.  VIII,  Figa.  7-8  b,-  PI.  X,  Fig. 

1 73,102,232 

prinneva,  var.  grandidentata  Leaq.,  PI.  IX,  Figa. 


1,2. 


priinseva,  var.  integrifoIiaLeaq.,  PI.  XLIX,  Fig. 
4 

primceva,  var.  submtegrifolia  Lesq.,  PI.  IS,  Figs. 


73 


74 


3,4 73 

Raynoldsii  Newb 238 

recurvata  Lesq 102,135,231 

rhomboidea  Lesq 238 

SiriiUng 183 

PmuB 32 

Quenstedti  Heer 33 

Podogonium  americanum  Leaq 148 

Knorrii  Heer 148 

Lyellianum  Heer 150 

PonozAMiTES 27 

anguatifolius  (Eiohw. )  ScUimp.,  PI.  I,  Fig.  4 37, 28 

caudatus  Leaq ■ 32 

emai-ginatus  Lesq 33 

Haydenii  Lesq 36,  27 

lanceolatua  (L.  &H.)  Brongn.,  PI.  I, Figa. 5,  6  ...  28 

lanceolatua,  var.  latifolina  Heer 28* 

latipennia  Heer 27 

oblongua  Leaq 26 

pr(elongics  JjQsq 32 

Stenopua  Lesq.,  PI.  I,  Fig.  7 37 

tenuinervis  Heer  27 

polypodi  ace,,e 24 

PomEjE  142 

populiteb 45 

cyclophyllus  Heer 46,48 

elegana  Leaq,,  PI.  XL VI,  Fig.  5;  PI.  XL VII, 

Figa.  2-3 46,47,48 

lancaatrienaia  Leaq 44,46,  48 

litigioaus  (Heer)  Lesq.,  PI.  VII,  Fig.  7 ;  PI.  Vm, 

Fig.  5 ;  PI.  XL VI,  Fig.  B ;  PI.  XL VII,  Fig.  1. .  46 

salisburicefoUus  JjQsq 164 

Sternbergii  Lesq.,  PI.  VII,  Figs.  8-9 45 

POPULUB 42 

arcticaHeer 44,237,238 

Berggreni  Heer,  PI.  VHI,  Figs.  2-4 42,  84 

?  cordifolia  Newb 45,46 

cyclophylla  Heer 48 

elliptica  Newb 45,237 

G-audini  Fiscber-Ooster 44 

barkerianaLesq.,  PI.  XLVI,  Fig.  4 44 

hyperborea  Heer,  P  I.  Ill,  Figa.  9-11 ;  PI.  VIU, 

Fig.  1;  PI.  XLVII,  Fig.  5 43,112 

kansaseana  Lesq.,  PI.  XVII,  Figa.  1-7 42 

lUigioea  Heer 46,48 


398 


INDEX. 


PopuLUs— Continued. 

microph\lla  Newb - 45 

mutabilis  Heer 43,120 

primiBvaHeer..-i 237 

stysia  Heer,  PI.  in,  Fig.  12 44,112 

Zadilachi 338 

Pkoteaceje 89 

PROTEE.S; 90 

Pboteoides 90 

dapbno£:enoide3  Heer 78,90 

grevilleajformis  Heer OO 

lancifolius  Heer,  PI.  XY,  Fig.  5;  PI.  L,  Fig.  8...  90 

longus  Heer 67 

Protophillum 187 

orassum  Lesq.,  PI.  LXV,  Fig.  i 193, 213 

crednerioides  Lesq.,  PI.  XXXVI,   Fig.  11  ;  PI. 

XLIII,  Fig.  4-5 194 

orenatum  Knowlton,  PI.  LXV,  Fig.  7 190 

denticulatum  Lesq.,  PI.  XXXVL  Fig.  9 193 

dimorplium  Lesq.,  PI.  XLI,  Fig.  1 190 

Leconteanam  Lesq.,  PI.  XL,  Fig.  1 187 

Haydenii  Lesq..  PI.  XLIII,  Fig.  1 ;  PI.  XLIV, 

Figs.  1,2 192,195 

integerrimum  Lesq.,  PI.  XLIII,  Fig.  3 192, 195 

Mudgei  Lesq  '. 195 

multinerve  Lesq.,  PI.  XLIII,  Fiit.  2  :  PI.  LXV, 

Fig.l 191 

nebrascense  Lesq  195 

pra'stansLesq.,  PI.  XLI,  Figa.  2,  3;  PI.  XLIL 

Figs.  3,  4 188 

pseudospermoides  Lesq.,  PI.  LIX,  Fig.2 194 

pterospermifolium  Lesq. ,  PI.  LIX,  Fig.l 195 

quadratuni  Lesq 189.  195 

rugosum  Lesq  .« 194,195 

Sternbergii  Lesq.,  PI.  XLII,  Fig.  1 187, 189,192 

undalatnin  Lesq.,  PI.  XLII,  Fig.  2 189 

Pruned 144 

Pbunus 144 

(Amygdalas)  ?  antecedens  Lesq..  PI.  LV,  Fig.  4  . .      144 

arbutifolia  L 254 

cretacea  Lesq 254 

pereger  0ng 145 

serrulata  Heer 254 

PlENOSTROBUS 36 

Ptenostrobas  nebrascensis  Lesq 36 

PTERIDE.S; 24 

PlEBIS 24 

datotensis  Lesq.,  PI.  I,  Figs,  2,  3 24 

Pterophyllum  ?  Haydenii  Lesq 26 

Ptekospermites 186 

Baydenii  Lesq 192 

longeacuminatns  Lesq.,  PI.  LIX,  Fig.  3 1 86 

modestus  Lesq.,  PI.  LVni,  Fig.  5 186 

multinervis  hesq 191,192 

quadratics  Leaq 195 

rugosus  Lesq 195 

aagorianam  Ett 186 

Pterospennum  suberifolium  Willd 187 

PrREXOMYCETES 23 

Ptrus  144 

?  cretacea  Newb 144,254 

quercine^ -    51 

Qlebcus .       52 

advenaSap 54 

agrifolia  NSe 53 


QuERCUS— Continued. 

alnoides  Lesq,  PI.  VII,  Fig.  3 54 

angustiloba  Al.  Br 235 

antiqua  Newb , 55 

bicorDis  "Ward 235 

Championi  Benth 54 

chrysopbylla  Kellogg 53 

cuneataNewb 55 

(Dryophylliim)  dakotensis  Lesq.,  PI.  VII,  Fig.  4.         56 

Deloeai  Heer 52,54 

EUsworthiaua  Lesq 55,  95,  235 

glasooena  Lesq.,  PI.  VI,  Fig.  6 55 

bexagonaLesq.,  PI.  VII,  Fig.  5 56,234 

(Dryophyllum)  bieracifolia  (Deb.)  Hos.   and  v. 

d,  Marck,  PI.  Ill,  Fig.  15 58,234 

(Dryopbyllum)  Holmesii  Lesq 58 

(Bryopbyllum)  UosiauaLesq., PI. Ill, Fig.  14....         57 

ilex  L 53 

Larguensia  Sap 55 

(Dryopbyllum)  latifolia  Leaq 58, 235 

latissimaHos 52, 139 

Morrisoniana  Lesq 55 

nevadensis  Leaq 58 

0.sbornii  Lesq 56 

porauoides  Leaq 56 

(Dryopbyllum)  primordialia  Lesq 56, 235 

pseudolyrata  Leaq 235 

(Dryopbyllum)  rbamnoides  Lesq.,  PI.  XLVIII, 

Fig.4 57 

Einkiana  Heer 235 

salioifolia  Newb 55, 235 

semialata  Lesq 195 

cuueata  Newb 55 

(Dryopbyllum)  subcretaceum  (Sap.)  Lesq 54 

spurio-ilex  Knowlton,  PI.  XLTin,  Fig.3 53 

snspecta  Lesq.,  PI.  SLVII,  Fig.  7;  PI.  XLVIII, 

Figa.1,2 52 

tbulensis  Heer 235 

troglodites  Heer.  56, 234 . 

VictoriiB  Dn 235 

Wardiana  Leaq.,  PI.  VII,  Fig.  1 53,235 

Warningiana  Heer 235 

westl'alica  Hoa.  &  v.  d.  Marck 57, 139 

WilmsiiHos 52 

Rhamnites 171 

apiculatus  Leaq.,  PI.  XXXVII,  Figa.  8-13 171 

colubrinoides  Ett 172 

Rhamne^ 165,168 

Rhamnus 168 

Eridani ., 71 

inaiquilateralis  Lesq.,  PI.  XXXVII,  Figa.  4-7. . .  170,  253 

Mudgei  Lesq.,  PI.  XXXVII,  Figs. 2,3 169,170 

ceningensia  Al.  Br 170,253 

prunifoliua  Lesq.,  PI.  XXXV,  Fig.  14 169 

Pursbianns  D(J 168 

rectinervis  Heer 168,  252 

revolutaLeaq.,Pl.  LXV,  Fig.5 171 

aimilia  Lesq.,  PI.  XXXV,  Figs,  12, 13 168,253 

subsinuatus  Gopp 113 

tenax  Lesq.,  PI.  XXXVIII,  Fig.  6 170 

Rhus 154 

ambigua  Hng 154 

copallina  L... 155 

deleta  Heer 154 

juglandogene  Ett 155 


INDEX. 


399 


Rhus — Continued . 

PowemanaLe3q.,Pl.LVI,  Figa.4,5 <55 

TJddeni  Lesq.,  PI.  LVII,  rig.  2 154 

?  Westii  Knowlton,  PI.  XXXVIII,  Figs.  9, 10 ... .  154 

KOSACEiE - ^*^ 

Salicineje *^ 

Salix ^ 

abbreviata  Gopp ^^ 

catkinof,  Pl.TIII,  Fig.6 51 

cuneata  Newb 50 

deleta  Lesq.,  PI.  Ill,  Mg.  8 49,236 

fleinosaNewb ^^ 

fragilisL ---  ^^ 

Hay6iLesq.,PI.in,I'ig.7 48 

Integra ^^® 

Ueetli  Newb ■*** 

nerviUoaaHeer 49,169,236 

protefflfolia  Lesq 49,236,237 

protesefolia,  var.  flexuosa  Lesq.,  PI.  LXIV,  Figs. 

4,6 -  5» 

piote:efolia,var.  lanceolata  Lesq.,  PI.  LXIV,  Figs. 

6-8 50 

protesefolia,  var.  linearifolia    Lesq.,  PI.  LXIV, 

Figs.  1-3 *9 

proteajfolia,  var.  longifolia  Lesq.,  PI.  LXIV,  Fig.  9  50 

tenera  Al.  Br '^^'^ 

EasiinaHeer *9 

Sambuce.e - 11^ 

S  APiND  ace;e 158 

SAPiNUE.a; 15^ 

StPINDUS 158 

apiculatus  Velen 159 

diversifolius  Lesq.,  PI.  LXIV,  Fig.  18 1 5S 

falcifolius  Heer 220 

Morrisoni  Lesq.,  PI.  XXXV,  Figs.  1, 2 113, 158 

prodromus  Heer r  -  ■         158 

aaponariusL 220 

Sapotace« 11^ 

Sapotacites  ll* 

retuaus  Heer 217 

Sapotacites  ap.  ?  PI.  LXV,  Fig.  3 114 

Sassafras 88 

acutilobum  Lesq 100,230 

arctica 241 

cretaceum  Newb 96,  230,  241 

cretaceum,  var.,  acutilobum  Lesq 100 

(Araliopsis)  cretaceum,  Newb.,  var.  grossedenta- 

turn  Lesq.,  D.  var;,  PI.  LI,  Fig.  5 101 

cretaceum  Newb.,  var.  obtusifoliam  Lesq 134 

(Araliopsis)  cretaceum   Newb.,    var.   obtusum, 

Lesq 100,  lOa 

(Araliopsis)  dissectum  Lesq.,  PI.  XTV,  Fig.l..      101, 

212,  231 

harkerianwti  Lesq 164, 231 

Mudgei  Lesq 100,230 

( Araliopsis)  mirabile  Lesq 101, 1 08,231 

obtusiim  Lesq 164 

officinale  L 99,100,231,241 

(Araliopsis)  papillosum  Lesq.,  PI.  VI,  Fig.  7 lOSi 

PfaffianaHeer ...         241 

(Araliopsis)  platanoides  Lesq 103,  231 

primiginea 241 

'  primordiale  Lesq.,  PI.  XVI lOO 

(Araliopsis)  recurvatum,  Lesq 10*8,  241 

Selwyni  Dn 241 

subintegrifolium  Lesq,  PI.  XIV,  Fig.2 99,231 


ScUizoneura  paradoxa  Scbimp.  &  Mong 29 

Sclerotium  cinnamomi  Heer 23,198 

?sp.,Pl.LIX,  Figs.  4,4a 8.5 

Sequoia ■''5 

condita  Lesq 30 

faatigiata  Heer SO 

formoaa  Lesq 3tt 

Eeicbenbacbia  Gein.,  PI.  n.  Fig.  4 35 

SMILACEiE 39 

Smilacites  grandifolia  TJng 40 

Smilax 39 

grandifolia  Heer 40 

grandifolia-ctetacea  Lesq.,  PI.  XL VI,  Fig.  3  . .  . .  40 

Haidingeri  Hng 39 

aubbispida  Muhl 39 

Taragonii  Gaudin 39 

undnlataLesq.,  PI.  XLVI,  Fig.  2 39 

SPAI  HICARPEiE 38 

Si'HiEElA 23 

Braunii  Heer '  23 

probleraatioa  Knowlton,  PI.  XXXI,  Figs.  2, 2a. . .  23 

Spondieae 154 

Sterculiace^ 182 

SterculiEjE 182 

Stekculia 182 

aperta  Lesq.,  PI.  XXII,  Fig.4 185 

Braunii  Heer 184 

cartbaginenais  Cav 182 

diversifolia  G.  A 185 

LabruscaUng 183,249 

limbata  Velen 184 

lugabris  Leaq ..,- —  186 

Majolana  Mass 184 

ModestaSap 249 

mucronata  Lesq.,  PI.  XXX,  Figs.  1^ 183 

obtuslloba  Leaq 185 

reticulata  Lesq.,  PI.  XXXIV,  Fig.  10 185 

Snowii    Lesq.,    PI.   XXX,   Fig.  5;  PI.   XXXI, 
Figs. 2,  3;  PI.  XXXII,;  PI.  XXXin,  Figs. 

1-4 - 183 

Snowii,  Lesq.,  var.  disjuncta   Lesq.,  PI.  LVm, 

Fig.6 184 

variabilis  Sap 249 

Table  of  distribution ...  222 

Taxe«    34 

Taxodieae 35 

TerminaliaradabojanaUng 218 

rectinerva  Velen 218 

Thinnfeldia  Leequereuxiana  Heer 34 

Nordenskioldi  Nath 34 

rhomboidalls  Ett 34 

rotiindata  Nath 34 

aaligna  Scbenk 34 

Tilia  alaakana  Heer 260 

antiquaNewb 250 

Malmgreni  Heer 260 

populifolia  Lesq 250 

TILIACE^, 180 

Ulmus  crassinervia  Ett 214 

diptera  Steenstrup 214 

dubiaDn 243 

TJRTIC  ACEJE 76 

ViBUENITES 124 

cr.assu3Lesq.,Pl.XLV,Figs.l-4 134 

Masoni  Lesq.,  PI.  XLV,  Fig.  5 135 


400 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Viburnum 119 

cuneatum  Newb — 123 

ellipticum  Hook 120,242 

Ellsworthianum  Lesq.,  PI.  SXI,  Fig.  6  , 131 

grewiopsideum  Lesq.,   ■l.XXr,Fig.4 ISO 

inaquilatei  ale  Lesq.,  PI.  XXI,  Figs.  2,  3 1 19 

lantanoides  Michx 65,120.242 

LentagoL 120 

Lesquereuxii  "n-ard 121 

Lesquereusii  "Ward,  vav,   commune  Leaq.,  PI. 

LIir,Fig.2 fii 

Lesquereuxii  Ward,  var.  cordifoUum  Lesq.,  PI. 

LII,Fig.9 132 

Lesquereuxii  Ward,  var.  lanceolatum  Lesq.,  PL 

Ln,Fig-3 123 

Lesquereuxii  Ward,  var.  latiua  Lesq.,  PI.  LII, 

Fig.lO 123 

Lesquereuxii  Ward,  var.  longifolium  Lesq.,  PI. 

Lni,Fig.l  123 

Lesquereuxii  Ward,  var.  rotundifoUum  Lesq., 

Pl.Ln,Fig.8 133 

Lesquereuxii  Ward,  var.  tenuifoliura  Lesq.,  PI. 

LXIV,Fig.l3 133 


Page. 

ViBUUNUM— Continned. 

marginatum  Lesq 133 

nudum  L    120,242 

robustum  Lesq.,  Pi.  XX,  Figs.  4-6 130 

rugosum  Pers 121 

Schmidtianum  Heer 120 

Sphenophyllum  Knowlton,  PI.  Ltll,  Fig.  4 123 

Strangei  Mass 121 

Vitis  Bruneri  Ward 246 

WiLLIAMSONIA 87 

cretacea  Heer 8H 

elocata  Lesq.,  PI.  II,  Figs.  9, 9a 8* 

Z  AM1E« 26 

Zamia  integrifolia 30 

laTiceolata  L.  and  H. 28 

Zamites  lanceolatits  Morr 28 

ap.,  PI.  I,  Fig.  8 36 

ZlZTPHE^ 165 

ZizrpHUS 167 

dakotensia  Leaq.,  Plate  XXXVI,  Figs.  4-7 167 

ovatus  Web 168 

nndulatusEtt 167 

UngeriHeer 168 


